mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings eleventh edition pdf

Architecture GRONDZIK KWOK STEIN REYNOLDS THE FOREMOST GUIDE TO THE DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS UPDATED AND EXPANDED For more than seven decades, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings has been the preeminent teaching and practice reference for building environmental control systems Now this classic text has been updated and expanded, and continues to help prepare generations of students for their careers in architecture, architectural engineering, and construction management, and to supply professionals with in-depth information to assist them with their decision making in practice With over 2,200 drawings and photographs—more than 200 of them new to this edition—the Eleventh Edition covers basic theory, preliminary building design guidelines, and detailed design procedures for buildings of all sizes, and also provides information on the latest technologies, emerging design trends, and updated codes New and notable: ■ Increased attention placed on mitigating environmental impacts, in both off-site and on-site resources ■ Case studies showing successful integration of design strategies ■ Discussions of “why” and “how to,” which help the reader better understand concepts and applications ■ Discussions of computer-based design simulations, incorporating an appreciation of hand calculation skills Companion Web site: www.wiley.com/go/meeb Cover Photograph: The Gerding Theater, Portland, Oregon © Josh Partee MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ELEVENTH EDITION WALTER T GRONDZIK , PE, LEED AP, is Professor of Architecture at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana Grondzik is a Fellow of ASHRAE, a Fellow of the American Solar Energy Society, and a past president of the Society of Building Science Educators and the Architectural Research Centers Consortium He holds an MS in mechanical engineering (building environmental systems) and a bachelor of architectural engineering ALISON G KWOK , PHD, AIA, LEED AP, is Professor of Architecture at the University of Oregon, Eugene, teaches design studios, seminars in building performance, as well as courses in environmental technology Kwok has served as a board member for the Architectural Research Centers Consortium and is a past president of the Society of Building Science Educators, a member of several ASHRAE committees, and a member of the USGBC’s Formal Education Committee MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS BENJAMIN STEIN is a consulting engineer with more than fifty years of experience in all phases of environmental control system design He currently resides in Jerusalem, Israel JOHN S REYNOLDS , AIA, is Professor Emeritus of Architecture at the University of Oregon, Eugene, and is a registered architect in private practice ELEVENTH EDITION FOR BUILDINGS WALTER T GRONDZIK BENJAMIN STEIN www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com ALISON G KWOK JOHN S REYNOLDS www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd ii 9/21/09 7:32:38 PM ELEVENTH EDITION Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd i 9/21/09 7:32:35 PM www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd ii 9/21/09 7:32:38 PM ELEVENTH EDITION Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings Walter T Grondzik Architectural Engineer Ball State University Alison G Kwok Professor of Architecture University of Oregon Benjamin Stein Consulting Architectural Engineer John S Reynolds Professor of Architecture University of Oregon John Wiley & Sons, Inc www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd iii 9/21/09 7:32:38 PM Part opener pages are from the drawing set for the Lillis Business Complex at University of Oregon, designed by SRG Partnership, Portland, OR DISCLAIMER The information in this book has been derived and extracted from a multitude of sources including building codes, fire codes, industry codes and standards, manufacturer’s literature, engineering reference works, and personal professional experience It is presented in good faith Although the authors and the publisher have made every reasonable effort to make the information presented accurate and authoritative, they not warrant, and assume no liability for, its accuracy or completeness or fitness for any specific purpose The information is intended primarily as a learning and teaching aid, and not as a final source of information for the design of building systems by design professionals It is the responsibility of users to apply their professional knowledge in the application of the information presented in this book, and to consult original sources for current and detailed information as needed, for actual design situations This book is printed on acid-free paper ∞ Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008 Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the Publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations of warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the Publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings / Walter T Grondzik [et al.] — 11th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-19565-9 (cloth) Buildings—Mechanical equipment Buildings—Electric equipment Buildings— Environmental engineering I Grondzik, Walter T TH6010.S74 2010 626—dc22 2008049902 Printed in the United States of America 10 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd iv 9/21/09 7:32:39 PM Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix PA RT I D E S I G N C O N T E X T C HAP TE R DESIGN PROCESS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Design Intent 1.3 Design Criteria 1.4 Methods and Tools 1.5 Validation and Evaluation 1.6 Influences on the Design Process 10 1.7 A Philosophy of Design 16 1.8 Lessons from the Field 21 1.9 Case Study—Design Process 22 C HAP TE R ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Energy 29 2.3 Water 32 2.4 Materials 34 2.5 Design Challenges 39 2.6 How Are We Doing? 42 2.7 Case Study—Design Process and Environmental Resources 44 C HAP TE R SITES AND RESOURCES 49 3.1 Climates 49 3.2 Climates within Climates 51 3.3 Buildings and Sites 54 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Analyzing the Site 55 Site Design Strategies 55 Direct Sun and Daylight 57 Sound and Airflow 65 Rain and Groundwater 76 Plants 80 Case Study—Site and Resource Design 83 CHAPTER COMFORT AND DESIGN STRATEGIES 89 4.1 The Body 89 4.2 Thermal Comfort 91 4.3 Design Strategies for Cooling 104 4.4 Design Strategies for Heating 108 4.5 Combining Strategies 111 4.6 Visual and Acoustical Comfort 111 CHAPTER INDOOR AIR QUALITY 115 5.1 Indoor Air Quality and Building Design 116 5.2 Pollutant Sources and Impacts 117 5.3 Predicting Indoor Air Quality 120 5.4 Zoning for IAQ 122 5.5 Passive and Low-Energy Approaches for Control of IAQ 125 5.6 Active Approaches for Control of IAQ 133 5.7 IAQ, Materials, and Health 149 PA RT I I T H E R M A L C O N T R O L C HAP TE R SOLAR GEOMETRY AND SHADING DEVICES 153 6.1 The Sun and Its Position 153 6.2 Solar versus Clock Time 156 6.3 True South and Magnetic Deviation 157 6.4 Sunpath Projections 157 6.5 6.6 151 Shading 164 Shadow Angles and Shading Masks 167 CHAPTER HEAT FLOW 175 7.1 The Building Envelope 175 7.2 Building Envelope Design Intentions 176 v www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd v 9/21/09 7:32:39 PM vi CONTENTS 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Sensible Heat Flow through Opaque Walls and Roofs 180 Latent Heat Flow through the Opaque Envelope 197 Heat Flow through Transparent/Translucent Elements 199 Trends in Envelope Thermal Performance 204 Heat Flow via Air Movement 206 Calculating Envelope Heat Flows 207 Envelope Thermal Design Standards 211 C HAP TE R DESIGNING FOR HEATING AND COOLING 215 8.1 Organizing the Problem 216 8.2 Zoning 218 8.3 Daylighting Considerations 219 8.4 Passive Solar Heating Guidelines 225 8.5 Summer Heat Gain Guidelines 238 8.6 Passive Cooling Guidelines 240 8.7 Reintegrating Daylighting, Passive Solar Heating, and Cooling 256 8.8 Calculating Worst Hourly Heat Loss 258 8.9 Calculations for Heating-Season Fuel Consumption (Conventional Buildings) 260 8.10 Passive Solar Heating Performance 263 8.11 