Sổ tay bảo dưỡng vòng bi Skf

Sổ tay bảo dưỡng vòng bi Skf

SKF bearing maintenance handbook baoduongcokhi.com ® SKF, CARB, DURATEMP, HYDROCAM, INSOCOAT, KMT, KMTA, LubriLean, RELIABILITY MAINTENANCE INSTITUTE, SENSORMOUNT, SPEEDI-SLEEVE, SYSTEM 24, WAVE, Vibracon, @ptitude are registered trademarks of the SKF Group. ™ SKF Explorer is a trademark of the SKF Group. Epocast 36 is a registered trademark of H. A. Springer marine + industrie service GmbH, an Illinois Tool Works company © SKF Group 2010 The contents of this publication are the copyright of the publisher and may not be reproduced (even extracts) unless prior written per- mission is granted. Every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication but no liability can be accepted for any loss or damage whether direct, indirect or conse- quential arising out of the use of the information contained herein. PUB SR/P7 10001 EN · July 2010 ISBN 978-91-978966-0-3 This publication supersedes publication 4100. Printed in Sweden on environmentally friendly paper. Certain image(s) used under license from Shutterstock.com. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Basics1 8 Mounting rolling bearings2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Mounting bearing units3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Mounting bearing housings4 122 Mounting 5 seals 140 Alignment6 158 Lubrication7 178 Inspection8 216 Troubleshooting9 228 Dismounting10 252 Bearing damage and their causes11 288 Maintenance support12 324 Appendices13 332 Index14 438 1 The SKF brand now stands for more than ever before, and means more to you as a valued customer. While SKF maintains its leadership as a high-quality bearing manufacturer through- out the world, new dimensions in technical advances, product support and services have evol ved SKF into a truly solutions-oriented supplier, creating greater value for customers. These solutions enable customers to im- prove productivity, not only with break- through application-specific products, but also through leading-edge design simulation tools and consultancy services, plant asset efficiency maintenance program mes, and the industry’s most advanced supply man- agement techniques. The SKF brand still stands for the very best in rolling bearings, but it now stands for much more. SKF – the knowledge engineering company 2 Foreword The SKF bearing maintenance handbook is a comprehensive working guide for the main ten- ance professional. With the recommendations in this handbook, SKF aims to encourage safe and skilful maintenance practices that can help ex- tend bearing service life, reduce machine down- time and minimize unplanned maintenance activities. This handbook is not intended as an applica- tion design catalogue. For detailed information about designing bearing arrangements, refer to the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue available online at www.skf.com. Structure of the handbook The handbook is divided into fourteen chapters, marked with numbered blue tabs in the right margin: Chapter 1 covers the basics of bearings, re-• lated products, and bearing arrangements. Chapters 2 to 5 contain instructions for • mounting rolling bearings, bearing housings, bearing units, and seals. Chapter 6 describes the maintenance • ac tiv- ities associated with machine alignment. Chapter 7 provides information and recom-• mendations for important maintenance ac- tivities in the bearing-related field of lubrication. Chapter 8 covers the maintenance activities • of inspection and condition monitoring. Chapter 9 is about troubleshooting, present-• ing common trouble conditions and suggest- ed solutions. Chapter 10 contains instructions for dis-• mounting rolling bearings, bearing units, bearing housings and seals. Chapter 11 is dedicated to bearing damage, • including the ISO classification. Chapter 12 provides an overview of SKF’s • add ition al resources for maintenance support. Chapter 13 • contains Appendices, with import- ant reference information needed for main- ten ance work as well as an overview of SKF maintenance products. Chapter 14 is the Index.• Every care has been taken to ensure the ac cur- acy of the information and that the instructions contained in this handbook are clear and reflect sound practice, but no liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions as well as from any misuse of tools and other equipment supplied by SKF. A note about sustainability Sustainability is about conducting activities in a resource-efficient manner so that future gen- erations will not be compromised. There are many areas within bearing maintenance where energy can be saved, from waste management to reduction in lubricant usage to the proper use of equipment and tools. SKF is committed to a sustainable environment and encourages others to contribute to energy and materials savings. 