The purpose of this recommended practice is to reduce hazards to life and property that can result from failure or malfunction of industrialtype electrical systems and equipment. Maintenance of Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous Locations. Grounding of Equipment to Provide Protection for Electrical maintenance Personnel Fundamentals of Electrical Equipment Maintenance ShortCircuit Studies Coordination Studies Power Quality Harmonics Testing and Test Methods Acceptance Tests and Maintenance Tests GroundFault Protection Electric Vehicle Charging Systems Photovoltaic Systems Machine Vibration
NFPA ® 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance 2019 ® IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA STANDARDS ® NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”), of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on fire and other safety issues While the NFPA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in NFPA Standards The NFPA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on NFPA Standards The NFPA also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein In issuing and making NFPA Standards available, the NFPA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity Nor is the NFPA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances The NFPA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of NFPA Standards Nor does the NFPA list, certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document Any certification or other statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the NFPA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement REVISION SYMBOLS IDENTIFYING CHANGES FROM THE PREVIOUS EDITION Text revisions are shaded A Δ before a section number indicates that words within that section were deleted and a Δ to the left of a table or figure number indicates a revision to an existing table or figure When a chapter was heavily revised, the entire chapter is marked throughout with the Δ symbol Where one or more sections were deleted, a • is placed between the remaining sections Chapters, annexes, sections, figures, and tables that are new are indicated with an N Note that these indicators are a guide Rearrangement of sections may not be captured in the markup, but users can view complete revision details in the First and Second Draft Reports located in the archived revision information section of each code at www.nfpa.org/docinfo Any subsequent changes from the NFPA Technical Meeting, Tentative Interim Amendments, and Errata are also located there REMINDER: UPDATING OF NFPA STANDARDS Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”) should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of a new edition, may be amended with the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments (TIAs), or be corrected by Errata It is intended that through regular revisions and amendments, participants in the NFPA standards development process consider the then-current and available information on incidents, materials, technologies, innovations, and methods as these develop over time and that NFPA Standards reflect this consideration Therefore, any previous edition of this document no longer represents the current NFPA Standard on the subject matter addressed NFPA encourages the use of the most current edition of any NFPA Standard [as it may be amended by TIA(s) or Errata] to take advantage of current experience and understanding An official NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document, including any issued TIAs and Errata then in effect To determine whether an NFPA Standard has been amended through the issuance of TIAs or corrected by Errata, visit the “Codes & Standards” section at www.nfpa.org ISBN: 978-145592204-8 (PDF) ISBN: 978-145592205-5 (eBook) ® ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NFPA STANDARDS Updating of NFPA Standards Users of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (“NFPA Standards”) should be aware that these documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of a new edition, may be amended with the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments (TIAs), or be corrected by Errata It is intended that through regular revisions and amendments, participants in the NFPA standards development process consider the then-current and available information on incidents, materials, technologies, innovations, and methods as these develop over time and that NFPA Standards reflect this consideration Therefore, any previous edition of this document no longer represents the current NFPA Standard on the subject matter addressed NFPA encourages the use of the most current edition of any NFPA Standard [as it may be amended by TIA(s) or Errata] to take advantage of current experience and understanding An official NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document, including any issued TIAs and Errata then in effect To determine whether an NFPA Standard has been amended through the issuance of TIAs or corrected by Errata, visit the “Codes & Standards” section at www.nfpa.org Interpretations of NFPA Standards A statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with Section of the Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards shall not be considered the official position of NFPA or any of its Committees and shall not be considered to be, nor be relied upon as, a Formal Interpretation Patents The NFPA does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights referenced in, related to, or asserted in connection with an NFPA Standard The users of NFPA Standards bear the sole responsibility for determining the validity of any such patent rights, as well as the risk of infringement of such rights, and the NFPA disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of or reliance on NFPA Standards NFPA adheres to the policy of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) regarding the inclusion of patents in American National Standards (“the ANSI Patent Policy”), and hereby gives the following notice pursuant to that policy: NOTICE: The user’s attention is called to the possibility that compliance with an NFPA Standard may require use of an invention covered by patent rights NFPA takes no position as to the validity of any such patent rights or as to whether such patent rights constitute or include essential patent claims under the ANSI Patent Policy If, in connection with the ANSI Patent Policy, a patent holder has filed a statement of willingness to grant licenses under these rights on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to obtain such a license, copies of such filed statements can be obtained, on request, from NFPA For further information, contact the NFPA at the address listed below Law and Regulations Users of NFPA Standards should consult applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations NFPA does not, by the publication of its codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construed as doing so Copyrights NFPA Standards are copyrighted They are made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of safe practices and methods By making these documents available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the NFPA does not waive any rights in copyright to these documents Use of NFPA Standards for regulatory purposes should be accomplished through adoption by reference The term “adoption by reference” means the citing of title, edition, and publishing information only Any deletions, additions, and changes desired by the adopting authority should be noted separately in the adopting instrument In order to assist NFPA in following the uses made of its documents, adopting authorities are requested to notify the NFPA (Attention: Secretary, Standards Council) in writing of such use For technical assistance and questions concerning adoption of NFPA Standards, contact NFPA at the address below For Further Information All questions or other communications relating to NFPA Standards and all requests for information on NFPA procedures governing its codes and standards development process, including information on the procedures for requesting Formal Interpretations, for proposing Tentative Interim Amendments, and for proposing revisions to NFPA standards during regular revision cycles, should be sent to NFPA headquarters, addressed to the attention of the Secretary, Standards Council, NFPA, Batterymarch Park, P.O Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101; email: stds_admin@nfpa.org For more information about NFPA, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org All NFPA codes and standards can be viewed at no cost at www.nfpa.org/docinfo 70B-1 Copyright © 2018 National Fire Protection Association® All Rights Reserved NFPA® 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance 2019 Edition This edition of NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Electrical Equipment Maintenance and released by the Correlating Committee on National Electrical Code® It was issued by the Standards Council on November 5, 2018, with an effective date of November 25, 2018, and supersedes all previous editions This edition of NFPA 70B was approved as an American National Standard on November 25, 2018 Origin and Development of NFPA 70B The National Electrical Code Committee had received several requests to include maintenance recommendations in the National Electrical Code®(NEC®) The National Electrical Code Correlating Committee determined that the NEC was not the proper document in which to cover the maintenance of electrical equipment However, the committee recognized that “lack of maintenance” frequently resulted in serious injuries and fatalities as well as high monetary damage An ad hoc committee on electrical equipment maintenance was authorized by NFPA in 1967 to determine the need for the development of a document on the subject The document would give recommendations on the maintenance of various types of electrical installations, apparatus, and equipment usually found in industrial and large commercial-type installations The ad hoc committee noted that electrical safety information broke down logically into four main subdivisions: (1) design or product standards, (2) installation standards (the NEC and the National Electrical Safety Code®), (3) maintenance recommendations, and (4) use instructions Work had not yet started on NFPA 70E®, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace In the interest of electrical safety, the committee explored whether something more needed to be done on the maintenance of electrical equipment Equipment