Approximate Method for Calculating Heat Gain (Cooling Load) 281 8.12 Psychrometry 286 8.13 Detailed Hourly Heat Gain (Cooling Load) Calculations 289 8.14 Passive Cooling Calculation Procedures 291 8.15 Case Study—Designing for Heating and Cooling 319 CHAPTER HVAC FOR SMALLER BUILDINGS 325 9.1 Review of the Need for Mechanical Equipment 325 9.2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC): Typical Design Processes 326 9.3 Equipment Location and Service Distribution 327 9.4 Controls for Smaller Building Systems 329 9.5 Refrigeration Cycles 329 9.6 Cooling-Only Systems 331 9.7 Heating-Only Systems 338 9.8 Heating/Cooling Systems 363 9.9 Psychrometrics and Refrigeration 374 C H A P T E R 10 LARGE-BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS 377 10.1 HVAC and Building Organization 377 10.2 HVAC System Types 393 10.3 Central Equipment 401 10.4 Air Distribution within Spaces 429 10.5 All-Air HVAC Systems 436 10.6 Air and Water HVAC Systems 442 10.7 All-Water HVAC Systems 452 10.8 District Heating and Cooling 454 10.9 Cogeneration 456 PA RT I I I I L L U M I N AT I O N C HAP TE R 1 LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS 467 11.1 Introductory Remarks 467 PHYSICS OF LIGHT 468 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 Light as Radiant Energy 468 Transmittance and Reflectance 469 Terminology and Definitions 469 Luminous Intensity 471 Luminous Flux 471 Illuminance 472 Luminance, Exitance, and Brightness 473 Illuminance Measurement 476 465 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 Luminance Measurement 477 Reflectance Measurements 478 Inverse Square Law 478 Luminous Intensity: Candela Measurements 480 11.14 Intensity Distribution Curves 480 LIGHT AND SIGHT 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 481 The Eye 481 Factors in Visual Acuity 482 Size of the Visual Object 484 Subjective Brightness 484 Contrast and Adaptation 485 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd vi 9/21/09 7:32:40 PM CONTENTS 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 Exposure Time 488 Secondary Task-Related Factors 488 Observer-Related Visibility Factors 489 The Aging Eye 490 QUANTITY OF LIGHT 493 497 Color Temperature 514 Object Color 515 Reactions to Color 518 Chromaticity 518 Spectral Distribution of Light Sources Color Rendering Index 522 519 LIGHT SOURCES 525 12.1 Basic Characteristics of Light Sources 525 12.2 Selecting an Appropriate Light Source 526 526 Characteristics of Daylight 526 Standard Overcast Sky 527 Clear Sky 529 Partly Cloudy Sky 530 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES 531 INCANDESCENT LAMPS 540 Fluorescent Lamp Construction 543 Fluorescent Lamp Labels 546 Fluorescent Lamp Types 546 Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamp Operation 547 12.16 Federal Standards for Fluorescent Lamps 550 12.17 Special Fluorescent Lamps 550 12.18 Compact Fluorescent Lamps 551 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26 C HAP TE R 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.11 Ballasts 552 559 559 Induction Lamps 559 Light-Emitting Diodes 560 Sulfur Lamps 561 Fiber Optics 561 C H A P T E R 13 LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS 563 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 531 12.7 The Incandescent Filament Lamp 531 12.8 Special Incandescent Lamps 535 12.9 Tungsten-Halogen (Quartz–Iodine) Lamps 536 Mercury Vapor Lamps 552 Metal-Halide Lamps 555 Sodium-Vapor Lamps 557 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps OTHER ELECTRIC LAMPS FUNDAMENTALS OF COLOR 514 DAYLIGHT SOURCES GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS 540 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 11.27 Considerations of Lighting Quality 497 11.28 Direct (Discomfort) Glare 497 11.29 Veiling Reflections and Reflected Glare 500 11.30 Equivalent Spherical Illumination and Relative Visual Performance 506 11.31 Control of Reflected Glare 508 11.32 Luminance Ratios 512 11.33 Patterns of Luminance: Subjective Reactions to Lighting 512 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 537 FLUORESCENT LAMPS 543 491 11.24 Illuminance Levels 491 11.25 Illuminance Category 492 11.26 Illuminance Recommendations QUALITY OF LIGHTING 12.10 Tungsten-Halogen Lamp Types vii 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 General Information 563 Goals of Lighting Design 563 Lighting Design Procedure 564 Cost Factors 566 Power Budgets 566 Task Analysis 567 Energy Considerations 569 Preliminary Design 572 Illumination Methods 573 Types of Lighting Systems 573 Indirect Lighting 573 Semi-Indirect Lighting 575 Direct-Indirect and General Diffuse Lighting 576 Semi-Direct Lighting 576 Direct Lighting 576 Size and Pattern of Luminaires 580 Other Design Considerations 585 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd vii 9/21/09 7:32:40 PM viii CONTENTS C HAP TE R DAYLIGHTING DESIGN 587 14.1 The Daylighting Opportunity 588 14.2 Human Factors in Daylighting Design 589 14.3 Site Strategies for Daylighting Buildings 589 14.4 Aperture Strategies: Sidelighting 590 14.5 Aperture Strategies: Toplighting 594 14.6 Specialized Daylighting Strategies 594 14.7 Daylight Factor 598 14.8 Components of Daylight 598 14.9 Guidelines for Preliminary Daylighting Design 601 14.10 Design Analysis Methods 602 14.11 Daylighting Simulation Programs 617 14.12 Physical Modeling 621 14.13 Recapping Daylighting 623 14.14 Case Study—Daylighting Design 624 C HAP TE R ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DESIGN 629 LUMINAIRES 629 15.1 Design Considerations 629 15.2 Lighting Fixture Distribution Characteristics 630 15.3 Luminaire Light Control 632 15.4 Luminaire Diffusers 635 15.5 Uniformity of Illumination 638 15.6 Luminaire Mounting Height 645 15.7 Lighting Fixtures 646 15.8 Lighting Fixture Construction 646 15.9 Lighting Fixture Structural Support 647 15.10 Lighting Fixture Appraisal 647 15.11 Luminaire-Room System Efficiency: Coefficient of Utilization 648 15.12 Luminaire Efficacy Rating 648 LIGHTING CONTROL 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 649 Requirement for Lighting Control 649 Lighting Control: Switching 650 Lighting Control: Dimming 651 Lighting Control: Control Initiation 651 Lighting Control Strategy 654 DETAILED DESIGN PROCEDURES 660 15.18 Calculation of Average Illuminance 660 15.19 Calculation of Horizontal Illuminance by the Lumen (Flux) Method 661 15.20 Calculation of Light Loss Factor 661 15.21 Determination of the Coefficient of Utilization by the Zonal Cavity Method 663 15.22 Zonal Cavity Calculations: Illustrative Examples 665 15.23 Zonal Cavity Calculation by Approximation 670 15.24 Effect of Cavity Reflectances on Illuminance 672 15.25 Modular Lighting Design 673 15.26 Calculating Illuminance at a Point 673 15.27 Design Aids 674 15.28 Calculating Illuminance from a Point Source 676 15.29 Calculating Illuminance from Linear and Area Sources 678 15.30 Computer-Aided Lighting Design 678 15.31 Computer-Aided Lighting Design: Illustrative Example 678 15.32 Average Luminance Calculations 681 EVALUATION 688 15.33 Lighting Design Evaluation 688 C H A P T E R 16 ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPLICATIONS 689 16.1 Introduction 689 RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES 689 16.2 Residential Lighting: General Information 689 16.3 Residential Lighting: Energy Issues 689 16.4 Residential Lighting Sources 690 16.5 Residential Lighting: Design Suggestions 690 16.6 Residential Lighting: Luminaires and Architectural Lighting Elements 691 16.7 Residential Lighting: Control 692 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 695 16.8 Institutional and Educational Buildings 695 16.9 General Classrooms 696 16.10 Special-Purpose Classrooms 698 16.11 Assembly Rooms, Auditoriums, and Multipurpose Spaces 698 16.12 Gymnasium Lighting 700 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd viii 9/21/09 7:32:40 PM INDEX Local Climate Data (LCD), 105 Local heating/cooling, 327, 378–380 Local lighting, 573 Long-life lamps, 535 LonMark, 428 Lord, Aeck & Sargent, Inc., 319–322 Lorsch, Harold, 150, 376, 463 Loudspeakers, 793–795 Louvers (light diffusion), 636, 637 Low-consumption toilets, 967–970 Low-emittance (low-ε) windows, 201 Low-grade fuels, 31 Low-pressure sodium lamps, 559 Lowry, William