3 SKF – the knowledge engineering company From the company that invented the self-align- ing ball bearing more than 100 years ago, SKF has evol ved into a knowledge engin eering com- pany that is able to draw on five technology platforms to create unique solutions for its custom ers. These platforms include bearings, bearing units and seals, of course, but extend to other areas including: lubricants and lubrication sys tems, critical for long bearing life in many appli cations; mecha tronics that combine mech- anical and electron ics knowledge into systems for more effective linear motion and sensorized solutions; and a full range of ser vices, from de- sign and logistics support to con dition monitor- ing and reliability systems. Though the scope has broadened, SKF con- tinues to maintain the world’s leadership in the design, manufacture and marketing of rolling bearings, as well as complementary products such as radial seals. SKF also holds an increas- ingly important position in the market for linear motion products, high-precision aerospace bearings, machine tool spindles and plant main- tenance services. The SKF Group is globally certified to ISO 14001, the international standard for envi r o n- mental management, as well as OHSAS 18001, the health and safety manage ment standard. Individual divisions have been ap proved for quality certification in ac cord ance with ISO 9001 and other customer specific requirements. With over 100 manufacturing sites worldwide and sales companies in 70 countries, SKF is a truly international corporation. In addition, our 15 000 distributors and dealers around the world, an e-business marketplace, and a global distribution system, put SKF closer to customers to enhance their ability to quickly supply both products and services. In essence, SKF solutions are available wherever and whenever customers need them. Over all, the SKF brand and the cor- poration are stronger than ever. As the know- ledge engin eering company, we stand ready to serve you with world-class product competen- cies, intellectual resources, and the vision to help you succeed. Seals Bearings and units Lubrication systems Mechatronics Services 4 Evolving by-wire technology SKF has a unique expertise in the fast-growing by-wire technology, from fly-by-wire, to drive-by-wire, to work-by-wire. SKF pioneered practical fly-by-wire technology and is a close working partner with all aerospace industry leaders. As an example, virtually all aircraft of the Airbus design use SKF by-wire systems for cockpit flight control. SKF is also a leader in automotive by-wire technology, and has partnered with automotive engin eers to develop two concept cars, which employ SKF mecha tronics for steering and braking. Further by-wire develop ment has led SKF to produce an all-electric forklift truck, which uses mecha tronics rather than hydraulics for all controls. © Airbus – photo: e x m company, H. Goussé 5 Harnessing wind power The growing industry of wind-generated electric power provides a source of clean, green electric- ity. SKF is working closely with global industry leaders to develop efficient and trouble-free tur- bines, providing a wide range of large, highly specialized bearings and condition monitoring systems to extend equipment life of wind farms located in even the most remote and inhospitable environments. Working in extreme environments In frigid winters, especially in northern countries, extreme sub-zero temperatures can cause bear- ings in railway axleboxes to seize due to lubrica- tion starvation. SKF created a new family of synthetic lubricants formulated to retain their lu- brication viscosity even at these extreme tem- peratures. SKF knowledge enables manufactur- ers and end user customers to overcome the performance issues resulting from extreme tem- peratures, whether hot or cold. For example, SKF products are at work in diverse environments such as baking ovens and instant freezing in food processing plants. Developing a cleaner cleaner The electric motor and its bearings are the heart of many household appliances. SKF works closely with appliance manufacturers to improve their products’ performance, cut costs, reduce weight, and reduce energy consumption. A recent exam- ple of this cooperation is a new generation of vacuum cleaners with substantially more suction. SKF knowledge in the area of small bearing tech- nology is also applied to manufacturers of power tools and office equipment. 6 Maintaining a 350 km/h R&D lab In addition to SKF’s renowned research and de- velopment facilities in Europe and the United States, Formula One car racing provides a unique environment for SKF to push the limits of bearing technology. For over 60 years, SKF products, en- gineering and knowledge have helped make Scu- deria Ferrari a formid able force in F1 racing. (The average racing Ferrari utilizes around 150 SKF components.) Lessons learned here are applied to the products we provide to automakers and the aftermarket worldwide. Delivering Asset Efficiency Optimization Through SKF Reliability Systems, SKF provides a comprehensive range of asset efficiency products and services, from condition monitoring hard- ware and software to maintenance strategies, engineering assistance and machine reliability programmes. To optimize efficiency and boost productivity, some industrial facil ities opt for an Integrated Maintenance Solution, in which SKF delivers all ser vices under one fixed-fee, per- formance-based contract. Planning for sustainable growth By their very nature, bearings make a positive contribution to the natural environment, enab- ling machinery to operate more efficiently, con- sume less power, and require less lubrication. By raising the performance bar for our own prod- ucts, SKF is enabling a new generation of high- efficiency products and equipment. With an eye to the future and the world we will leave to our children, the SKF Group policy on environment, health and safety, as well as the manufacturing techniques, are planned and implemented to help protect and preserve the earth’s limited nat- ural resources. We remain committed to sustain- able, environmentally responsible growth. 