manufacturers typically provide maintenance needs for specific types of equipment, and general maintenance guidance was available from a number of sources Therefore, it was determined that compiling that information into a single document under the NFPA procedure in the form of general guidelines was advantageous To this end, a tentative scope was presented to the NFPA Board of Directors with a recommendation that a committee on electrical equipment maintenance be authorized On June 27, 1968, NFPA authorized the establishment of the Committee on Electrical Equipment Maintenance with the following scope: “To develop suitable texts relating to preventive maintenance of electrical systems and equipment used in industrial-type applications with the view of reducing loss of life and property The purpose is to correlate generally applicable procedures for preventive maintenance that have broad application to the more common classes of industrial electrical systems and equipment without duplicating or superseding instructions that manufacturers normally provide Reports to the Association through the Correlating Committee of the National Electrical Code Committee.” In 1973, NFPA 70B-T, Tentative Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance, represented the cumulative effort of the committee The chapters covered “Why an Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program Pays Dividends,” “What Is an Effective Electrical Preventive Maintenance Program?,” and “Planning and Developing an Electrical Preventive Maintenance Program.” The document was revised in 1974 to include a chapter on the fundamentals of electrical equipment maintenance, general maintenance requirements for various types of equipment, and a new appendix, “How to Instruct.” The tentative recommended practice was adopted as NFPA 70B, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance, in 1975 NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169 70B-2 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE For the 1977 edition, titles of added chapters included Electronic Equipment, Ground-Fault Protection, Wiring Devices, and Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject to Long Intervals Between Shutdowns New appendices addressed NEMA plug and receptacle configurations and guidelines for long-term maintenance In the 1983 edition, chapters on cable tray systems and on deenergizing and grounding of equipment to provide protection for maintenance personnel were added An appendix covering equipment storage and maintenance during construction was also added The 1987 edition included distribution transformers as well as power transformers A chapter on uninterruptible power supply systems was added in the 1990 edition The chapter Testing and Test Methods was amended by the addition of diagrams of different wave shapes for detecting problems in motors and generators using surge testing Three new chapters were added to the 1994 edition to cover power system studies, power quality, and vibration analysis pertaining to rotating machinery The additions included a table on suggested vibration limits and a vibration severity chart for various-sized machines Other revisions were made to comply with the NFPA Manual of Style For the 1998 edition, the chapter on power quality was rewritten and expanded Maintenance techniques for stationary batteries and infrared inspections were updated and revised Special handling and disposal considerations were introduced, and employee training was focused to emphasize workplace safety The 2002 edition was restructured to comply with the Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents The scope was revised to include preventive maintenance for electronic and communications equipment A chapter was added for grounding provided definitions, symptoms, inspection, testing techniques, and solutions to grounding issues A new section for gas insulated substations addressed the maintenance issues resulting from regulatory changes in the electrical utility industry Charts were added for troubleshooting motor controllers, switchboards, and panelboards The chapter on power quality was enhanced with information on the latest technology on voltage fluctuation A new annex suggested maintenance intervals for electrical equipment The 2006 edition included a significant change concerning safety Safety precautions and information in previous editions were dispersed throughout the individual equipment chapters A new chapter on safety was written and placed up front to provide more complete and updated coverage, as well as to emphasize the importance of safety Updated test forms, revised testing schedules, and maintenance of supervisory control and data acquisition systems were included An important part of maintenance is having a properly installed system with baseline performance data, and so a chapter on commissioning the electrical system at a new facility was added With the industry trend shifted from routine maintenance to reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), a chapter on how to apply RCM and an extensive annex with detailed reliability data on many types of electrical equipment also was added Information was updated for equipment cleaning, disconnects, busways, vibration testing, lamps, power quality, and rework and recertification of equipment The most noticeable change made to the 2010 edition was the reorganization of the document chapters and annexes to group like topics and equipment into a more logical arrangement Major topic and equipment groupings used in the reorganization included introduction, overview of EPM, electrical systems issues, testing and monitoring, switchgear, cables and wiring, static apparatus, rotating apparatus, and specific-purpose equipment The annex material was also reorganized using three major groupings that were general information, forms and diagrams, and maintenance In addition to the reorganization of the document, the chapter on testing and test methods centralized the majority of test procedures formerly located in the individual equipment chapters The consolidated testing procedures were organized based on equipment type A section on emergency preparedness and electrical system and equipment restoration was added to Chapter to respond to the concerns of electrical equipment owners and maintainers Procedures for emergency shutdown and post-emergency procedures were added to Chapter and related annex material Chapter also included new material covering outsourcing of electrical equipment maintenance The requirements on personnel safety were revised to correlate with and directly reference NFPA 70E Other changes in 2010 included reorganized recommendations on maintaining SCADA systems, new material on data collection methods, new forms for conducting power quality surveys, and new information on failure mode effects and criticality analysis to support reliability centered maintenance Significant material supporting reliability centered maintenance was added to Annex N In the 2013 edition, new definitions were added for arc flash hazard and arc flash hazard analysis, both extracted from the 2012 edition of NFPA 70E Four new chapters were added: Chapter 32, Electrical Disaster Recovery; Chapter 33, Photovoltaic Systems; Chapter 34, Electrical Vehicle Charging Systems; and Chapter 35, Wind Power Electrical Systems and Associated Equipment New sections addressed counterfeit components, devices, tools, and equipment arc-flash hazard analysis studies; a test or calibration decal system; inspection and testing records; efficiency of lamps and ballasts; and light emitting diode lamps 2019 Edition ORIGIN & DEVELOPMENT 70B-3 Upgrades were made to Chapter 11 sections on acceptance tests, field testing of circuit breakers, and tests for batteries and cables Information regarding luminaire grounding was added in Chapter 14 The Chapter 15 section on stationary batteries and battery chargers was revised The visual inspection and electrical testing sections in Chapter 19 were revised For the 2016 edition, torque recommendations were added to assist in minimizing electrical issues associated with poor connections, such as overheating, intermittent open circuits, and electrical arcs Also, battery testing and maintenance recommendations were enhanced to provide greater detail regarding proper battery testing and safety considerations for persons performing battery maintenance The 2019 edition incorporates several editorial and stylistic updates to improve the consistency of the document New references to the IEEE “dot standards” have been added to coordinate with the replacement of the IEEE “color books.” Recommendations for performing a maintenance-related design study correlate with NFPA 70E 2019 Edition ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 70B-4 Correlating Committee on National Electrical Code® Michael J Johnston, Chair National Electrical Contractors Association, MD [IM] Mark W Earley, Secretary (Staff Non-Voting) National Fire Protection Association, MA James E Brunssen, Telcordia Technologies (Ericsson), NJ [UT] Rep Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions Kevin L Dressman, U.S Department of Energy, MD [U] Palmer L Hickman, Electrical Training Alliance, MD [L] Rep International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers David L Hittinger, Independent Electrical Contractors of Greater Cincinnati, OH [IM] Rep Independent Electrical Contractors, Inc Richard A Holub, The DuPont Company, Inc., DE [U] Rep American Chemistry Council John R Kovacik, UL LLC, IL [RT] Alan Manche, Schneider Electric, KY [M] Roger D McDaniel, Georgia Power Company, GA [UT] Rep Electric Light & Power Group/EEI James F Pierce, Intertek Testing Services, OR [RT] Vincent J Saporita, Eaton’s Bussmann Business, MO [M] Rep National Electrical Manufacturers Association David A Williams, Delta Charter Township, MI [E] Rep International Association of Electrical Inspectors Alternates Lawrence S Ayer, Biz Com Electric, Inc., OH [IM] (Alt to David L Hittinger) Roland E Deike, Jr., CenterPoint Energy, Inc., TX [UT] (Alt to Roger D McDaniel) James T Dollard, Jr., IBEW Local Union 98, PA [L] (Alt to Palmer L Hickman) Ernest J Gallo, Telcordia Technologies (Ericsson), NJ [UT] (Alt to James E Brunssen) Robert A McCullough, Tuckerton, NJ [E] (Alt to David A Williams) Robert D Osborne, UL LLC, NC [RT] (Alt to John R Kovacik) Christine T Porter, Intertek Testing Services, WA [RT] (Alt to James F Pierce) George A Straniero, AFC Cable Systems, Inc., NJ [M] (Alt to Vincent J Saporita) Nonvoting Timothy J Pope, Canadian Standards Association, Canada [SE] Rep CSA/Canadian Electrical Code Committee William R Drake, Fairfield, CA [M] (Member Emeritus) D Harold Ware, Libra Electric Company, OK [IM] (Member Emeritus) Mark W Earley, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred A key to classifications is found at the back of the document NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on minimizing the risk of electricity as a source of electric shock and as a potential ignition source of fires and explosions It shall also be responsible for text to minimize the propagation of fire and explosions due to electrical installations 2019 Edition COMMITTEE PERSONNEL 70B-5 Technical Committee on Electrical Equipment Maintenance Kenneth J Rempe, Chair Siemens Industry Inc., GA [M] Rep National Electrical Manufacturers Association James R White, Secretary Shermco Industries, Inc., TX [IM] Richard Bingham, Dranetz-BMI, NJ [M] Thomas H Bishop, Electrical Apparatus Service Association, MO [IM] Rep Electrical Apparatus Service Association William P Cantor, TPI Corporation, PA [U] Rep Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc Adria Corbett, CHUBB Group of Insurance Companies, NY [I] Timothy Crnko, Eaton’s Bussmann Business, MO [M] Karl M Cunningham, Alcoa, Corporation, PA [M] James B Evans, Salisbury by Honeywell, OH [M] Dennis M Green, Tony Demaria Electric, CA [IM] Ryan Grimes, Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc., KY [U] Jeffrey Hall, UL LLC, NC [RT] William R Harris, General Motors Company, MI [U] Howard Herndon, South West Electritech Services, NV [M] Rep Professional Electrical Apparatus Recyclers League Palmer L Hickman, Electrical Training Alliance, MD [L] Rep International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Mark C Horne, Georgia Power Company, GA [U] Rep Electric Light & Power Group/EEI David Huffman, Power Systems Testing Company, CA [IM] Rep InterNational Electrical Testing Association Darrel Johnson, City of Jacksonville, NC [E] Alan Manche, Schneider Electric, KY [M] Rep National Electrical Manufacturers Association Ahmad A Moshiri, Liebert Corporation, OH [M] Robert Neary, SEA Limited, MD [SE] Timothy Schultheis, T.S.B Inc., Schultheis Electric, PA [IM] Rep National Electrical Contractors Association John E Staires, City of Glenpool, Oklahoma, OK [E] Kiley Taylor, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, CO [U] Robert Urdinola, U.S Department of State, DC [U] Alternates Scott A Blizard, American Electrical Testing Company, Inc., MA [IM] (Alt to David Huffman) Scott Brady, Eaton Corporation, AZ [M] (Alt to Timothy Crnko) Aaron Butcher, SEA Limited, OH [SE] (Alt to Robert Neary) Jeffrey A Fecteau, Underwriters Laboratories LLC, AZ [RT] (Alt to Jeffrey Hall) Leonard Fiume, National Grid, NY [U] (Alt to Mark C Horne) David Goodrich, Liebert Corporation/Vertiv, OH [M] (Alt to Ahmad A Moshiri) Charles L Kaufman, Miller Electric Manufacturing Company, WI [M] (Alt to Kenneth J Rempe) Christopher E Kelly, JATC for Nassau & Suffolk Counties, NY [L] (Alt to Palmer L Hickman) Erik G Olsen, Chubb Group of Insurance Companies, NJ [I] (Alt to Adria Corbett) Mario C Spina, Verizon Wireless, OH [U] (Alt to William P Cantor) Marcelo E Valdes, GE Energy Industrial Solutions, NC [M] (Alt to Alan Manche) Ron Widup, Shermco Industries, TX [IM] (Alt to James R White) Nonvoting Albert J Reed, Allentown, PA (Member Emeritus) Barry D Chase, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred A key to classifications is found at the back of the document NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves Committee Scope: This Committee shall have the primary responsibility for documents relating to preventive maintenance of electrical, electronic, and communications systems and equipment used in industrial and commercial type applications with the view of: (1) reducing loss of life and property, and (2) improving reliability, performance, and efficiency in a cost-effective manner The purpose is to provide generally applicable procedures for preventive maintenance that have broad application to the more common classes of industrial and commercial systems and equipment without duplicating or superseding instructions that manufacturers normally provide This Committee shall report to Correlating Committee of the National Electrical Code 2019 Edition 70B-6 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Contents Chapter Administration 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose 70B– 70B– 70B– 8.7 8.8 8.9 Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 70B– 70B– 70B– 70B– Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 Referenced Publications General NFPA Publications Other Publications References for Extracts in Recommendations Sections 70B– 12 Definitions General NFPA Official Definitions General Definitions 70B– 12 70B– 12 70B– 12 70B– 12 Chapter 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Why an Effective Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program Pays Dividends Why EPM? Value and Benefits of a Properly Administered EPM Program EPM and Energy Conservation Case Histories 70B– 16 70B– 17 70B– 17 Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 What Is an Effective Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program? Introduction Essential Elements of an EPM Program Planning an EPM Program Personnel Survey and Analysis Programmed Inspections 70B– 16 70B– 16 Chapter 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Planning and Developing an Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program Introduction Survey of Electrical Installation Identification of Critical Equipment Establishment of a Systematic Program Methods and Procedures Maintenance of Imported Electrical Equipment Maintenance of Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations Outsourcing of Electrical Equipment Maintenance Emergency Preparedness and Electrical System and Equipment Restoration (EPnSR) Counterfeit Components, Devices, Tools, and Equipment 70B– 17 70B– 17 70B– 17 70B– 17 70B– 17 70B– 17 70B– 17 Chapter Personnel Safety 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Grounding of Equipment to Provide Protection for Electrical Maintenance Personnel 70B– 25 70B– 26 70B– 26 70B– 26 70B– 26 70B– 27 70B– 27 70B– 27 Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Fundamentals of Electrical Equipment Maintenance Design to Accommodate Maintenance Scheduling Maintenance Equipment Safety Protective Scheme Acceptance Testing Guidelines and Impact of Additions/Rework to Retrofitting Equipment 70B– 18 70B– 18 70B– 19 70B– 21 70B– 22 70B– 24 2019 Edition 70B– 30 70B– 30 70B– 30 70B– 30 70B– 31 70B– 31 70B– 31 8.10 8.11 Equipment Cleaning Special Handling and Disposal Considerations Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems Lubrication Threaded Connections and Terminations 70B– 33 70B– 33 70B– 33 Chapter 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 System Studies Introduction Short-Circuit Studies Coordination Studies Load-Flow Studies Reliability Studies Risk Assessment Studies Maintenance-Related Design Study 70B– 34 70B– 34 70B– 34 70B– 35 70B– 35 70B– 36 70B– 37 70B– 37 10 Power Quality Introduction Harmonics Transients (Surges) Voltage Sags and Swells Long-Duration Undervoltages and Sustained Voltage Interruptions 10.6 Unbalanced Voltages and Single Phasing 10.7 Symptoms — Grounding 10.8 Noise in Electrical and Electronic Systems 10.9 Interharmonics 10.10 Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker 10.11 Power Quality Audit 10.12 Power Quality References 70B– 37 70B– 37 70B– 38 70B– 42 70B– 43 Chapter 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Chapter 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11 Testing and Test Methods Introduction Acceptance Tests and Maintenance Tests As-Found and As-Left Tests Frequency of Tests Special Precautions and Safety Qualifications of Test Operators Test Equipment Forms Insulation Testing Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers Transformer Tests Protective Relays Grounding Systems Battery Testing Switches Medium and High Voltage Circuit Breakers Infrared Inspection Fuses Insulating-Liquid Analysis Rotating Machine Testing Cables Adjustable-Speed Drive Testing Switchgear and Switchboard Assemblies Surge Arresters Power Factor Correction Capacitors Emergency Systems Test or Calibration Decal System 70B– 45 70B– 45 70B– 47 70B– 47 70B– 48 70B– 48 70B– 49 70B– 49 70B– 50 70B– 50 70B– 50 70B– 50 70B– 50 70B– 51 70B– 51 70B– 51 70B– 51 70B– 52 70B– 54 70B– 56 70B– 58 70B– 59 70B– 60 70B– 61 70B– 62 70B– 66 70B– 67 70B– 67 70B– 70 70B– 72 70B– 75 70B– 75 70B– 75 70B– 76 70B– 76 70B– 77 Chapter 12 12.1 12.2 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject to Long Intervals Between Shutdowns Introduction General Aspects of Maintaining Medium- and Low-Voltage Distribution Systems 70B– 31 70B– 32 70B– 77 70B– 77 70B– 77 CONTENTS 12.3 12.4 70B-7 Utilization Process Instrumentation and Control 70B– 79 70B– 83 19.5 19.6 Electrical Testing Inspection and Testing Records 70B– 109 70B– 109 Chapter 13 Ground-Fault Protection 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Ground-Fault Protective Equipment for Excessive Leakage Currents 13.3 Ground-Fault Protective Equipment to Prevent Damage 70B– 85 70B– 85 Chapter 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20 Cable Tray and Busway Introduction Cable Cable Tray Low-Voltage (600-Volt) Busway 70B– 109 70B– 109 70B– 110 70B– 110 70B– 110 Chapter 14 Grounding 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Symptoms and Causes of Inadequate Grounding 14.3 Grounding System Inspection, Testing, and Monitoring 14.4 Solutions to Inadequate Grounding 70B– 86 70B– 86 Chapter 21.1 21.2 21.3 21 Power and Distribution Transformers Introduction Liquid-Filled Transformers Dry-Type Transformers 70B– 111 70B– 111 70B– 111 70B– 113 Chapter 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22 Electronic Equipment Introduction Reasons for Maintenance Special Precautions Preventive Maintenance Operations 70B– 114 70B– 114 70B– 114 70B– 114 70B– 114 Chapter 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23 Lighting Introduction Cleaning Relamping Voltage Lamps and Ballasts Disposal 70B– 115 70B– 115 70B– 115 70B– 115 70B– 115 70B– 115 70B– 117 Chapter 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24 Wiring Devices Introduction Connector and Receptacle Receptacles Adapters General-Use Snap Switches Cover Plates Boxes Pin and Sleeve Devices 70B– 117 70B– 117 70B– 117 70B– 117 70B– 118 70B– 118 70B– 118 70B– 118 70B– 118 Chapter 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9 