P., 51–53, 88, 997 Low-voltage control, 1224–1228 Low-voltage switching, 1224–1230 Ludwig, Art, 1057 Lumen (lm), 471 Lumen Designer, 619, 1735 Lumen maintenance, 657–659 Lumen method, 661 Lumen Micro 2000, 619, 621 Luminaires, 629–688 characteristics of, 629–630 construction of, 646–647 design considerations for, 629–630 diffusers, 635–639 distribution characteristics of, 630–632 efficacy rating, 648–649 lamp shielding, 632 lighting fixtures, 646–648 luminous efficiency, 648 mounting height, 645–646 reflectors, 633–635 for residential lighting, 691–694 size and pattern of, 580–585 and speech privacy, 839 uniformity of illumination, 638, 640–645 Luminance, 473–476 average luminance, 681–687 measurement of, 477–478 patterns of, 512–514 Luminance ratios (contrast), 485–488, 512 Luminous efficiency, 648 Luminous exitance, 473–474 Luminous flux, 471–472 Luminous intensity (candela) (cd/cp), 471, 480 Luminous transmittance, 469 Lux (lx), 472 Lyle, Harriet, 42 Lyle, John, 16 Lyle, John Tillman, 17, 42 M McGuinness, William, 1056 McPherson, E G., 892 Macroclimates, 28 Maekawa’e empirical equation, 823, 824 Magnetic deviation, 157 Magrab, E B., 753, 782, 811, 815, 817 Maintained illuminance, 612 Maintenance costs, 11 Majeski, Nathan, 41, 592 Manual load/unload dumbwaiters, 1468, 1469 Manufactured wiring systems, 1275, 1277–1279 Marsh, Andrew J., 619 Masking, sound, 66 Masonry heaters, 342 Master-coded fire alarm systems, 1141 Materials: dynamic thermal effects with, 196–197 electrical, 1246–1248 environmentally responsible, 149–150, 1246–1248 phase-change, 234–236 reflectances of, 616 for sound absorption, 770–773, 801–804 thermal classifications of, 187–188 thermal properties of, 183–187 for waste piping, 1008–1011, 1013–1014 Material-handling equipment, 1467 Material resources, 34–39 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 150 Max Fordham and Partners, 131 1753 Mayer Art Center (Phillips Exeter Academy, NH), 354, 355 Mazria, Edward, 61, 62, 324, 596, 1587 Mazria/Schiff & Associates, Architects, 369 Mean radiant temperature (MRT), 96 Mean solar day, 156 Mean spherical candlepower (mscp), 480 Mechanical motion detectors, 1356 Mechanical system noise control, 843–853 active noise cancellation, 848–850 duct systems, 845–847 electrical equipment, 850–852 noise due to equipment location, 852 piping systems, 850, 851 quieting of machines, 844–845 sound isolation, 852–853 sources of noise, 843–844 Media filters, 145 Meendering, Jonathan, 19, 20, 30, 71, 159, 189, 190, 196, 236, 242, 476, 477, 541 Meier, Richard, 595 Membrane filtration (water), 915 Mercury vapor lamps, 552–555 Merrick, Hedrick-Blessing, 440 Metabolism, 89–90 Metal halide lamps, 555–557 Metering, electric, 1195 Methane, 120 Methane gas, 1070 Mexico, outside design conditions for, 1515, 1524 Microclimates, 28, 51–55 Microfiltration (water), 915 Microprocessors, 1202, 1206 Miller, H., 295, 297–298, 324 Millet, Marietta, 601 Milne, Murray, 1733, 1734 Mirror boxes, 621–622 Mirror-glass windows, 64 Mist fire suppression systems, 1120–1123, 1125 Model codes, 11 Modular ceilings, 713, 714 Modular lighting, 673, 675 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1753 9/25/09 8:28:11 PM 1754 INDEX Modules, PV, 1333–1334 Mogesen, Budd, 1021 Moisture control, 197–198 See also Psychrometry Moore, Fuller, 126, 596 Moreland-Unruh-Smith, Architects, 182 Morgan Lewis Building (Washington, DC), 597 Moshe Safdi and Associates, Inc., 277 Motels, signal systems for, 1365–1366 Motion detectors, 1356–1357 Motors, 1215–1216 Motor control, 1216–1218 variable-voltage, variablefrequency AC motor control, 1414–1415 variable-voltage DC motor control, 1414 Mounds, leaching, 875 Mt Angel Abbey Library (OR), 18 Mount Airy Library (Mount Airy, NC), 365, 369, 596 Movable fixed shading devices, 169 Moving electric stairways, 1477–1495 applications, 1489, 1490 budget estimating for, 1492 construction arrangements for, 1477 crisscross arrangement, 1477–1479 electric power requirements, 1490–1491 elevators and escalators, 1490 fire protection, 1486–1489 lighting, 1489 location for, 1480–1483 major components of, 1484–1485 as noise source, 844 parallel escalators, 1476–1482 preliminary design data and installation drawings, 1491–1492 safety features, 1485–1486 size, speed, capacity, rise, 1483–1484 special-design escalators, 1491 Moving walks and ramps, 1492–1495 MR-16 precision reflector lamps, 538–539 Multiple chemical sensitivity, 149–150 Multiple-dwelling buildings: elevator/escalators for, 1423, 1436 fire alarm systems for, 1158 signal systems for, 1363–1366 STC/IIC criteria for, 853–854, 856–857 Multiplexing, 1140 Multipurpose rooms, 689–700, 1736 Multizone elevator systems, 1434–1435 Multizone HVAC systems, 394, 441–442 Munsell Color System, 515–517 Music rooms, 698, 784–785 N Nanofiltration (water), 917, 918 Napa Valley Museum (CA), 996, 997 National Audubon Society, 624, 1077 National Building Code (Canada), 11 National Climatic Data Center, 105 National Electrical Code (NEC), 1245–1246, 1281 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), 199, 200 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1085, 1134 National Gallery, East Wing (Washington, DC), 587 National Institute of Building Sciences, 206 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 1733, 1736 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 105 National Wildflower Research Center (Austin, TX), see Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Research Center (Austin, TX) Natural ventilation cooling, 105–106 Near field, acoustic, 775 Nelson, Glenn, 1057 Net I = B = R rating, 344 Net metering, 1330 New Canaan (CT) Nature Center, 235–237 New England Merchants’ Bank (Boston, MA), 181 New Orleans Convention and Exhibition Center, 884 New York Institute of Technology sewage treatment plant, 1047, 1049–1050 Nicol, J F., 97, 99, 114 Night roof spray thermal storage system (NRSTS), 334–336 Night ventilation of thermal mass, 243–247, 295, 297–302 Niles, Phillip, 311 Noise, 65–67, 758–765 acceptable background noise criteria, 758–759 annoyance concept with, 758 due to equipment location, 852 hearing protection, 763–765 in mechanical systems, 843–844 noise criteria curves, 750 room criteria curves, 760–763 Noise control: in buildings, 797–862 for mechanical systems, 843–844 and room acoustics, 773–792 Noise criteria (NC) curves, 759–760 Noise reduction (NR), 777–781, 797, 808 Noise reduction coefficient (NRC), 780, 782, 808, 833 Nonmetallic conduit, 1262–1263 Nonmetallic sheathed cable, 1252, 1254 Nonrenewable resources, 27, 29–30, 35 Normally-closed (NC) contact sensors, 1355–1356 Normally-open (NO) contact sensors, 1355–1356 North American illuminance recommendations, 494–497 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1754 9/25/09 8:28:11 PM INDEX North Central Airlines Hanger Building (Detroit, MI), 1126, 1127 O Objects: colors of, 488, 515–517 visual, size of, 484 Observation cars, 1458–1460 Ocasta Junior/Senior High School (Westport, WA), 434–436 Occidental Chemical Corporate Office Building (Niagara Falls, NY), 132, 133 Occupancy sensors, for lights, 655–658 Occupants, heat gain from, 1657 Occupational Safety and Health Administration/Act (OSHA), 763, 765 Oceanside Water Pollution Control Plant (San Francisco, CA), 1051, 1052, 1054–1055 Octagon (Liverpool, England), 115 Octave bands, 742 Odors, 117 Offending zone, 594 Offices: branch circuit design for, 1315 lighting for, 709–713 open-area, speech privacy in, 832–841 STC/IIC criteria for, 856 Office buildings: elevator/escalators for, 1423, 1435–1436 fire alarm systems for, 1159–1160 HVAC control for, 427–428 lighting for, 703–704 signal systems for, 1371–1375 Office equipment, heat gain from, 1658 Office plans, 380 Ohms, 1166 Ohm’s law, 1167, 1172 Oil-fired steel boilers, 345 Oil-insulated transformers, 1193 O&K Rolltreppen, 1479, 1482, 1483, 1489, 1493, 1495 Olgyay, Victor, 50, 51, 99, 279 Olivier Theatre, Bedales School (Hampshire, England), 130–131 120/208-V, single-phase, 3-wire systems, 1287–1288 120/240-V, single-phase, 3-wire systems, 1286–1287 120-V, single-phase, 2-wire systems, 1286 On-line without bypass, 1240 On-site energy, 215 cogeneration, 456–463 daylighting, 111 sources of, 215 Opaque (software), 1734 Opaque envelope assemblies, 1653–1654 