7 [...]... for SKF rating life is q C wp L =a a L =a a – – nm 1 SKF 10 1 SKF < P z or, if the speed is constant 106 Lnmh = –––– Lnm 60 n where Lnm = SKF rating life (at 100 – n1) % reliability) [millions of revolutions] Lnmh = SKF rating life (at 100 – n1) % reliability) [operating hours] L10 = basic rating life (at 90% reliability) [millions of revolutions] a1 = life adjustment factor for reliability aSKF = SKF. .. or letter/figure combination following WTxx Solid Oil filling Pressed brass cage, rolling element centred Shield of pressed sheet steel on one side of the bearing Z shield on both sides of the bearing 25 Basics Identifying SKF products Fig 5 Bearing identification Note: To be sure you are buying a genuine SKF bearing, purchase only from SKF or SKF Authorized Distributors Almost all SKF bearings are marked... conditions such as loads, speed, temperature, and vibration levels To take these influencing factors into account, SKF strongly recommends calculating the SKF rating life, and not just the basic rating life 1) The factor n represents the failure probability, i.e the difference between the requisite reliability and 100% 28 Seal service life Seals are used to keep lubricant in and con­ am­ t in­ nts out of the... = –––– L10 60 n where L10 = basic rating life (at 90% reliability [millions of revolutions] L10h = basic rating life (at 90% reliability [operating hours] C = basic dynamic load rating [kN] P = equivalent dynamic bearing load [kN] n = rotational speed [r/min] p = exponent of the life equation = 3 for ball bearings = 10/3 for roller bearings SKF rating life For modern high quality bearings, the basic... system for rolling bearings Basic designations All SKF standard bearings have a characteristic basic designation, which generally consists of three, four or five figures or a combination of letters and figures The design of the system used for almost all standard ball and roller bearing types is shown schematically in diagram 1 The figures and combinations of letters and figures have the following... = rotational speed [r/min] p = exponent of the life equation = 3 for ball bearings = 10/3 for roller bearings For additional information about how to calculate SKF rating life, refer to the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue, available online at www .skf. com Service life Bearing service life When calculating basic bearing life, the result can deviate significantly from the service life in a given application... bearing Identifying SKF products Fig 7 5 Using the Detailed search functionality of the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue, enter the boundary dimensions, to identify the possible basic bearing designation Note: To determine the complete bearing designation, identify the cage type and material, the design of the seal, and any other visible features For additional support, contact your SKF Authorized... designation marked on the bearing is no longer legible, the basic bearing designation can generally be identified by measuring the boundary dimensions († fig 6) and using the SKF Inter­ ctive Engineering Catalogue, available a o ­ nline at www .skf. com Note: Sometimes, only part of the information is found on one ring For example, the outer ring of a cylindrical roller bearing with roller and cage assembly might... identified by a letter or letter/figure combination following HTxx Pressed steel cage, rolling element centred, unhardened Tapered bore, taper 1:12 Tapered bore, taper 1:30 Grease fill for low and high temperatures LHT or a two-digit number following LHT identifies the actual grease Filling degrees other than standard are identified by a letter or letter/figure combination following LHTxx Contact seal of... 22 Designation suffixes 24 Identifying SKF products Bearing identification Split housing and bearing unit identification Replacement seals 26 26 27 27 Bearing life 27 Basic rating life 27 SKF rating life 27 Service life . SKF bearing maintenance handbook baoduongcokhi.com ® SKF, CARB, DURATEMP, HYDROCAM, INSOCOAT, KMT, KMTA, LubriLean, RELIABILITY MAINTENANCE INSTITUTE, SENSORMOUNT, SPEEDI-SLEEVE,. sound practice, but no liability can be accepted for any errors or omissions as well as from any misuse of tools and other equipment supplied by SKF. A note about sustainability Sustainability. of the SKF Group. ™ SKF Explorer is a trademark of the SKF Group. Epocast 36 is a registered trademark of H. A. Springer marine + industrie service GmbH, an Illinois Tool Works company © SKF Group