25.10 25 Rotating Equipment Introduction Safety Precautions Stator and Rotor Windings Brushes, Collector Rings, and Commutators Bearings and Lubrication Cleaning and Drying Insulation Structures General Overhaul Records Testing Energy Efficiency of Motors 70B– 119 70B– 119 70B– 119 70B– 119 70B– 120 70B– 120 70B– 120 70B– 121 70B– 121 70B– 121 70B– 121 Chapter 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 26 Vibration Introduction Machine Vibration Types of Instruments Resonance Methods of Balance Assembly and Installation Guidelines Baseline Data Noise 70B– 121 70B– 121 70B– 121 70B– 121 70B– 122 70B– 122 70B– 122 70B– 122 70B– 122 70B– 85 70B– 86 70B– 87 70B– 87 70B– 88 Chapter 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15 Substations and Switchgear Assemblies 70B– 88 Substations 70B– 88 Switchgear Assemblies 70B– 89 Circuit Interrupters 70B– 91 Air Circuit Breakers 70B– 91 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 70B– 93 Oil Circuit Breakers 70B– 94 Interrupter Switches 70B– 94 Gas-Insulated Substations and Gas-Insulated Equipment 70B– 94 15.9 Auxiliary Equipment 70B– 96 15.10 Torque Tables 70B– 100 Chapter 16 Motor Control Equipment 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Components and Maintenance of Motor Controls 16.3 Enclosures 16.4 Bus Bar, Wiring, and Terminal Connections 16.5 Disconnects 16.6 Molded Case Breakers 16.7 Fuses 16.8 Contactors 16.9 Motor Overload Relays — Thermal Types 16.10 Pilot and Miscellaneous Control Devices 16.11 Interlocks Insulated-Case/Molded-Case CircuitBreakers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Application Considerations 17.3 Phase-Fault Current Conditions 17.4 Ground-Fault Tripping 17.5 Types of Insulated-Case/Molded-Case Circuit Breakers 17.6 Special-Purpose Breakers 17.7 Types of Maintenance 17.8 Inspection and Cleaning 17.9 Loose Connections 17.10 Mechanical Mechanism Exercise 17.11 Electrical Testing 70B– 101 70B– 101 70B– 101 70B– 102 70B– 102 70B– 102 70B– 104 70B– 104 70B– 104 70B– 106 70B– 106 70B– 106 Chapter 17 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 70B– 107 Chapter 18 Fuses 70B– 108 18.1 Fuses Rated 1000 Volts or Less 70B– 108 18.2 Fuses Rated over 1000 Volts 70B– 108 Chapter 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19 Power Cables Introduction Visual and Mechanical Inspection Aerial Installations Raceway Installations 70B– 109 70B– 109 70B– 109 70B– 109 70B– 109 Chapter 27 27.1 27.2 Hazardous (Classified) Location Electrical Equipment 70B– 123 Types of Equipment 70B– 123 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations 70B– 123 Chapter 28 28.1 28.2 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems 70B– 124 Introduction 70B– 124 Types of UPS Systems 70B– 124 2019 Edition INDEX -FForms, Annex H Fundamentals of Electrical Equipment Maintenance, Chap Acceptance Testing, 8.5 Design to Accommodate Maintenance, 8.1 Equipment Cleaning, 8.7 General, 8.7.1 Methods of Cleaning, 8.7.2 Equipment Safety, 8.3 Guidelines and Impact of Additions/Rework to Retrofitting Equipment, 8.6 Lubrication, 8.10 Protective Scheme, 8.4 Scheduling Maintenance, 8.2 Special Handling and Disposal Considerations, 8.8 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems, 8.9 Concurrent Maintenance, 8.9.5 General, 8.9.1 Preventive Maintenance, 8.9.3 Special Term, 8.9.2 Concurrent Maintenance, 8.9.2.1 Testing, 8.9.4 Threaded Connections and Terminations, 8.11 Checking Tightness When There Are Signs of Degradation, 8.11.4 Checking Tightness Where There Are No Signs of Degradation, 8.11.3 Initial Installation, 8.11.1 Methods for Verifying Proper Tightness After Initial Installation, 8.11.2 Tightening Battery Terminal Connections, 8.11.5 Fuses, Chap 18 Fuses Rated 1000 Volts or Less, 18.1 Cleaning and Servicing, 18.1.3 Inspection, 18.1.2 Installing and Removing Fuses, 18.1.1 Replacement, 18.1.4 Listing, 18.1.4.3 Ratings, 18.1.4.2 Current, 18.1.4.2.3 Current Limitation, 18.1.4.2.5 Interrupting Rating, 18.1.4.2.1 Time Delay, 18.1.4.2.4 Voltage, 18.1.4.2.2 Special Purpose, 18.1.4.4 Type, 18.1.4.1 Fuses Rated over 1000 Volts, 18.2 Inspection and Cleaning, 18.2.3 Installing and Removing Fuses, 18.2.2 Introduction, 18.2.1 -GGround Definition, 3.3.29 Lightning Ground Definition, 3.3.29.1 Noise(less) Ground Definition, 3.3.29.2 70B-285 Personnel Protective Ground Definition, 3.3.29.3 Safety Ground Definition, 3.3.29.4 Ground Fault Definition, 3.3.32 Ground Leakage Current Definition, 3.3.41 Ground Loop Definition, 3.3.42 Ground Resistance/Impedance Measurement Definition, 3.3.43 Ground Well Definition, 3.3.44 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Definition, 3.3.33, A.3.3.33 Ground-Fault Protection, Chap 13 Ground-Fault Protective Equipment for Excessive Leakage Currents, 13.2 Circuit Breakers with Equipment Ground-Fault Protection, 13.2.2 Circuit-Breaker-Type GFCI, 13.2.5 Equipment Ground-Fault Protective Devices, 13.2.1 GFCI Types, 13.2.4 Maintenance, 13.2.3 Permanently Mounted-Type GFCI, 13.2.8 Portable-Type GFCI, 13.2.7 Receptacle-Type GFCI, 13.2.6 Ground-Fault Protective Equipment to Prevent Damage, 13.3 Combination Units, 13.3.4 Ground-Fault Sensing and Relaying Equipment, 13.3.1 Maintenance, 13.3.5 Sensing Methods, 13.3.2 Sensors, 13.3.3 Introduction, 13.1 Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI), 13.1.1 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment, 13.1.2 Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment (GFP) Definition, 3.3.34, A.3.3.34 Grounded (Grounding) Definition, 3.3.30 Grounded Conductor Definition, 3.3.31 Grounding Definition, 3.3.35 Multipoint Grounding Definition, 3.3.35.1 Single-Point Grounding Definition, 3.3.35.2 System Grounding Definition, 3.3.35.3 Grounding, Chap 14 Grounding System Inspection, Testing, and Monitoring, 14.3 Luminaire Grounding, 14.3.11 Introduction, 14.1 Special Terms, 14.1.6 Insulated Ground, 14.1.6.1 2019 Edition 70B-286 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Shield Ground, 14.1.6.2 Shield Ground, Data Communications Cables, 14.1.6.2.1 Shield Ground, Power Cables, 14.1.6.2.2 Solutions to Inadequate Grounding, 14.4 Isolated Ground Receptacles, 14.4.6 Isolation Transformer, 14.4.4 Signal Circuit Isolation, 14.4.5 Symptoms and Causes of Inadequate Grounding, 14.2 Grounding Electrode Definition, 3.3.36 Grounding Electrode Conductor Definition, 3.3.37 Grounding Electrode System Definition, 3.3.38 Grounding Terminal Definition, 3.3.39 Grounding-Type Receptacle Definition, 3.3.40 -HHarmonics Definition, 3.3.45 Hazardous (Classified) Location Electrical Equipment, Chap 27 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations, 27.2 Types of Equipment, 27.1 How to Instruct, Annex B Introduction, B.1 Philosophy of Training, B.3 Summary of the Instruction Process, B.5 The Four-Step Method of Instruction, B.4 Step 1: Preparation, B.4.1 Breakdown of the Subject Matter, B.4.1.3 Preparation of Subject Matter, B.4.1.1 Preparation of Trainees, B.4.1.4 Subject Content Outline, B.4.1.2 Step 2: Presentation, B.4.2 Direct the Attention of the Learners, B.4.2.4 Present Related Theory, B.4.2.3 Show How to Do the Job, B.4.2.1 Tell and Explain the Operation, B.4.2.2 Step 3: Application (Try-Out Performance), B.4.3 Have the Trainees Do Simpler Parts of the Operation First, B.4.3.2 Have the Trainees Explain and Perform Each Step, B.4.3.1 Make Corrections in a Positive and Impersonal Manner, B.4.3.4 Question the Trainees on Key Points, B.4.3.3 Step 4: Observation (Follow-Up and Performance Testing), B.4.4 Maintain Performance Standards, B.4.4.3 Provide Close Follow-Up on the Job, B.4.4.1 Provide Immediate Follow-Up on the Job, B.4.4.2 The Shortcomings of Learning by Trial and Error, B.2 2019 Edition -IIdentification of Transformers by Cooling Class, Annex P Cooling Class Designations, P.3 Introduction, P.1 Transformers with More than One Power Rating, P.2 Informational References, Annex R Insulated-Case/Molded-Case Circuit-Breakers, Chap 17 Application Considerations, 17.2 Electrical Testing, 17.11 Ground-Fault Tripping, 17.4 Inspection and Cleaning, 17.8 Introduction, 17.1 Loose Connections, 17.9 Mechanical Mechanism Exercise, 17.10 Phase-Fault Current Conditions, 17.3 Special-Purpose Breakers, 17.6 Types of Insulated-Case/Molded-Case Circuit Breakers, 17.5 Types of Maintenance, 17.7 Interharmonics Definition, 3.3.46 Intermittent Duty Definition, 3.3.47 Isolated Equipment-Grounding Conductor Definition, 3.3.48 -LLabeled Definition, 3.3.49 Lighting, Chap 23 Cleaning, 23.2 Disposal, 23.6 Introduction, 23.1 Lamps and Ballasts, 23.5 Fluorescent Lamps, 23.5.2 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps, 23.5.3 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps, 23.5.4 Relamping Fixtures with LED Lamps, 23.5.4.1 Retrofitting Fluorescent Luminaries with LED Lamps, 23.5.4.2 Relamping, 23.3 Voltage, 23.4 Lightning Ground Definition, 3.3.50 Listed Definition, 3.2.3, A.3.2.3 Long Duration Undervoltage Definition, 3.3.51 Long-Term Maintenance Guidelines, Annex K Introduction, K.1 Low-Voltage Equipment, K.4 Medium- and Low-Voltage Equipment, K.3 Medium-Voltage Equipment, K.2 -MMaintenance Intervals, Annex L Introduction, L.1 INDEX Maintenance of Electrical Equipment Subject to Long Intervals Between Shutdowns, Chap 12 General Aspects of Maintaining Medium- and Low-Voltage Distribution Systems, 12.2 Introduction, 12.1 Process Instrumentation and Control, 12.4 Alarm Systems, 12.4.11 Design to Accommodate Maintenance, 12.4.2 Indicating, Recording, and Controlling Signal Receivers, 12.4.9 Interlock and Logic Systems, 12.4.4 Introduction, 12.4.1 Level Devices, 12.4.6 Power Supplies, 12.4.3 Pressure Devices, 12.4.8 Safety and Shutdown Systems, 12.4.10 Sensing, Indicating, and Control Systems, 12.4.5 Temperature Devices, 12.4.7 Wiring Systems, 12.4.12 Utilization, 12.3 Control for Rotating Equipment, 12.3.10 Dirt, 12.3.9 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Grounding, 12.3.13 Adequate ESD Grounding, 12.3.13.2 General, 12.3.13.1 Hazardous Locations, 12.3.13.6 Inspection and Maintenance, 12.3.13.3 Installations and Alterations, 12.3.13.4 Megohmmeters, 12.3.13.5 Precautions During Inspections, 12.3.13.8 Record Keeping, 12.3.13.7 Typical Checkpoints for Inspection, 12.3.13.9 General, 12.3.1 Heating Equipment, 12.3.12 Lighting Panels, 12.3.4 Plug-in-Type Bus Duct, 12.3.5 Power-Distribution Panels, 12.3.3 Records and Inspection Tours, 12.3.2 Redundancy, 12.3.11 Rotating Equipment, 12.3.7 Frequency, 12.3.7.8 Grease Lubrication Systems, 12.3.7.2 Maintenance, 12.3.7.1 Methods and Quantity, 12.3.7.7 Bath Oiling, 12.3.7.7.3 Oil-Mist Lubrication, 12.3.7.7.4 Ring Oiling, 