Open-celled pavers, 885, 886 Open control system architecture, 428 Open-frame envelope approach, 176, 178 Open sand filters, 1038 Operating costs, 11 Operative temperature, 95 Optical lighting film (OLF), 730 Optional standby systems, 1242–1243 Orr, David, 19 Oswald, William, 1040 Outdoor acoustics, 857–858 Outdoor air quality, 123 Outlet boxes, 1263, 1265 Ove Arup Partnership, 292, 296 Overall coefficient of thermal transmittance, see U-factors Overcast sky, 526–528, 603 Overcurrent protection, 1300, 1304 Overhead electric service, 1186, 1187 Overhead groundshield wire, 1131 Owner’s project requirements, Oxidation: in combustion, 1085 in water systems, 918, 919 Ozonation (drinking water), 916–917 P Packaged filtration (water), 915 Package sewage plant drainfields, 875 1755 Padre Dam Municipal Water District (CA), 1051–1053 Paging systems, 1378, 1380 Panelboards, 1210–1215 Panel feeder load calculation, 1320–1322 Panel filters, 145 Panel resonators, 798, 799 Panetta, Daniel, 1040, 1069 Parallel circuits, 1168–1169 Parallel escalators, 1479–1480 Particles/particle dispersoids (IAQ), 119, 120 Particulate filters, 145–146 Partitions: AC rating for, 839 sound path and height of, 834, 835 Passenger elevators (traction), 1393–1451 See also Elevators ADA accessibility requirements, 1408, 1409–1412 for apartment buildings, 1436 arranging vertical travel of, 1397–1398 average trip time, 1422–1425 cab and signal design, 1407–1408 car operating panel, 1419–1420 car speed, 1431–1432 codes and standards, 1394 dimensions and weights, 1437–1440 doors, 1403–1406 drive control, 1408, 1412 elevator operating control, 1415–1420 emergency power, 1446 energy conservation, 1445–1446 energy requirements, 1444–1445 fire safety, 1446–1447 geared traction machines, 1397 gearless traction machines, 1396–1397 handling capacity, 1421–1422 for hospitals, 1436 innovative equipment, 1449–1451 innovative motor design, 1467 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1755 9/25/09 8:28:11 PM 1756 INDEX Passenger elevators (traction) (Continued ) intervals and average lobby waiting time, 1421 lobby elevator panel, 1418–1419 multizone systems, 1434–1435 as noise source, 844 for office buildings, 1435–1436 power requirements, 1443–1444 principal components of, 1394–1396 rehabilitation work, 1417–1418 for retail stores, 1436–1437 round-trip time, 1423–1424, 1426–1430 safety devices, 1398, 1399 security, 1447 selection considerations for, 1420 shafts and lobbies, 1437, 1438 single-zone systems, 1432–1434 specifications for, 1448 structural stresses, 1440, 1443 system relationships, 1431 terms related to, 1420–1421 thyristor control, 1412–1414 variable-voltage, variablefrequency AC motor control, 1414–1415 variable-voltage DC motor control, 1414 Passive cooling, 74–76, 240–256 airflow for, 74 calculations for, 291–318 comfort standards for, 98–102 cooltowers, 247–253, 305–307 cross-ventilation, 240–241, 292–294 design guidelines for, 240–256 earth tubes, 253–254, 256, 311, 313–315 evaporative, 247, 250 fan-assisted evaporative cooling, 301, 303–304 integrating daylighting and passive solar heating with, 256–258 night ventilation of thermal mass, 243–247, 295, 297–302 roof ponds, 249–250, 253–255, 307–313 stack ventilation, 241–244, 294–295 Passive infrared (PIR) “presence” detectors, 1356, 1357 Passive solar buildings: characteristics of, 1652 glazing area for, 1645–1649 thermal mass for, 1649 Passive solar heating, 55, 57, 58, 263–281 annual performance of systems, 1669–1699 comfort standards for, 98–102 comparison of systems for, 264–265 design guidelines for, 225, 227, 230–238 direct-gain systems, 264–265, 267 glazing performance, 263, 265–267 heat gain (cooling load) calculation, 281–285 for hot water, 947 integrating daylighting and cooling with, 256–258 internal temperatures, 279–281 LCR annual performance, 269, 273–276 maximum hourly heat loss in, 258–259 orientation for, 235, 238 roof ponds for, 106, 238 selecting approach to, 263–265 sensitivity curves, 276–278 solar savings fraction, 231–233 sunspaces, 264–265, 267–269 thermal lag through mass walls, 279 thermal mass, 233–235 Trombe walls, 264–265, 269, 270 U-factors for walls in, 1620 variations on reference systems, 276–279 water walls, 264–265, 269, 271–272 whole-building heat loss criteria, 227, 230–231 Passive sub-slab depressurization system, 131 Passive systems, 11, 16 Pasteur filters, 915 Pasveer oxidation stream, 1047, 1049–1050 Payback period, 1704–1706 Pei, Cobb, Freed & Partners, 596 Pei, I M., 587 Pellet stoves, 341 Pendant sprinkler heads, 1108–1110 Perforated metal-faced absorptive materials, 801, 802 Performance codes, 10–11 Permeability, 197 Permeance, 197 Perron, Robert, 237, 270 Personal Environments® system, 434 Peterson, Larry, pH, water, 910, 911 Phase-change materials, 234–236 Phase-change solar heating systems, 954–955 Philip Merrill Environmental Center (MD), 44–48 Philosophy of design, 16–21 Phoenix composting toilets, 1003, 1004 Phoenix Public Library (AZ), 594 Phons, 745 Photoelectric intrusion detectors, 1356 Photoelectric smoke detection, 1145–1149 Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap, 1329–1330 Photovoltaic systems, 1329–1351 arrays, 1333–1334 balance of, 1339 batteries in, 1338–1339 cells, 1331–1333 codes and standards, 1346–1347 economic considerations, 1337–1338 grid-connected systems, 1334, 1336–1337, 1343–1346 installations, 1347–1348 Lillis Business Complex case study, 1349–1351 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1756 9/25/09 8:28:12 PM INDEX stand-alone systems, 1334–1336, 1340–1343 Physical models (daylighting design), 621–623 Phytoremediation, 1061 Piano + Rogers, Architects, 387 Pipe expansion, in heating systems, 346 Piping: for heating, 386 for impact noise control, 843 larger-building liquid waste, 1018, 1020, 1023–1029 for liquid waste, 1008–1011, 1013–1014 noise reduction in, 850, 851 rainwater, 899–901 residential liquid waste, 1015–1020 for water distribution systems, 980–994 Place Architecture LLC, 20, 21 Plante, Russell, 950 Plants, 80–83 irrigation for, 33 for water conservation, 892, 893 Plastic pipes/fittings, 983 Platen, Russell, 935 Plumbing fixtures, 959–974 See also Liquid waste accessibility and privacy issues with, 970–974 bidets, 962 clothes washing machines, 970 dishwashers, 970 lavatories, 960–961 minimum number of, 873–875 physiological design criteria for, 960 toilets, 961–970 urinals, 963 and water conservation, 959–970 whole-body cleansing, 961, 962 Plunger-type hydraulic elevators, 1398–1401 Pneumatic trash and linen systems, 1473 Pneumatic tubes, 1468, 1473 Polar sunpath projection, 159, 160 Pollution: air, 52, 54, 67, 69, 116–120, 878 indoor, 117–120 light, 721, 723 water, 909 Polycrystalline technology, 1332–1333 Population growth, 27 Porous pavement, 884–886 Porous stone filters, 915 Portable fire extinguishers, 1128–1129 Positive displacement pumps, 922, 924 Post-occupancy evaluation (POE), 10 Potable water, 1055 Potomac Mills Mall (VA), 1098 Power, energy vs., 1171–1172 Power conditioning, 1231–1239 Power drawings, 1300 Power factor (pf), 1172 Power line carrier (PLC) systems, 1228–1231 Preaction fire suppression systems, 1120, 1124 Precast cellular concrete floor raceways, 1270 Precipitation, 870 Precoat filters, 915 Predesign activities, Premise wiring, residential, 1362–1363 Prescriptive codes, 10, 11 Pressure and temperature (P/T) relief valves, 946 Pressure tanks, well water, 926, 928–932 Principal exhaust fan, 135 Prismatic film light guides, 730–734 Prismatic lenses, 636–637 Prismatic light guides, 729–730 PROBE (post-occupancy review of building engineering) project, 10 Productivity: and daylighting, 589 and indoor air quality, 149–150 and lighting, 714 Profile shadow angle, 167 Program, 1757 Programmable controllers, 1202–1203 Programmable switches, 1201–1203 Progressive Architecture, 385, 392, 911, 923, 982 Project brief, Projected beam photoelectric smoke detector, 1146–1147 Proprietary fire alarm systems, 1138 Protected premises fire alarm systems, 1137 Protected zones (for solar collection), 83 Psychrometric chart, 1663–1664 Psychrometry: and design for heating and cooling, 286–289 for HVAC systems, 374–376 and refrigeration, 374–376 Puerto Rico, outside design conditions for, 1515, 1524 Pumps: as noise source, 843, 850, 851 well water systems, 922–930 Pumped upfeed water distribution, 981–982 “Punkah” fan, 130 Pure tones, 741, 742 Q Quartz-iodine lamps, 536–537 Quick-response, early suppression (QRES) sprinklers, 1117 Quick-response sprinklers, 1116–1117 Quieting of machines, 844–845 R Raceways, see Electric wiring and raceways Rack and pinion elevators, 1462–1463 Radiant asymmetry, 102–103 Radiant barriers, 187 Radiant energy, 468–469 Radiant heat, 101 Radiant panels, 348, 350, 352 Radiant panels with supplementary air, 394, 397, 446–449 Radiant temperature, 95 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1757 9/25/09 8:28:12 PM 1758 INDEX Radiation: blackbody, 521 heat flow in, 183 in human body, 90, 91 Radiative cooling, 111 Radiator heating systems, 345–348 Radio frequency interference (RFI), 543, 1231 Radiosity techniques, 618 Radon, 120, 130, 132 Rainwater/stormwater, 76, 79, 876–901 cisterns for, 871, 873 collection and storage of, 878–883 porous pavement for retention of, 884–886 roof retention of, 884, 885 site design for recharging, 887–893 and site planning, 883–884 storm water system design, 893–901 treatment of, 1060–1063 Rammed earth, 1611 Ramps, moving, 1492–1494 Rate of return: initial (simple), 1702–1703 internal, 1703, 1704 Ray diagramming, 788–789 RC Mark II method, 761 Real Goods Solar Living Center (Hopland, CA), 4–7 Receptacles, electric, 1221–1224 Recharge basins, 887, 890–891 Reciprocating chillers, 412, 413 Reciprocating displacement pumps, 922, 924 Recirculating sand filters, 1038–1039 Recommended Practice of Daylighting, 588 Rectilinear sunpath projection, 159–163 Recyclable buildings, 39 Recyclable materials, 1065–1068 Recycled graywater, 1055–1060 Recycled materials, 35, 38–39 Redundancy, functional, 21 Reens, L., 582 Reflectance (reflectance factor, reflectance coefficient), 469, 470 of building materials, 616 of daylighting modeling materials, 1575 and glare, 497–506, 508–511 of lighting reflectors, 633–635 measurement of, 478, 479 Reflected glare, 497, 508–511 Reflective materials, 187 Reflectors, 633–635 Reflector lamps, 535 Refrigerant dehumidifiers, 141, 144 Refrigeration: alternative refrigerants, 330–331 chillers, 407–408, 410–414 design guidelines for, 401 and psychrometry, 374–376 sizing, 328 solar-driven, 368, 370 Refrigeration cycles, 329–333 Refuge areas (fire safety), 1094, 1097 Regenerative design, 16 Reiach & Hall and GMW Partnership, 381 Reif, Daniel K., 956 Relative humidity, 96–98 Relative visual performance (RVP), 507–508 Remote-control switches, 1199, 1200 Remote-control switching, 1225 Remote-control systems, 1380 Remote source lighting, 723–724 fiber-optic lighting, 724–728 hollow light guides, 728–729 prismatic film light guides, 730–734 prismatic light guides, 729–730 Remote-station protective signaling systems, 1137, 1138 Renewable resources, 27, 29, 35 Replacance, 121 Residences: branch circuit design, 1307–1314 electrical equipment spaces, 1296–1297 elevators and chair lifts, 1464–1466 fire alarm systems, 1137, 1157–1158 intelligent, 1389–1390 lighting, 689–695 signal systems, 1358–1366 sprinklers, 1116 ventilation/exhaust air requirements, 1641 Resistance: electric, 1166 thermal, 184, 186 Resonator sound absorbers, 803, 804 Resource-efficient buiding design, 1665–1668 Resource-efficient building design, 1665–1668 Resource recovery, 1065–1072 Retail stores, 1315, 1436–1437 Return grills (heating systems), 361, 362 Reverberant field, acoustic, 775 Reverberation, 773–775, 782–783 Reverse osmosis (RO), 920 Reynolds, John S., 28, 31 Reynolds, Vaughan, 296 Riser diagrams, 1323–1324 Robie House (Chicago, IL), 352, 354 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (Cleveland, OH), 1100 Rock beds, 235 Roofs, 180–197 DETD for, 1653 heat gains through, 281–282 rainwater/stormwater retention, 884 R-values for, 1621 thermal performance of, 191–192 trends in, 205–206 U-factors for, 1619 Roof drains, 899 Roof ponds: calculating cooling from, 307–313 design guidelines for, 249, 250, 253, 254 for high-mass cooling, 106 other passive systems vs., 264–265 for passive solar heating, 106 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1758 9/25/09 8:28:12 PM INDEX Roofs: DETD for, 1653 R-values for, 1621 Roof spray cooling, 334–336 Room, lighting and apparent size, 585 Room acoustics, 773–792 auditorium design, 789–792 for music performance, 784–785 noise reduction by absorption, 777–781 noise reduction coefficient, 780, 782 ray diagrams, 788–789 reverberation, 773–775, 782–783 sound fields, 775 sound paths, 785– 788 sound power level, 775–777 sound pressure level, 775–777 for speech rooms, 782–783 Room criteria (RC) curves (noise), 760–763 Roped hydraulic elevators, 1401, 1402 Rosenthal, Steve, 455 Ross and Baruzzini, Inc., 508 Rossetti Associates and Foss, 425 Roth and Moore, 455 Rothe-Johnson, 449 Roughing-in (plumbing), 1020, 1023–1025 Rough service lamps, 535 Rousseau, D., 118, 145, 150 Runaround coils, 416, 418 Runoff, 870 See also Rainwater/ stormwater Rusch, Charles, 1045 Rutherford, Alan, 112 R-values, 1621 S Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators, 1394 Safety lighting (schools), 703 St Enoch’s Square (Glasgow, Scotland), 381 St Ignatius Chapel, Seattle University (WA), 595 St Louis Gateway Arch, 1460 Sanitary sewers, 867 Sanitary systems, 1285 San Luis Solar Group, 261 San Luis Solar Group Complex (Santa Margarita, CA), 261–262, 269 Santa Anna Monastery (Santa Anna, Italy), 525 Santee Water Reclamation Plant (CA), 1051–1053 Saturation line, 286 Scales of concern, 28 Scattered light photoelectric smoke detectors, 1147, 1148 Schematic design, 4–7 Schematic site plans, 55 Schenck, Gordon H., 369 Schools: branch circuit design for, 1309, 1310, 1315 electric lighting for, 695–703 lighting for, 506, 507 signal systems for, 1366–1371 STC/IIC criteria for, 854–856 Screw compressor chillers, 412 Scroll compressor chillers, 412, 413 Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), 356, 367 Security systems: for hotels/motels, 1365–1366 for multiple-occupancy dwellings, 1363–1364 for office buildings, 1371–1372 passenger elevators, 1447 for schools, 1366–1367 Sedimentation (water filtration), 913 Seeley G Mudd Library, Yale University (New Haven, CT), 454, 455 Seepage pits, 1031, 1033 Selective-coded fire alarm systems, 1142 Selective surfaces, 187 Selective transmission films, 201–202 Selective vertical conveyors, 1468, 1472 Self-charging mechanical filters, 147 Self-propelled vehicles, 1474–1475 Selkowitz, Stephen, 200, 1628 Semi-direct lighting, 576, 578 Semi-indirect lighting, 575–576 1759 Sensible evaporative refrigeration units, 338 Sensible heat, 281 Sensible heat flow, 180–197 composite thermal performance, 188–192 dynamic thermal effects, 196–197 latent heat flow vs., 183 with special envelope conditions, 192–195 static vs dynamic, 183 surface temperatures and condensation, 195–196 thermal classifications of materials, 187–188 thermal properties of components, 183, 185–187 Sensitivity curves, 276 Septic tanks: drainfields for, 875 for individual-building sewage treatment, 1029–1032 Series circuits, 1167–1168 Sert, Jackson and Gourley, Architects, 181 Service core, 1080–1081 Sewage treatment systems: larger-scale, 1047, 1051–1055 on-site, individual building, 1029–1038 on-site, multiple-building, 1037–1050 sumps and ejectors, 1011–1012, 1015 Sewer systems: total sewage flow estimation, 875–876 types of, 867 Shading, 164–173 design approaches for, 171, 173 finite horizontal shading devices, 169, 171, 172 operable shading devices, 164–165, 167 for orientation, 164–167 shading masks, 169–173 shadow angles, 167–168 Shading coefficient (SC), 200, 1632–1633, 1635–1637 Shading devices, thermal properties of, 1632–1637 Shading masks, 169–173 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1759 9/25/09 8:28:13 PM 1760 INDEX Shadow angles, 167–168 Shepley Rutan & Coolidge, 181 Shielding (lighting), 631, 632 Shooshanian Engineering Associates, Inc., 422 Shoshani, Sharon, 112 Showers, 961 Sick building syndrome (SBS), 116, 120–121, 180 Sidelighting, 111 Sidewall sprinkler heads, 1108–1110 Sight, 481–491 in aging eyes, 490–491 contrast and adaptation, 485–488 and exposure time, 488 eye, 481–482 observer-related visibility factors, 489–490 secondary task-related factors, 488–489 size of