12.3.7.7.2 Wick Oiling, 12.3.7.7.1 Motor Inspections, 12.3.7.9 Oil Lubrication Systems, 12.3.7.6 Regreasing, 12.3.7.3 Regreasing of Small Motors, 12.3.7.5 Regreasing of Totally Enclosed, Fan-Cooled (TEFC) Motors, 12.3.7.4 Vibration Tests and Analysis, 12.3.8 Wiring to Utilization Equipment, 12.3.6 Motor Control Equipment, Chap 16 Bus Bar, Wiring, and Terminal Connections, 16.4 70B-287 Bus Bar Support Insulators, 16.4.4 Introduction, 16.4.1 Loose Connections, 16.4.2 Power and Control Wiring, 16.4.5 Special Operating Environments, 16.4.3 Components and Maintenance of Motor Controls, 16.2 Contactors, 16.8 Alternating Current (ac) Magnet Solenoids, 16.8.3 Contacts and Arc Chutes, 16.8.2 Inspection, 16.8.2.1 Servicing, 16.8.2.2 Introduction, 16.8.1 Disconnects, 16.5 Inspection and Cleaning, 16.5.3 Introduction, 16.5.1 Loose Connections, 16.5.4 Mechanical Operation, 16.5.5 Safety, 16.5.2 Enclosures, 16.3 Cleaning, 16.3.5 External Care, 16.3.1 Internal Environment, 16.3.4 Internal Inspection, 16.3.3 Opening Enclosures, 16.3.2 Fuses, 16.7 Interlocks, 16.11 Electrical Interlocks, 16.11.1 Auxiliary Contacts, 16.11.1.1 Inspection, 16.11.1.2 Mechanical Interlocks, 16.11.2 Defeat Mechanisms, 16.11.2.3 Padlock Mechanism, 16.11.2.2 Primary Disconnect Mechanism, 16.11.2.1 Unit Lock, 16.11.2.4 Introduction, 16.1 Molded Case Breakers, 16.6 Motor Overload Relays — Thermal Types, 16.9 Inspection and Replacement, 16.9.4 Introduction, 16.9.1 Motor Data, 16.9.3 Other Types, 16.9.2 Pilot and Miscellaneous Control Devices, 16.10 Inspection, 16.10.2 Introduction, 16.10.1 Multipoint Grounding Definition, 3.3.52 -NNEMA Configurations, Annex I Noise Common Mode Noise Definition, 3.3.53.1 Definition, 3.3.53 Transverse Mode Noise Definition, 3.3.53.2 Noise(less) Ground Definition, 3.3.54 2019 Edition 70B-288 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE -PPeriodic Duty Definition, 3.3.55 Personnel Protective Ground Definition, 3.3.56 Personnel Safety, Chap Grounding of Equipment to Provide Protection for Electrical Maintenance Personnel, 7.2 Introduction, 7.1 Photovoltaic Systems, Chap 33 Introduction, 33.1 Maintenance of the Photovoltaic System, 33.2 Array Cleaning, 33.2.4 Emergency Response, 33.2.5 Power Quality, 33.2.6 Energy Monitoring, 33.2.3 Markings and Labeling, 33.3 Planning and Developing an Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program, Chap Counterfeit Components, Devices, Tools, and Equipment, 6.10 Emergency Preparedness and Electrical System and Equipment Restoration (EPnSR), 6.9 Introduction, 6.9.1 Procedure for Emergency Shutdown, 6.9.2 Procedure for Post-Emergency Actions, 6.9.3 Training, 6.9.4 Establishment of a Systematic Program, 6.4 Atmosphere or Environment, 6.4.1 Inspection Frequency, 6.4.4 Load Conditions, 6.4.2 Identification of Critical Equipment, 6.3 Introduction, 6.1 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations, 6.7 Maintenance of Imported Electrical Equipment, 6.6 Methods and Procedures, 6.5 Analysis of Safety Procedures, 6.5.4 Emergency Procedures, 6.5.6 Forms and Reports, 6.5.2 General, 6.5.1 Planning, 6.5.3 Records, 6.5.5 General, 6.5.5.1 Records Kept by First-Line Supervisor of EPM, 6.5.5.3 Inspection Schedule, 6.5.5.3.1 Unusual Event Log, 6.5.5.3.3 Work Order Log, 6.5.5.3.2 Records of Cost, 6.5.5.2 Outsourcing of Electrical Equipment Maintenance, 6.8 Contract Elements, 6.8.2 General, 6.8.1 Sample Forms, 6.8.3 Survey of Electrical Installation, 6.2 Data Collection, 6.2.1 Diagrams and Data, 6.2.2 Electrical Equipment Installation Change, 6.2.2.8 Emergency Procedures, 6.2.4 2019 Edition System Diagrams, 6.2.3 Control and Monitoring, 6.2.3.3 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning, 6.2.3.2 Lighting System Diagrams, 6.2.3.1 Test and Maintenance Equipment, 6.2.5 Portable Electrical Tools and Equipment, Chap 29 Cord and Attachment Plug Care, 29.4 Employee Training, 29.2 Extension Cords, 29.5 Introduction, 29.1 Leakage Current Testing, 29.7 Major Overhauls, 29.6 Tool Maintenance, 29.3 Excessive Dirt Accumulation, 29.3.2 Insufficient or Improper Lubrication, 29.3.3 Lubricants, 29.3.3.1 Periodic Inspection of Crucial Wear Points, 29.3.1 Power and Distribution Transformers, Chap 21 Dry-Type Transformers, 21.3 Current and Voltage Readings, 21.3.3 Inspections and Repairs, 21.3.5 Cleaning, 21.3.5.6 Enclosure Integrity, 21.3.5.2 Noise, 21.3.5.3 Safety Procedures, 21.3.5.4 Ventilation, 21.3.5.1 Visual Inspection, 21.3.5.5 Insulation Tests, 21.3.8 Introduction, 21.3.1 Out of Service Precautions, 21.3.6 Regular Inspections, 21.3.2 Temperature Readings, 21.3.4 Introduction, 21.1 Liquid-Filled Transformers, 21.2 Current and Voltage Readings, 21.2.3 Introduction, 21.2.1 Liquid Maintenance and Analysis, 21.2.8 Liquid-Level Indicator and Pressure/Vacuum Gauges, 21.2.5 Miscellaneous, 21.2.6 Other Tests, 21.2.9 Regular Inspections, 21.2.2 Special Inspections and Repairs, 21.2.7 Temperature Readings, 21.2.4 Power Cables, Chap 19 Aerial Installations, 19.3 Electrical Testing, 19.5 Inspection and Testing Records, 19.6 Introduction, 19.1 Raceway Installations, 19.4 Visual and Mechanical Inspection, 19.2 Power Quality, Chap 10 Harmonics, 10.2 Causes of Harmonic Distortion, 10.2.3 Harmonic Surveying and Testing, 10.2.4 Harmonic Symptoms and Effects, 10.2.2 Introduction, 10.2.1 Recommended Solutions to Harmonic Problems, 10.2.5 INDEX Interharmonics, 10.9 Causes, 10.9.2 Monitoring and Testing, 10.9.3 Solutions, 10.9.4 Symptoms, 10.9.1 Introduction, 10.1 General, 10.1.2 Special Terms, 10.1.1 Multipoint Grounding, 10.1.1.1 Long-Duration Undervoltages and Sustained Voltage Interruptions, 10.5 Causes of Long-Duration Undervoltage, 10.5.3 Causes of Sustained Voltage Interruption, 10.5.7 Monitoring and Testing of Long-Duration Undervoltages, 10.5.4 Normal Supply Voltage Variations, 10.5.1 Electric Utilities, 10.5.1.1 Solutions for Long-Duration Undervoltages, 10.5.5 Solutions for Sustained Voltage Interruptions, 10.5.8 Symptoms of a Sustained Voltage Interruption, 10.5.6 Symptoms of Long-Duration Undervoltage, 10.5.2 Noise in Electrical and Electronic Systems, 10.8 Causes, 10.8.3 Introduction, 10.8.1 Common Mode Noise, 10.8.1.1 Interference, 10.8.1.3 Transverse Mode Noise, 10.8.1.2 Monitoring and Testing, 10.8.4 Solutions, 10.8.5 Symptoms, 10.8.2 Power Quality Audit, 10.11 Power Quality References, 10.12 Symptoms — Grounding, 10.7 General, 10.7.1 Monitoring and Testing — Grounding, 10.7.2 Solutions — Grounding, 10.7.3 Isolated Equipment Ground, 10.7.3.2 Isolation Transformer, 10.7.3.3 Signal Circuit Isolation, 10.7.3.4 Transients (Surges), 10.3 Causes of Transients, 10.3.3 Introduction, 10.3.1 Recommended Solutions to Transient Problems, 10.3.5 Transient Monitoring, 10.3.4 Transient Symptoms and Effects, 10.3.2 Unbalanced Voltages and Single Phasing, 10.6 Causes of Unbalanced Voltages, 10.6.2 Monitoring and Testing, 10.6.4 Detecting Single Phasing, 10.6.4.2 Measuring, 10.6.4.1 Percentage Limitations, 10.6.1 Solutions for Unbalanced Voltages, 10.6.5 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), 10.6.5.3 Relays, 10.6.5.4 Symptoms of Unbalanced Voltages, 10.6.3 General, 10.6.3.1 Motor Heating and Losses, 10.6.3.3 70B-289 Motor Operation Under Single-Phase Condition, 10.6.3.4 Phase Current Unbalance at Motor Terminals, 10.6.3.2 Speed and Torque at Motor Terminals, 10.6.3.2.1 Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker, 10.10 Causes, 10.10.3 Explanation of Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker, 10.10.1 Monitoring and Testing, 10.10.4 Solutions, 10.10.5 Symptoms, 10.10.2 Voltage Sags and Swells, 10.4 Causes of Voltage Sags and Swells, 10.4.3 Sag Causes — Facility Power Systems, 10.4.3.3 Sag Causes — Transmission Systems, 10.4.3.1 Outside Sources, 10.4.3.1.1 Sag Duration, 10.4.3.1.2 Sag Causes — Utility Distribution Systems, 10.4.3.2 Outside Causes, 10.4.3.2.1 Sag Duration, 10.4.3.2.2 Swell Causes, 10.4.3.4 Monitoring and Testing for Sags and Swells, 10.4.4 Equipment, 10.4.4.1 Finding the Source, 10.4.4.2 Initial Placement, 10.4.4.3 Monitoring Instrument Sensitivity, 10.4.4.5 Other Locations, 10.4.4.4 Solutions for Sags and Swells, 10.4.5 Symptoms of Sags and Swells, 10.4.2 Component Breakdown, 10.4.2.5 Equipment Shutdowns, 10.4.2.4 Introduction, 10.4.2.1 Loss of Memory, 10.4.2.3 Sophisticated Equipment, 10.4.2.2 Power Transformers Definition, 3.3.57 Primary Contact Matrix, Annex J Primary Contact Matrix, J.1 Protective Bonding Circuit Definition, 3.3.58 Protective Conductor Definition, 3.3.59 Protective Ground Definition, 3.3.60 -QQualified Person Definition, 3.3.61 -RRecommended Practice Definition, 3.2.4 Referenced Publications, Chap Reliability Centered Maintenance, Annex N Benefits of RCM, N.2 Increased Availability, N.2.2 Reduced Costs, N.2.1 Definitions, N.1 Availability, N.1.1 2019 Edition 70B-290 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Function of Uptime, N.1.1.1 Inherent Availability, N.1.1.3 Operational Availability, N.1.1.2 RCM Maintenance, N.1.2 Condition-Based Maintenance, N.1.2.3 Corrective Maintenance, N.1.2.1 Preventive Maintenance, N.1.2.2 Reliability, N.1.3 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM), N.1.4 FMECA Procedure as Part of an RCM Program, N.6 Example of FMECA, N.6.6 Detection Method, N.6.6.1 Occurrence, N.6.6.2 RPN Calculations and Ranking Methods for Flexible Analysis, N.6.6.4 Results — System X, N.6.6.4.3 Severity, N.6.6.3 Relationship of RCM to Other Disciplines, N.3 Reliability, N.3.1 Basic Reliability, N.3.1.3 Environmental Concerns, N.3.1.3.2 Maintainability, N.3.1.3.3 Safety, N.3.1.3.1 Inherent Versus Operational Reliability, N.3.1.1 Mission-Critical or Functional Reliability Versus Basic or Logistics Reliability, N.3.1.2 Reliability, Inherent Availability, and Operational Availability Data, N.5 Supporting Data, N.4 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM), Chap 30 Availability Metric, 30.4, A.30.4 General, 30.1 Reliability-Centered Maintenance Concept, 30.1.2 Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Documentation, 30.2 Technical Support, 30.3 RFI/EMI Grounding Definition, 3.3.62 Risk Assessment Definition, 3.3.63 Rotating Equipment, Chap 25 Bearings and Lubrication, 25.5 Ball Bearings and Roller Bearings, 25.5.3 General, 25.5.1 Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings, 25.5.4 Sleeve Bearings, 25.5.2 Brushes, Collector Rings, and Commutators, 25.4 Brushes, 25.4.1 Collector Rings, 25.4.2 Commutators, 25.4.3 Cleaning and Drying Insulation Structures, 25.6 Cleaning, 25.6.2 Drying, 25.6.3 General, 25.6.1 Energy Efficiency of Motors, 25.10 General Overhaul, 25.7 Introduction, 25.1 Records, 25.8 2019 Edition Safety Precautions, 25.2 Stator