visual object, 484 subjective brightness, 484–485 visual acuity, 482–484 Signal processing (fire alarm systems), 1142 Signal systems, 1355–1390 automated, 1380–1390 for industrial buildings, 1375–1380 intrusion detection principles, 1355–1358 for multiple-occupancy residences, 1363–1366 for office buildings, 1371–1375 for private residences, 1358–1363 for school systems, 1366–1371 for traction passenger elevators, 1407–1408 Sikidmore, Owings & Merrill, Architects, 441, 459, 1107 Simon, Wolfgang, 390 Simulation, daylighting, 617–621 Single-duct, variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, 393, 394, 438–439 Single duct HVAC systems with reheat, 394, 395, 442 Single-effect absorption cycle, 331, 332 Single-package heat pumps, 365 Single-wrap traction elevator machine, 1397 Single-zone elevator systems, 1432–1434 Single-zone HVAC systems, 393, 394, 438 SIP, 1611 Site(s): design strategies for, 55–57 relationship of building to, 54–55 Site analysis, 49, 54–55 airflow, 67–76 building relationship to site, 54–55 climates, 49–51 daylight, 57–65 microclimates, 55 plants, 80–83 rain and groundwater, 76–78 sound, 65–67 Site planning, for rainwater/ stormwater, 883–884 Site scale, 28 Siting: for daylighting, 589–590 outdoor acoustics in, 857–858 Skin load dominated (SLD) buildings, 216 Sky component (SC) of daylight, 598, 1569–1574 Skylights: atubular, 597 heat flow through, 199–204 solar heat gain coefficient for, 1630 Solatube®, 597 thermal properties of, 1629–1630 tubular, 596 U-factors, 1629–1630 for ventilation, 125–127 Skylines, 61, 63 Sky lobby elevator system, 1453–1454 Sky vault, 158 Slab-on-grade floors, 192–193 Sling psychrometer, 95 Slow sand filters, 914–915 Small buidings: air infiltration for, 1642–1644 Small buildings: air infiltration for, 1642–1644 cooling for, 331, 333–339 HVAC for, 325–376 solid waste system in, 1072–1074 Smart houses/appliances, 40 Smart windows, 205 SmithGroup, 44–46 Smoke control, 1097–1102 Smoldering stage detectors, 1145–1149 Snow, 80 Society for the Preservation of New Hampshire Forests building (Concord, NH), 235, 236 Sodium vapor lamps, 557–559 Softening, water, 919–920 Soil gases, 120, 131 Soil moisture, 870 Sol-air temperature, 210 SOLAR 5, 1734 Solar Aquatics System, 1043, 1045 Solar constant, 153 Solar Design Associates, 1349 Solar energy, 33, 57 design data for, 1531–1575 insolation, 101 and plants, 82 for refrigeration, 368, 370 sunlight, 57–65 Solar envelope, 40 Solar geometry, 153–164 altitude and azimuth data, 1578 horizontal projection sunpath charts, 1625–1628 position of sun, 153–156 solar vs clock time, 156–157 sun, 153 sunpath projections, 157–163 sunpeg charts, 1579–1582 true south and magnetic deviation, 157 vertical sunpath charts, 1587–1590 Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), 199–200 Solar heat gain factors, 1532–1541 Solar heating, 108–110 active, 55 direct-gain systems, 106, 108 for hot water system, 946–959 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1760 9/25/09 8:28:13 PM INDEX indirect-gain systems, 110, 112–113 isolated-gain systems, 110 passive, see Passive solar heating Solar Hemicycle (Jacobs House II) (Madison, WI), 55, 57, 58 Solar intensity tables, 1532–1541 Solar position tables: I-P units, 1542–1549 SI units, 1550–1557 Solar radiation spectrum, 153 Solar reflections, 64–65 Solar savings fraction (SSF), 109 Solar stills, 921 Solar time, clock time vs., 156–157 Solar water heating, 1735 Solatube®, 597 Solid-state switches, 1201 Solid waste, 1065–1081 equipment for handling of, 1077–1080 high-grade resources in, 1065–1068 in large buildings, 1074–1077 low-grade resources in, 1068–1070 resource recovery, 1070–1072 and service core, 1080–1081 in small buildings, 1072–1074 Solomon Inc., 75 Sonoma Mountain Brewery Living Machine, 1043, 1046 Sound, 65–67, 740–743 absorption of, 767–773 airborne, 807–826 decibels, 751–753 in enclosed spaces, 767 measuring, 756, 758 room acoustics, 773–792 sources of, 748–749 Sound blocks, 802 Sound envelopment, 785 Sound fields, 775 Sound intensity, 742, 750–751 Sound intensity level, 742 Sound isolation, 827–828, 852–853 Sound magnitude, 742, 749–758 Sound paths, 785–788, 832–836 Sound power, 742, 749 Sound power level (PWL), 742, 755, 775–777, 857 Sound pressure, 742, 743, 749–750 Sound pressure level (SPL), 742, 746, 755, 756, 775–777, 857 Sound reinforcement systems, 792–795 Sound shadows, 66 Sound systems, 793–795, 1369, 1370, 1378 Sound transmission: for floors/ceilings, 1723–1732 for walls, 1711–1721 Sound transmission class (STC), 809, 810, 814–816, 854–857 Sovent system, 1026–1029 Spacing criteria (SC) (luminaires), 640–644 Specific heat, 196 Specific volume, 286, 287 Specular reflection, 785, 786 Speech, 748–749 Speech intensity, 834–835 Speech privacy, 825–841 between enclosed spaces, 825–827 for enclosed spaces, 829–832 levels of, 837 in open-area offices, 832–836 open-office, 836–838 for open offices, 838–841 sound isolation descriptors, 827–828 standards for, 840–841 Speech rooms, acoustics for, 782–783 Spot-type heat detectors, 1150–1151 Sprinklers: for escalators, 1486–1489 for fire suppression, 1096, 1106–1117 for landscaping, 994–995 and smoke exhaust systems, 1099 Sprinkler alarms, 1156 Square One Research PTY LTD., 1736 Squirrel-cage induction motors, 1215–1216 SRG Partnership, 1349 1761 Stack effect, 127–131 Stack vent, residential waste piping, 1015, 1019 Stack ventilation, 105–106 calculating, 294–295 design guidelines for, 241–243 Stairways, electric, see Moving electric stairways Stand-alone photovoltaic systems, 1330, 1335–1336, 1340–1343 Standards, 11–13 See also specific topics Standard overcast CIE sky, 527, 605 Standby line-interactive system, 1240 Standby power equipment, 1242–1244 Standing waves (sound), 787–788 Standpipe-and-hose fire suppression systems, 1103–1106 Steady-state conditions, 183 Steel conduit, 1259–1261 Stein, B., 503, 584, 585, 632, 699, 710, 721, 723, 1419, 1462 Step-down (-up) transformers, 1189 Stereographic sunpath projection, 160 Storage, 21 Stores, retail, 1315, 1436–1437 Storm sewers, 867 Stormwater, see Rainwater/ stormwater Street lighting, 721, 723 Stroumsa, J., 723 Structural fire protection, 1097 Structural insulated panels (SIPs), 191, 204–205 Structural stresses (passenger elevators), 1440, 1443 Structure-borne sound, 804–806 Subjective brightness, 473, 484 Submersible pumps, 924 Substation transformers, 1190 Subsurface irrigation, 1058–1060 Sulfur lamps, 561 Sullivan, Louis, 55 Summer heat gain, 238–240 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1761 9/25/09 8:28:13 PM 1762 INDEX Sump pumps, 1011–1012, 1015 Sun, see Solar geometry Sunlight, see Daylight Sun-Mar “Compact” composting toilet, 1003, 1004 Sunpath projections, 157–163, 169 horizontal, 1625–1628 vertical, 1587–1590 Sunpeg charts, 61, 158, 159, 1579–1582 Sun rooms, 110 Sunscreens, 80, 82 Sunshading, 202, 204 Sunspaces, 110 Superwindows, 202, 203 Supplementary lighting, 573 Supply registers (heating systems), 360, 361 Surfaces, acoustically transparent, 800–801 Surface finishes: in fire safety design, 1088, 1089 lighting and, 571, 572 Surface metal raceways, 1263–1265 Surface water, 77–78 Surge suppression, 1233–1239 Sustainability, 16 Sustainable Buildings Industry Council, 1734 Sustainable design, 16 Swamp coolers, 335 Switches, 1197–1198 building envelope elements as, 176, 178–182 electric service, 1195–1197, 1223–1225 lighting control, 650–651 location of, 1300 programmable, 1201–1203 remote-control, 1199, 1200 solid-state, 1201 time-controlled, 1200–1201 Switchgear, 1206–1209 System International (SI) units, 183 Szokolay, S V., 1664 T Tang, Stephen, 181 Tankless water heaters, 934–935 Tanner Leddy Maytum Stacy, Architects, 242 Tarquina, Italy, fountain, 866 Task-ambient office lighting, 712–713 Task analysis (for lighting), 564–565, 567–569 Task dehumidification, 141–145 Task ventilation, 122 Technology, use of, 18 Telecommunication and data systems, 1361–1362, 1366 Telephone systems, 1364–1365 Television systems, 1364 Temperatures See also Thermal comfort balance point, 260–261 and comfort, 95–98 in fires, 1085 for hot water systems, 910, 932–933 internal, 279–281 sol-air, 210 Temperature swing, 280 Termodeck system, 421 Thermal bridging, 188–190 Thermal capacity, 196 Thermal comfort, 91–103 