and Rotor Windings, 25.3 Testing, 25.9 -SSafety Ground Definition, 3.3.64 Sag Definition, 3.3.65 Separately Derived System Definition, 3.3.66 Short-Time Duty Definition, 3.3.67 Should Definition, 3.2.5 Single-Point Grounding Definition, 3.3.68 Substation Ground Definition, 3.3.69 Substations and Switchgear Assemblies, Chap 15 Air Circuit Breakers, 15.4 Arc Interrupters, 15.4.4 Breaker Auxiliary Devices, 15.4.6 Electromechanical Series Trip Devices, 15.4.6.4 Solid State (Static) Trip Devices, 15.4.6.5 Contacts, 15.4.3 Insulation, 15.4.2 Introduction, 15.4.1 Operating Mechanism, 15.4.5 Auxiliary Equipment, 15.9 Alarm and Indicators, 15.9.6 Alarms, 15.9.6.1 Indicators, 15.9.6.2 Fuses, 15.9.1 Ground-Fault Indicators, 15.9.10 Grounding, 15.9.9 Instrument Transformers and Auxiliary Transformers, 15.9.5 Interlocks and Safety Devices, 15.9.8 Network Protectors, 15.9.11 Maintenance, 15.9.11.3 Safety, 15.9.11.2 Power-Factor Correction Capacitors, 15.9.3 Protective Relays and Metering Devices, 15.9.7 Stationary Batteries and Battery Chargers, 15.9.4 Battery Hazard Awareness, 15.9.4.3 AC and DC Voltage Hazard, 15.9.4.3.2 Access, 15.9.4.3.5 Arc Flash and Thermal Hazard, 15.9.4.3.4 Chemical Hazard, 15.9.4.3.3 Flammable Gas Hazard, 15.9.4.3.1 Battery Test and Measurement Guidelines, 15.9.4.6 General, 15.9.4.1 References, 15.9.4.1.2 General Observations, 15.9.4.5 Guide for Visual Inspections of Electrical and Mechanical Equipment, 15.9.4.4 Maintenance Program, 15.9.4.2 INDEX Surge Arresters, 15.9.2 Circuit Interrupters, 15.3 Gas-Insulated Substations and Gas-Insulated Equipment, 15.8 Causes of SF6 Decomposition, 15.8.3 Decomposition By-Products, 15.8.4 Gaseous By-Products, 15.8.4.1 Solid Arcing By-Products, 15.8.4.3 Introduction, 15.8.1 Maintenance and Repair of the GIS and GIE, 15.8.5 General, 15.8.5.1 References, 15.8.5.2 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas, 15.8.2 Interrupter Switches, 15.7 Oil Circuit Breakers, 15.6 Arc-Quenching Assemblies, 15.6.4 Breaker Auxiliary Devices, 15.6.6 Contacts, 15.6.3 Insulation, 15.6.2 Introduction, 15.6.1 Operating Mechanism, 15.6.5 Substations, 15.1 Air-Disconnecting Switches, 15.1.4 Conductors, 15.1.3 Enclosures, 15.1.6 Grounding Equipment, 15.1.5 Insulators, 15.1.2 Introduction, 15.1.1 Miscellaneous Equipment, 15.1.7 Switchgear Assemblies, 15.2 Corona, 15.2.13 Dielectric Stress, 15.2.12 Enclosure, 15.2.4 Frequency of Maintenance, 15.2.3 Grounding, 15.2.2 Heating, 15.2.8 Insulation, 15.2.11 Introduction, 15.2.1 Leakage, 15.2.6 Lighting and Housekeeping, 15.2.10 Moisture, 15.2.7 Security, 15.2.5 Summary, 15.2.16 Thermal Damage, 15.2.15 Tracking, 15.2.14 Ventilation, 15.2.9 Torque Tables, 15.10 Vacuum Circuit Breakers, 15.5 Suggestions for Inclusion in a Walk-Through Inspection Checklist, Annex E General, E.1 Appliances, E.1.5 Emergency Equipment, E.1.19 Enclosures of Electrical Parts (Motor Control Equipment, Junction Boxes, Switches, etc.), E.1.17 Equipment Grounding, E.1.12 Extension Cords, E.1.3 Flexible Cords (Including Those on Appliances), E.1.1 70B-291 Grouped Electrical Control Equipment (Such as Might Be Mounted on Walls), E.1.16 Hazardous (Classified) Location Equipment, E.1.18 Heating Appliances, E.1.6 Hot-Water Heaters, E.1.7 Lighting Fixtures, E.1.11 Multiple Current Taps, E.1.4 Office Equipment, E.1.8 Plugs and Connectors, E.1.2 Portable Equipment (Tools, Extension Lamps, and Extension Cords), E.1.10 Receptacle Outlets, E.1.9 Services, E.1.14 Switch Rooms and Motor Control Centers, E.1.15 Yard Transformer Stations, E.1.13 Survey Definition, 3.3.70 Sustained Voltage Interruption Definition, 3.3.71 Swell Definition, 3.3.72 Symbols, Annex F System Grounding Definition, 3.3.73 System Studies, Chap Coordination Studies, 9.3 Introduction, 9.1 Load-Flow Studies, 9.4 Data Collection Methods, 9.4.5 Maintenance-Related Design Study, 9.7 Reliability Studies, 9.5 Risk Assessment Studies, 9.6 Short-Circuit Studies, 9.2 -TTesting and Test Methods, Chap 11 Acceptance Tests and Maintenance Tests, 11.2 Acceptance Tests, 11.2.1 Pretest Circuit Analysis, 11.2.4 Routine Maintenance Tests, 11.2.2 Special Maintenance Tests, 11.2.3 Adjustable-Speed Drive Testing, 11.22 As-Found and As-Left Tests, 11.3 As-Found Tests, 11.3.1 As-Left Tests, 11.3.2 Correlation of As-Found and As-Left Tests, 11.3.3 Battery Testing, 11.14 Battery Tests, 11.14.2 Record Keeping, 11.14.2.6 Voltage, Temperature, and Specific Gravity, 11.14.2.2 Electrolyte Sampling, 11.14.2.2.2 Ohmic Testing, 11.14.2.2.3 Temperature Testing, 11.14.2.2.1 Field Testing in General, 11.14.1 Cables, 11.21 Cable Field Testing in General, 11.21.1 Low-Voltage Cables, 11.21.2 2019 Edition 70B-292 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE 3-Phase 4-Wire Neutral-Current Testing, 11.21.2.2 Low-Voltage Cable Testing Methods, 11.21.2.1 Cable Continuity, 11.21.2.1.2 Insulation Resistance, 11.21.2.1.1 Parallel Conductors, 11.21.2.1.3 Medium- and High-Voltage Cables (2.3 kV–138 kV), 11.21.3 Insulation Resistance, 11.21.3.1 Medium-Voltage Cable Testing Methods, 11.21.3.3 Cable Diagnostic Testing, 11.21.3.3.2 Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta) Testing, 11.21.3.3.2.1 Partial Discharge (PD) Testing in General, 11.21.3.3.2.2 Cable Withstand Testing at Elevated Voltages, 11.21.3.3.1 Withstand Voltage Testing Alternating Current (ac), 11.21.3.3.1.2 Withstand Voltage Testing Direct Current (dc), 11.21.3.3.1.1 Withstand Voltage Testing Very Low Frequency (VLF), 11.21.3.3.1.3 Shield Continuity, 11.21.3.2 Emergency Systems, 11.26 Automatic Transfer Switches, 11.26.1 Field Testing in General, 11.26.1.1 Field Tests, 11.26.2 Automatic Transfer Tests, 11.26.2.2 Contact/Pole Resistance or Millivolt Drop Tests, 11.26.2.1 Timers and Relays, 11.26.2.3 Forms, 11.8 Frequency of Tests, 11.4 Fuses, 11.18 Grounding Systems, 11.13 Field Testing in General, 11.13.4 Grounded Conductor Impedance Testing, 11.13.2 Grounding-Electrode Resistance Testing, 11.13.3 Impedance Testing of Equipment Grounding Conductor, 11.13.1 Infrared Inspection, 11.17 Advantages of Infrared Inspections, 11.17.2 Desirable Operational Features, 11.17.4 Disadvantages, 11.17.3 Inspection Frequency and Procedures, 11.17.5 Introduction, 11.17.1 Insulating-Liquid Analysis, 11.19 Analysis, 11.19.3 Service-Aged Insulating Fluid Limits, 11.19.3.1 Field Testing in General, 11.19.1 Types of Test, 11.19.2 Acid Neutralization Number, 11.19.2.2 Color, 11.19.2.5 Dielectric Breakdown Test, 11.19.2.1 Interfacial Tension, 11.19.2.4 Power Factor or Dissipation Factor, 11.19.2.8 Specific Gravity, 11.19.2.3 Visual Condition, 11.19.2.6 Water in Insulating Liquids, 11.19.2.7 Insulation Testing, 11.9 2019 Edition Alternating-Current (ac) Testing, 11.9.3 High-Potential Testing, 11.9.3.1 Insulation Power-Factor or Dissipation-Factor Testing, 11.9.3.2 Data Evaluation, 11.9.3.2.3 General, 11.9.3.2.1 Test Equipment, 11.9.3.2.2 Direct-Current (dc) Testing — Components of Test Current, 11.9.2 Dielectric Absorption, 11.9.2.4 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Testing, 11.9.2.6 Arrangement Before Testing, 11.9.2.6.2 General, 11.9.2.6.1 Dielectric-Absorption Test, 11.9.2.6.1.1 Proper Discharge, 11.9.2.6.1.3 Step-Voltage Test, 11.9.2.6.1.2 Insulation Resistance Testing, 11.9.2.3 Polarization Index, 11.9.2.5 Introduction, 11.9.1 General, 11.9.1.1 Reasons for Insulation Failure, 11.9.1.2 Introduction, 11.1 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers, 11.10 Assistance, 11.10.3 Field Testing in General, 11.10.2 Field Testing of Circuit Breakers Employing Solid-State Trip Devices, 11.10.4 Insulation Resistance Test, 11.10.4.1 Testing the Tripping System, 11.10.4.2 Insulated-Case/Molded-Case Circuit-Breaker Testing, 11.10.5 Insulated-Case/Molded-Case Circuit Breakers — General, 11.10.5.1 Contact/Pole Resistance or Millivolt Drop Tests, 11.10.5.1.5 Insulation Resistance Tests, 11.10.5.1.4 Testing Instantaneous-Only Circuit Breakers, 11.10.5.3 Testing Solid-State Trip Units, 11.10.5.4 Ground-Fault Element, 11.10.5.4.4 Instantaneous Element, 11.10.5.4.3 Long Time-Delay Element, 11.10.5.4.1 Short Time-Delay Element, 11.10.5.4.2 Testing Thermal-Magnetic Trip Units, 11.10.5.2 Values for Inverse Time Trip (Thermal or Long TimeDelay Element) Data, 11.10.5.2.5 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers — General, 11.10.1 Low-Voltage Power Circuit-Breaker Testing, 11.10.6 Contact/Pole Resistance or Millivolt Drop Tests, 11.10.6.2 Insulation Resistance Tests, 11.10.6.1 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers in General, 11.10.6.4 Overcurrent Trip Device, 11.10.6.3 Ground-Fault Element, 11.10.6.3.4 Instantaneous Element, 11.10.6.3.3 Long Time-Delay Element, 11.10.6.3.1 Short Time-Delay Element, 11.10.6.3.2 Medium and High Voltage Circuit Breakers, 11.16 Medium Voltage Air Circuit Breakers, 11.16.1 Field Testing in General, 11.16.1.1 Field Tests, 11.16.1.2 INDEX Blowout Coils, 11.16.1.2.5 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.16.1.2.2 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Test, 11.16.1.2.4 Heaters, 11.16.1.2.6 Insulation Resistance, 11.16.1.2.1 Power Factor or Dissipation Factor Test, 11.16.1.2.3 Time-Travel Analysis, 11.16.1.2.7 Medium- and High-Voltage Oil Circuit Breakers, 11.16.2 Field Testing in General, 11.16.2.1 Field Tests, 11.16.2.2 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.16.2.2.2 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Test, 11.16.2.2.4 Heaters, 11.16.2.2.5 Insulating Fluid Tests, 11.16.2.2.7 Insulation Resistance, 11.16.2.2.1 Power Factor or Dissipation Factor Test, 11.16.2.2.3 Time-Travel Analysis, 11.16.2.2.6 Medium-Voltage Vacuum Breakers, 11.16.3 Field Testing in General, 11.16.3.1 Field Tests, 11.16.3.2 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.16.3.2.2 Heaters, 11.16.3.2.7 Insulation Resistance, 11.16.3.2.1 Overpotential Test, 11.16.3.2.4 Power Factor or Dissipation Factor Test, 11.16.3.2.3 Time-Travel Analysis, 11.16.3.2.6 Vacuum Bottle Integrity Overpotential Test, 11.16.3.2.5 SF6 Circuit Breakers, 11.16.4 Field Testing in General, 11.16.4.1 Field Tests, 11.16.4.2 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.16.4.2.2 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Test, 11.16.4.2.4 Heaters, 11.16.4.2.6 Insulation Resistance, 11.16.4.2.1 Power Factor or Dissipation Factor Test, 11.16.4.2.3 Time-Travel Analysis, 11.16.4.2.5 Power Factor Correction Capacitors, 11.25 Field Testing in General, 11.25.1 Field Tests, 11.25.2 Capacitance, 11.25.2.2 Capacitance Discharge Resistor, 11.25.2.3 Insulation Resistance, 11.25.2.1 Protective Relays, 11.12 Field Testing in General, 11.12.3 Introduction, 11.12.1 Testing Procedure, 11.12.2 Contact Verification, 11.12.2.9 Inspection, 11.12.2.1 Instantaneous Test, 11.12.2.7 Pickup Test, 11.12.2.3 Relays to Be Tested, 11.12.2.6 Settings, 11.12.2.2 Test of Target and Seal-In Unit, 11.12.2.8 Test of Tripping Circuit, 11.12.2.10 Time Delay Settings, 11.12.2.5 Timing Test, 11.12.2.4 70B-293 Qualifications of Test Operators, 11.6 Rotating Machine Testing, 11.20 Dielectric-Absorption Testing, 11.20.2 Insulation Resistance Testing, 11.20.1 Other Electrical Tests, 11.20.5 Overpotential Testing, 11.20.3 Surge-Comparison Testing, 11.20.4 Vibration Testing, 11.20.6 Special Precautions and Safety, 11.5 Surge Arresters, 11.24 Low-Voltage Surge Arresters (Surge Protection Devices), 11.24.2 Field Testing in General, 11.24.2.1 Field Tests, 11.24.2.2 Grounding Connection, 11.24.2.2.2 Insulation Resistance, 11.24.2.2.1 Medium- and High-Voltage Surge Arresters (Surge Protection Devices), 11.24.3 Field Testing in General, 11.24.3.1 Field Tests, 11.24.3.2 Grounding Connection, 11.24.3.2.3 Insulation Resistance, 11.24.3.2.1 Watts-Loss/Milliwatts-Loss Test, 11.24.3.2.2 Switches, 11.15 Low-Voltage Air Switches, 11.15.1 Field Testing in General, 11.15.1.1 Field Tests, 11.15.1.2 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.15.1.2.2 Fuse Resistance, 11.15.1.2.3 Measure Fuse Resistance, 11.15.1.2.3.1 Heaters, 11.15.1.2.4 Insulation Resistance, 11.15.1.2.1 Medium and High Voltage Air Switches, Open, 11.15.3 Field Testing in General, 11.15.3.1 Field Tests, 11.15.3.2 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.15.3.2.2 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Test, 11.15.3.2.3 Insulation Resistance, 11.15.3.2.1 Medium Voltage Air Switches, Metal Enclosed, 11.15.2 Field Testing in General, 11.15.2.1 Field Tests, 11.15.2.2 Contact/Pole Resistance Test, 11.15.2.2.2 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Test, 11.15.2.2.3 Fuse Resistance, 11.15.2.2.4 Measure Fuse Resistance, 11.15.2.2.4.1 Heaters, 11.15.2.2.5 Insulation Resistance, 11.15.2.2.1 Switchgear and Switchboard Assemblies, 11.23 Field Testing in General, 11.23.1 Field Tests, 11.23.2 Direct-Current (dc) Overpotential Test, 11.23.2.2 Ground Resistance, 11.23.2.3 Insulation Resistance, 11.23.2.1 System Function Tests, 11.23.3 Test Equipment, 11.7 Test or Calibration Decal System, 11.27 Decal, 11.27.2 2019 Edition 70B-294 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE General, 11.27.1 Service Classifications and Related Decal Color Codes, 11.27.3 Red Decal: Nonserviceable, 11.27.3.3 White Decal: Serviceable, 11.27.3.1 Yellow Decal: Limited Service, 11.27.3.2 Transformer Tests, 11.11 Core Insulation Tests, 11.11.6 Dissolved-Gas-in-Oil Analysis, 11.11.10 Excitation-Current Tests, 11.11.5 Fault-Gas Analysis, 11.11.9 Field Testing in General, 11.11.1 Insulation Resistance Tests, 11.11.3 Liquid Maintenance and Analysis, 11.11.8 Liquid Analysis, 11.11.8.1 Maintenance, 11.11.8.2 Metals-in-Oil Analysis on Large Power Transformers, 11.11.11, A.11.11.11 Power-Factor or Dissipation-Factor Tests, 11.11.4 Turns-Ratio Tests, 11.11.2 Winding Resistance Tests, 11.11.7 Transformer Definition, 3.3.74 Transients Definition, 3.3.75 Transverse Mode Noise Definition, 3.3.76 -UUnbalanced Voltages Definition, 3.3.77 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems, Chap 28 Introduction, 28.1 System Tests, 28.5 Introduction, 28.5.1 Special Tests, 28.5.2 Types of UPS Systems, 28.2 UPS System Maintenance Procedures — General, 28.3 Batteries and Chargers, 28.3.4 Circuit Protective Devices, 28.3.3 Disconnecting Means and Bypass Switches, 28.3.1 Motor and Generator (Rotary Systems), 28.3.10 Rectifier and Inverter (Static Systems), 28.3.9 Routine Maintenance, 28.3.8 Transfer Switches, 28.3.2 UPS Modifications, 28.3.11 UPS Record Keeping, 28.3.7 UPS Support Standby Generator, 28.3.5 UPS Ventilation, 28.3.6 UPS Testing, 28.4 Introduction, 28.4.1 Preliminary Testing, 28.4.2 -VVarying Duty Definition, 3.3.78 Vibration, Chap 26 2019 Edition Assembly and Installation Guidelines, 26.6 Alignment, 26.6.2 Installation of Accessories, 26.6.1 Baseline Data, 26.7 Introduction, 26.1 Machine Vibration, 26.2 Unfiltered Vibration Limits, 26.2.4 Methods of Balance, 26.5 Noise, 26.8 Resonance, 26.4 Types of Instruments, 26.3 -WWhat Is an Effective Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program?, Chap Essential Elements of an EPM Program, 5.2 Introduction, 5.1 Personnel, 5.4 Planning an EPM Program, 5.3 Programmed Inspections, 5.6 Analysis of Inspection and Test Reports, 5.6.1 EPM Support Procedures, 5.6.3 Design for Ease of Maintenance, 5.6.3.1 Outside Service Firms, 5.6.5 Records, 5.6.2 Tools and Instruments, 5.6.6 Training for Safety and Technical Skills, 5.6.4 Emergency Procedures, 5.6.4.3 Record Keeping, 5.6.4.5 Training Requirements, 5.6.4.1 Training Scope, 5.6.4.4 Type of Training, 5.6.4.2 Survey and Analysis, 5.5 Why an Effective Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) Program Pays Dividends, Chap Case Histories, 4.4 EPM and Energy Conservation, 4.3 Value and Benefits of a Properly Administered EPM Program, 4.2 Why EPM?, 4.1 Wind Power Electric Systems and Associated Equipment, Chap 35 Associated Electrical Equipment, 35.12 Cable Support Systems, Cables, and Terminations, 35.10 Circuit Breakers, 35.9 Collector Substations and Switchgear, 35.11 Generators, 35.4 Instrumentation and Controls, 35.6 Introduction, 35.1 Pitch Systems, 35.5 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA), 35.7 Towers and Foundations, 35.2 Transformers and Converters, 35.8 Yaw Systems, 35.3 Wiring Devices, Chap 24 Adapters, 24.4 Boxes, 24.7 Connector and Receptacle, 24.2 Cover Plates, 24.6 INDEX General-Use Snap Switches, 24.5 Introduction, 24.1 Pin and Sleeve Devices, 24.8 Connector and Receptacle, 24.8.2 Heavy-Duty Industrial-Type Plugs, Cord Connectors, and Receptacles, 24.8.1 70B-295 General, 24.8.1.2 Introduction, 24.8.1.1 Plugs, 24.8.1.3 Receptacles, 24.3 2019 Edition Sequence of Events for the Standards Development Process Committee Membership Classifications1,2,3,4 Once the current edition is published, a Standard is opened for Public Input The following classifications apply to Committee members and represent their principal interest in the activity of the Committee Step – Input Stage • Input accepted from the public or other committees for consideration to develop the First Draft • Technical Committee holds First Draft Meeting to revise Standard (23 weeks); Technical Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (10 weeks) • Technical Committee ballots on First Draft (12 weeks); Technical Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (11 weeks) • Correlating Committee First Draft Meeting (9 weeks) • Correlating Committee ballots on First Draft (5 weeks) • First Draft Report posted on the document information page Step – Comment Stage • Public Comments accepted on First Draft (10 weeks) following posting of First Draft Report • If Standard does not receive Public Comments and the Technical Committee chooses not to hold a Second Draft meeting, the Standard becomes a Consent Standard and is sent directly to the Standards Council for issuance (see Step 4) or • Technical Committee holds Second Draft Meeting (21 weeks); Technical Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (7 weeks) • Technical Committee ballots on Second Draft (11 weeks); Technical Committee(s) with Correlating Committee (10 weeks) • Correlating Committee Second Draft Meeting (9 weeks) • Correlating Committee ballots on Second Draft (8 weeks) • Second Draft Report posted on the document information page Step – NFPA Technical Meeting • Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) accepted (5 weeks) following the posting of Second Draft Report • NITMAMs are reviewed and valid motions are certified by the Motions Committee for presentation at the NFPA Technical Meeting • NFPA membership meets each June at the NFPA Technical Meeting to act on Standards with “Certified Amending Motions” (certified NITMAMs) • Committee(s) vote on any successful amendments to the Technical Committee Reports made by the NFPA membership at the NFPA Technical Meeting M Manufacturer: A representative of a maker or marketer of a product, assembly, or system, or portion thereof, that is affected by the standard U User: A representative of an entity that is subject to the provisions of the standard or that voluntarily uses the standard IM Installer/Maintainer: A representative of an entity that is in the business of installing or maintaining a product, assembly, or system affected by the standard L Labor: A labor representative or employee concerned with safety in the workplace RT Applied Research/Testing Laboratory: A representative of an independent testing laboratory or independent applied research organization that promulgates and/or enforces standards E Enforcing Authority: A representative of an agency or an organization that promulgates and/or enforces standards I Insurance: A representative of an insurance company, broker, agent, bureau, or inspection agency C Consumer: A person who is or represents the ultimate purchaser of a product, system, or service affected by the standard, but who is not included in (2) SE Special Expert: A person not representing (1) through (8) and who has special expertise in the scope of the standard or portion thereof NOTE 1: “Standard” connotes code, standard, recommended practice, or guide NOTE 2: A representative includes an employee NOTE 3: While these classifications will be used by the Standards Council to achieve a balance for Technical Committees, the Standards Council may determine that new classifications of member or unique interests need representation in order to foster the best possible Committee deliberations on any project In this connection, the Standards Council may make such appointments as it deems appropriate in the public interest, such as the classification of “Utilities” in the National Electrical Code Committee NOTE 4: Representatives of subsidiaries of any group are generally considered to have the same classification as the parent organization Step – Council Appeals and Issuance of Standard • Notification of intent to file an appeal to the Standards Council on Technical Meeting action must be filed within 20 days of the NFPA Technical Meeting • Standards Council decides, based on all evidence, whether to issue the standard or to take other action Notes: Time periods are approximate; refer to published schedules for actual dates Annual revision cycle documents with certified amending motions take approximately 101 weeks to complete Fall revision cycle documents receiving certified amending motions