See also Heat flow and indoor air quality, 116 localized comfort, 102–103 passive building comfort standards, 98–102 standards for, 93–98 Thermal gradient, 195 Thermal lag, through mass walls, 279 Thermal mass, 233–237, 279 in fire safety design, 1088 for passive solar buildings, 1649 Thermal properties of air films/air spaces, 1612 Thermal properties of assemblies, 1619–1637 doors, 1623 floors, 1619, 1625, 1661 glazing, 1631 heat flow, 1625 heat loss coefficients, 1624–1625 roofs, 1619, 1621 R-values, 1621 shading devices, 1632–1637 skylights, 1629–1630 solar optical properties, 1631–1632 structural insulated panels, 1580 U-factors, 1619–1620, 1622–1623, 1626, 1629–1630 walls, 1619–1621 windows, 1626–1631 Thermal properties of materials, 183–187 conductance, 184–186 conductivity, 183–185 under dynamic conditions, 196 emittance, 186–187 resistance, 184, 186 Thermal resistance, 1613–1618 Thermal sailing, 180 Thermodynamics, laws of, 27 Thermosiphon hot water circulation, 937, 938, 949, 952 Thin-film technology, 1332–1333 Thoreau Center for Sustainability (San Francisco, CA), 242–243 Thyristor control, 1412–1414 Time: equation of, 156 solar vs clock, 156–157 visual exposure time, 488 Time-controlled switches, 1200–1201 Time lag (heat flow), 196–197 Time scales of concern, 28–29 Tingley, John, 387 TLCD Architecture, 432 Toilets, 961–970 cleansing features near, 960 conventional, 964–966 flushing controls for, 970 low-consumption, 967–970 waterless, 999–1005 water-saver, 966 Tolba, Mostafa, 33 Toldos, 106 Toplighting, 111 Top Ten Green Project award (AIA/COTE), 22 Top Ten Green Project aware (AIA/COTE), 22 Toronto District Heating Corporation, 456 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1762 9/25/09 8:28:14 PM INDEX Total equivalent temperature differential, time-averaging method (TETD/TA), 290 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), 550 Toxic particulate substances, 119, 120 Toxic substances, in water, 911–912 Transamerica Building (San Francisco, CA), 1117, 1120 Transfer function method (TFM), 290 Transformers: building envelope elements as, 176 noise reduction with, 851 unit substations, 1207–1210 Transformer vaults, 1194–1195 Transient voltage surge suppression (TVSS), 1233–1239 Translucent diffusers, 635–636 Transmission loss (TL) (sound barriers), 807–813, 815–818 Transmittance (transmission factor, coefficient of transmission), 469, 470 Transparent insulation materials (TIM), 263, 265–267 Transparent plastics, solar optical properties of, 1631 Transpired collectors, 132–133 Transportation: design for, 41–42 moving stairways and walks, 1477–1495 vertical, see Vertical transportation Traps, drainpipe, 1005–1007 Trash systems, pneumatic, 1473 Trees, 80, 82 Triple-effect absorption cycle, 331 Tristimulus value (color), 518 Trombe walls, 264–265, 269, 270 True south, 157 Tubular skylights, 596, 597 Tungsten-halogen (quartz-iodine) lamps, 537–539 Tuning, lighting, 654–655 Turbidity, 910 Turbine ventilators, 127, 130 2.5H guidelines (lighting design), 601, 602 2400/4160-V, 3-phase, 4-wire systems, 1288 Two-stage electronic air cleaners, 147 U U-factors, 188–189, 199, 204, 263 doors, 1623 floors, 1619 roofs, 1619 skylights, 1629–1630 structural insulated panels, 1622 walls, 1619–1620, 1622 walls in passive solar heating, 1620 windows, 1626–1628 UL (Underwriters Laboratories), 1246 UltraCool evaporative cooler, 337 Ultrafiltration (water), 915 Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 147 Ultraviolet radiation (UV) fire detectors, 1149–1150 Under-carpet wiring system, 1272, 1274–1276 Undercroft, 130 Underfloor air supply, 431–433 Underfloor duct, 1266–1270 Underground electric service, 1186, 1188–1189 Underslab ventilation, 130–131 Underslung arrangement (elevators), 1438, 1442 Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 1246 Uniform open plan offices, 379–380 Unilateral lighting, 590 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 1239–1242 Units of measurement, conversion factors for, 1500–1504 United Kingdom Pavilion (Seville World Expo), 291, 292 U.S Green Building Council, 14 U.S Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, DC), 596 U.S National Drinking Water Clearinghouse, 909 1763 United States: average insolation/ temperature/daylight design data, 1559–1562, 1564–1567 outside design conditions for, 1507–1514, 1516–1523, 1525–1530 U.S Green Building Council, 14, 1735 U.S Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, DC), 596 U.S National Drinking Water Clearinghouse, 909 University of Arizona library (Tucson, AZ), 167 University of California— Berkeley office, 622 University of Oregon, Eugene, 78 Unthank Poticha Waterbury, Architects, 888 Unthank Seder Poticha, Architects, 78 Upfeed water distribution, 974–975 Upright sprinkler heads, 1108, 1110 Urban areas: noise in, 66–67 solid waste generation in, 1072 Urbanization, changes in climate and, 52–54 Urinals, 963, 1004–1005 Utah Department of Natural Resources (Salt Lake City), 438, 439 UV lamps, 550–551 V Vacuum waste disposal systems, 1078–1079 Validation, 9–10 Valley Architects, 248 Van der Rohe, Mies, 354 Van der Ryn, Sim, 4, Van Geem, Martha, 37 Van Vleck, Roger, 437 Vapor pressure, moisture flow and, 197 Vapor retarders, 197, 198 Variable air volume (VAV) systems, 846 Variable frequency drives (VFD), 1217–1218 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1763 9/25/09 8:28:14 PM 1764 INDEX Variable-size fixed shading devices, 169 Variable-voltage, variablefrequency AC motor control, 1414–1415 Variable-voltage DC motor control, 1414 Vasoconstriction, 89 Vasodilation, 90 Vault-type composting toilets, 1001–1003 Veiling reflections (reflected glare), 497, 500–506 Vent, drainpipe, 1007, 1008 Ventilation, 207, 1638–1644 See also Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; Passive cooling and comfort, 97 for cooling, 105–106 cross-ventilation, 240–241 deliberate air infiltration for, 204 heat gain due to, 1657 minimum rates for, 1638–1641 natural, 74, 75–76 preheating air for, 132–133 recommended rates of, 120–122 for smoke control, 1101–1102 and stack effect, 127–131 task, 122 underslab, 130–131 windows for, 125–127 Ventilative cooling, 111 Vent stacks, 1015, 1019 Vertical shadow angle (VSA), 167, 168 Vertical sunpath projections, 159–163 Vertical surface illuminance, 530, 531, 615, 716 Vertical transportation, 1429–1476 automated container delivery systems, 1473–1474 automated dumbwaiters, 1468, 1470–1471 automated self-propelled vehicles, 1474–1475 chair lifts, 1463–1466 electric loads for, 1285 elevators, 1429–1476 horizontal conveyors, 1468 manual load/unload dumbwaiters, 1468, 1469 material-handling equipment, 1467 pneumatic trash and linen systems, 1473 pneumatic tubes, 1468, 1473 selective vertical conveyors, 1468, 1472 traction passenger elevators, 1393–1451 Vibration: acoustical, 740, 765 of machines, 844–845 Vibration lamps, 535 Victor Gruen Associates, Inc., 385 Village Homes (CA), 891 Virgin materials, 35, 38–39 Visible consumption strategy, 959 Visible fire alarms, 1157 Visible transmittance (VT), 200 Vision, see Sight Visitor Center, Antelope Valley Poppy Reserve (CA), 315–318 Visitor Center, Zion National Park (Utah), 252, 253 Visual acuity, 482–484 Visual comfort, 111–114 Visual comfort probability (VCP), 499–500 Visual display terminal (VDT) area lighting, 704–709 Vital Signs project, 7, 10 VOC monitors, 149 Volts, 1166 Voltage rating, 1248 Voltage systems, 1286–1291 Volume resonators, 798–800 Vortechs™ Stormwater Treatment System, 1062 W Walks, moving, 1492–1495 Walls: below-grade, 1625 DETD for, 1653–1654 heat gains through, 281–282 luminance of, 576 opaque, sensible heat flows through, 180, 182–197 in passive solar heating systems, 1620 R-values for, 1621 sound transmission through, 810, 812–818, 1711–1721 thermal lag through mass walls, 279 thermal performance of, 189–191 U-factors for, 1619–1620, 1622 Wall-lighting patterns, 585 Wall panels, sound absorption by, 793, 802 Walls: below-grade, 1625 DETD for, 1653–1654 R-values for, 1621 sound transmission through, 1711–1721 U-factors for, 1619–1620, 1622 Ward, Greg, 619 Warm air heating systems, 356–363 Wasley, James, 118, 145, 150 Water, 32–34 architectural uses of, 865–868 biological characteristics of, 913–914 in building construction, 870 chemical