take approximately 141 weeks to complete 6/16-A Submitting Public Input / Public Comment Through the Online Submission System Soon after the current edition is published, a Standard is open for Public Input Before accessing the Online Submission System, you must first sign in at www.nfpa.org Note: You will be asked to sign-in or create a free online account with NFPA before using this system: a Click on Sign In at the upper right side of the page b Under the Codes and Standards heading, click on the “List of NFPA Codes & Standards,” and then select your document from the list or use one of the search features OR a Go directly to your specific document information page by typing the convenient shortcut link of www.nfpa.org/document# (Example: NFPA 921 would be www.nfpa.org/921) Sign in at the upper right side of the page To begin your Public Input, select the link “The next edition of this standard is now open for Public Input” located on the About tab, Current & Prior Editions tab, and the Next Edition tab Alternatively, the Next Edition tab includes a link to Submit Public Input online At this point, the NFPA Standards Development Site will open showing details for the document you have selected This “Document Home” page site includes an explanatory introduction, information on the current document phase and closing date, a left-hand navigation panel that includes useful links, a document Table of Contents, and icons at the top you can click for Help when using the site The Help icons and navigation panel will be visible except when you are actually in the process of creating a Public Input Once the First Draft Report becomes available there is a Public Comment period during which anyone may submit a Public Comment on the First Draft Any objections or further related changes to the content of the First Draft must be submitted at the Comment stage To submit a Public Comment you may access the online submission system utilizing the same steps as previously explained for the submission of Public Input For further information on submitting public input and public comments, go to: http://www.nfpa.org/ publicinput Other Resources Available on the Document Information Pages About tab: View general document and subject-related information Current & Prior Editions tab: Research current and previous edition information on a Standard Next Edition tab: Follow the committee’s progress in the processing of a Standard in its next revision cycle Technical Committee tab: View current committee member rosters or apply to a committee Technical Questions tab: For members and Public Sector Officials/AHJs to submit questions about codes and standards to NFPA staff Our Technical Questions Service provides a convenient way to receive timely and consistent technical assistance when you need to know more about NFPA codes and standards relevant to your work Responses are provided by NFPA staff on an informal basis Products & Training tab: List of NFPA’s publications and training available for purchase 6/16-B Information on the NFPA Standards Development Process I Applicable Regulations The primary rules governing the processing of NFPA standards (codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides) are the NFPA Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards (Regs) Other applicable rules include NFPA Bylaws, NFPA Technical Meeting Convention Rules, NFPA Guide for the Conduct of Participants in the NFPA Standards Development Process, and the NFPA Regulations Governing Petitions to the Board of Directors from Decisions of the Standards Council Most of these rules and regulations are contained in the NFPA Standards Directory For copies of the Directory, contact Codes and Standards Administration at NFPA Headquarters; all these documents are also available on the NFPA website at “www.nfpa.org.” The following is general information on the NFPA process All participants, however, should refer to the actual rules and regulations for a full understanding of this process and for the criteria that govern participation II Technical Committee Report The Technical Committee Report is defined as “the Report of the responsible Committee(s), in accordance with the Regulations, in preparation of a new or revised NFPA Standard.” The Technical Committee Report is in two parts and consists of the First Draft Report and the Second Draft Report (See Regs at Section 1.4.) III Step 1: First Draft Report The First Draft Report is defined as “Part one of the Technical Committee Report, which documents the Input Stage.” The First Draft Report consists of the First Draft, Public Input, Committee Input, Committee and Correlating Committee Statements, Correlating Notes, and Ballot Statements (See Regs at 4.2.5.2 and Section 4.3.) Any objection to an action in the First Draft Report must be raised through the filing of an appropriate Comment for consideration in the Second Draft Report or the objection will be considered resolved [See Regs at 4.3.1(b).] IV Step 2: Second Draft Report The Second Draft Report is defined as “Part two of the Technical Committee Report, which documents the Comment Stage.” The Second Draft Report consists of the Second Draft, Public Comments with corresponding Committee Actions and Committee Statements, Correlating Notes and their respective Committee Statements, Committee Comments, Correlating Revisions, and Ballot Statements (See Regs at 4.2.5.2 and Section 4.4.) The First Draft Report and the Second Draft Report together constitute the Technical Committee Report Any outstanding objection following the Second Draft Report must be raised through an appropriate Amending Motion at the NFPA Technical Meeting or the objection will be considered resolved [See Regs at 4.4.1(b).] V Step 3a: Action at NFPA Technical Meeting Following the publication of the Second Draft Report, there is a period during which those wishing to make proper Amending Motions on the Technical Committee Reports must signal their intention by submitting a Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) (See Regs at 4.5.2.) Standards that receive notice of proper Amending Motions (Certified Amending Motions) will be presented for action at the annual June NFPA Technical Meeting At the meeting, the NFPA membership can consider and act on these Certified Amending Motions as well as Follow-up Amending Motions, that is, motions that become necessary as a result of a previous successful Amending Motion (See 4.5.3.2 through 4.5.3.6 and Table 1, Columns 1-3 of Regs for a summary of the available Amending Motions and who may make them.) Any outstanding objection following action at an NFPA Technical Meeting (and any further Technical Committee consideration following successful Amending Motions, see Regs at 4.5.3.7 through 4.6.5.3) must be raised through an appeal to the Standards Council or it will be considered to be resolved VI Step 3b: Documents Forwarded Directly to the Council Where no NITMAM is received and certified in accordance with the Technical Meeting Convention Rules, the standard is forwarded directly to the Standards Council for action on issuance Objections are deemed to be resolved for these documents (See Regs at 4.5.2.5.) VII Step 4a: Council Appeals Anyone can appeal to the Standards Council concerning procedural or substantive matters related to the development, content, or issuance of any document of the NFPA or on matters within the purview of the authority of the Council, as established by the Bylaws and as determined by the Board of Directors Such appeals must be in written form and filed with the Secretary of the Standards Council (see Regs at Section 1.6) Time constraints for filing an appeal must be in accordance with 1.6.2 of the Regs Objections are deemed to be resolved if not pursued at this level VIII Step 4b: Document Issuance The Standards Council is the issuer of all documents (see Article of Bylaws) The Council acts on the issuance of a document presented for action at an NFPA Technical Meeting within 75 days from the date of the recommendation from the NFPA Technical Meeting, unless this period is extended by the Council (see Regs at 4.7.2) For documents forwarded directly to the Standards Council, the Council acts on the issuance of the document at its next scheduled meeting, or at such other meeting as the Council may determine (see Regs at 4.5.2.5 and 4.7.4) IX Petitions to the Board of Directors The Standards Council has been delegated the responsibility for the administration of the codes and standards development process and the issuance of documents However, where extraordinary circumstances requiring the intervention of the Board of Directors exist, the Board of Directors may take any action necessary to fulfill its obligations to preserve the integrity of the codes and standards development process and to protect the interests of the NFPA The rules for petitioning the Board of Directors can be found in the Regulations Governing Petitions to the Board of Directors from Decisions of the Standards Council and in Section 1.7 of the Regs X For More Information The program for the NFPA Technical Meeting (as well as the NFPA website as information becomes available) should be consulted for the date on which each report scheduled for consideration at the meeting will be presented To view the First Draft Report and Second Draft Report as well as information on NFPA rules and for up-todate information on schedules and deadlines for processing NFPA documents, check the NFPA website (www.nfpa.org/ docinfo) or contact NFPA Codes & Standards Administration at (617) 984-7246 6/16-C Xchange ™ The place to connect online with your fire, electrical, and life safety peers Have a question about the code or standard you’re reading now? NFPA Xchange™ can help! NFPA Xchange™ brings together over 30,000 professionals worldwide, asking and answering each other’s questions, sharing ideas, and discussing the issues impacting your industry today NFPA Xchange™ is free to join and offers: Ü A robust collection of previously asked and answered questions to search Ü Access to thousands of peers for problem-solving and on-the-job advice Ü NFPA blogs, white papers, and webinars in one convenient place NFPA members also enjoy Xchange™ Members Only, the online space for technical questions* answered by NFPA staff, exclusive NFPA live events, and premier access to curated content Join NFPA Xchange™ TODAY! www.nfpa.org/xchange Xchange Today Safer Tomorrow *For the full terms of use, please visit nfpa.org/standard_items/terms-of-use#xchange NFPA® is a registered trademark of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169