characteristics of, 911–913 “grades” of, 1055 groundwater, 79–80 hydrologic cycle, 868–870 minimum plumbing facilities, 873–875 per capita use of, 43 physical characteristics of, 911 radiological characteristics of, 914 rainwater/stormwater, 76, 79 See also Rainwater/ stormwater total sewage flow estimation, 875–876 Water conservation: plumbing fixtures for, 959–970 residential opportunities for, 999–1000 use of rainwater, 875–877 Water distribution systems, 974–982 condensation, 985–986 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1764 9/25/09 8:28:15 PM INDEX piping/tubing/fittings, 982–986 shock and hot water expansion, 985, 987 sizing of water pipes, 986–994 valves and controls, 984 Water fire suppression systems, 1102–1123 circulating closed-loop systems, 1118, 1122 deluge systems, 1120, 1125 dry-pipe systems, 1118–1119, 1123 early suppression fast-response sprinklers, 1117 extended coverage sprinklers, 1117 mist systems, 1120–1123, 1125 preaction systems, 1120, 1124 quick-response, early suppression sprinklers, 1116–1117 quick-response sprinklers, 1116–1117 residential sprinklers, 1116–1117 sprinkler construction/ orientation/rating, 1108–1111 sprinkler spacing and hazard, 1111–1116 sprinkler system design impacts, 1106–1108 standpipes and hoses, 1103–1106 wet-pipe systems, 1117–1118 Water heaters: conventional, 938–946 heat pump, 959 minimum capacities for, 942 sizing of, 943, 944–945 solar, 946–959 tankless, 934–935 Water heat tank storage, 421–423 Waterless No-Flush™ urinals, 1004–1005 Waterless toilets, 999–1005 Waterless urinals, 1004–1005 Water loop heat pumps, 394, 397, 448–452 Water pollution, 909 Water-saver toilets, 966 Water source heat pumps, 367, 368, 373–374 Water storage tanks, 1088 Water supply, 909–997 aeration, 918, 919 cisterns, 871, 873 control of nuisance organisms, 920–921 corrosion control, 918–919 disinfection, 915–918 distillation, 921 distribution systems, 974–982 electric loads for, 1285 estimating, 870–872 filtration, 913–915 for fire fighting, 1095 fixtures for conservation of, 959–970 fluoridation, 921 fresh water, 865 hot water systems, 932–959 irrigation, 994–997 minimum plumbing facilities, 873–875 planning guide for, 872 quality of, 909–913 softening, 919–920 for sprinklers, 1107–1108 total sewage flow estimation, 875–876 use of rainwater, 875–877 well water systems, 921–932 Water table, 870 Water tube boilers, 403 Water walls: design guidelines for, 261–262, 269 other passive systems vs., 264–265 Watson, Donald, Architect, 237 Watt, 1172 Watt-hour, 184 Wavelengths: light, 468 sound, 740 WEGroup, PC, Architects, 224, 225 Wells, Malcolm, Well water systems, 921–932 pressure tanks, 926, 928–929 pumps, 923–929 temperatures of water, 314 Welton Becket & Assoc., 585 1765 Westcave Environmental Center (Round Mountain, TX), 593 Westin Peachtree Plaza, 525 Wet-bulb depression, 96 Wet-bulb (WB) temperature, 95–96 Wetlands, 1042–1043 Wet-pipe fire suppression systems, 1117–1122 White, F A., 744, 745 White, Stuart, Jr., 236 Whitehead, L A., 730 Whole-building heat loss criteria, 227, 230–231 Wildlife Center of Virginia (Waynesboro, VA), 372 William McDonough + Partners, 22–26 William Pereira & Associates, 1120 Williams, Douglas, 1069 Wilson cloud chamber detectors, 1153, 1154 Windbreaks, 71 Wind control, 70–74 Windows, 176 for air distribution, 434–438 air infiltration through, 1643–1644 coefficients of utilization from, 1569–1574 fenestration design guidelines, 216 in fire safety design, 1088 glazing performance, 263, 265–267 heat flow through, 199–204 inert-gas-filled, 202 mirror-glass, 64 solar optical properties of, 1631 sound transmission through, 820–822 thermal characteristics of, 1627–1628 trends in, 205 U-factors of, 1626–1628 for ventilation, 125–127 view and daylighting from, 589 Winter, Erik, 71, 153, 154, 157, 164–166, 232, 436, 444, 527, 591–593, 595–598, 886 Winter gardens, 110 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1765 9/25/09 8:28:15 PM 1766 INDEX Wireless switching and control, 1228 Wiring, see Electric wiring and raceways Wiring devices, 1221–1224 location of, 1300 receptacles, 1221–1224 specialty, 1224, 1226 switches, 1223–1225 Wood heating devices, 340–342 Woods Hole Research Center, 22–26 Wood stoves, 340–342 Workstation air delivery systems, 433, 434 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 55, 58, 352 Wright, Matsuzaki, 1001 X Xeriscapes, 893 Y Yoklic, Martin, 306, 307 Z Zonal cavity method, 663–670 by approximation, 670–672 calculation of, 665–670 Zone-coded fire alarm systems, 1141–1142 Zoning: design guidelines for, 218–219 for HVAC, 352–355, 378, 381–383 for indoor air quality, 122–125 www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com JWBT091_index.indd Sec1:1766 9/25/09 8:28:15 PM Architecture GRONDZIK KWOK STEIN REYNOLDS THE FOREMOST GUIDE TO THE DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS UPDATED AND EXPANDED For more than seven decades, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings has been the preeminent teaching and practice reference for building environmental control systems Now this classic text has been updated and expanded, and continues to help prepare generations of students for their careers in architecture, architectural engineering, and construction management, and to supply professionals with in-depth information to assist them with their decision making in practice With over 2,200 drawings and photographs—more than 200 of them new to this edition—the Eleventh Edition covers basic theory, preliminary building design guidelines, and detailed design procedures for buildings of all sizes, and also provides information on the latest technologies, emerging design trends, and updated codes New and notable: ■ Increased attention placed on mitigating environmental impacts, in both off-site and on-site resources ■ Case studies showing successful integration of design strategies ■ Discussions of “why” and “how to,” which help the reader better understand concepts and applications ■ Discussions of computer-based design simulations, incorporating an appreciation of hand calculation skills Companion Web site: www.wiley.com/go/meeb Cover Photograph: The Gerding Theater, Portland, Oregon © Josh Partee www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ELEVENTH EDITION WALTER T GRONDZIK , PE, LEED AP, is Professor of Architecture at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana Grondzik is a Fellow of ASHRAE, a Fellow of the American Solar Energy Society, and a past president of the Society of Building Science Educators and the Architectural Research Centers Consortium He holds an MS in mechanical engineering (building environmental systems) and a bachelor of architectural engineering ALISON G KWOK , PHD, AIA, LEED AP, is Professor of Architecture at the University of Oregon, Eugene, teaches design studios, seminars in building performance, as well as courses in environmental technology Kwok has served as a board member for the Architectural Research Centers Consortium and is a past president of the Society of Building Science Educators, a member of several ASHRAE committees, and a member of the USGBC’s Formal Education Committee MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS BENJAMIN STEIN is a consulting engineer with more than fifty years of experience in all phases of environmental control system design He currently resides in Jerusalem, Israel JOHN S REYNOLDS , AIA, is Professor Emeritus of Architecture at the University of Oregon, Eugene, and is a registered architect in private practice ELEVENTH EDITION FOR BUILDINGS WALTER T GRONDZIK BENJAMIN STEIN ALISON G KWOK JOHN S REYNOLDS ...www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd ii 9/21/09 7:32:38 PM ELEVENTH EDITION Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com FM.indd i 9/21/09 7:32:35 PM www.EngineeringEBooksPdf.com... Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings / Walter T Grondzik [et al.] — 11th ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-19565-9 (cloth) Buildings? ? ?Mechanical equipment Buildings? ??Electric... Efficient before elaborate Trickle before boost Intelligible before intelligent Usable before alienating Forgiving before demanding Assets before nuisances Response before provision Off before on