MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS ACADEMY OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION NGUYEN THI THU HUONG DEVEL[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS ACADEMY OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION NGUYEN THI THU HUONG DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF DATA JOURNALISM IN VIETNAM (Survey of Vietnamnet, Vietnamplus, VnExpress newspapers in 2017, 2018) Major : Journalism Major code : 32 01 01 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS IN JOURNALISM HA NOI, 2023 The thesis is completed at The Academy of Journalism and Communication Supervisor:: Prof Dr Ta Ngoc Tan Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof, Dr Đinh Van Huong, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof, Dr Dinh Thi Thu Hang, Academy of Journalism and Communication Reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen Tri Thuc, Communist Review The thesis is defended before the Evaluation Council, The Academy of Journalism and Communication INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing a topic In the development of journalism technology, data journalism is an inevitable direction, not only because this is a new development trend in journalism but also because of its advantages for reflecting big data information, image data, analytical data, and forecasting Through research and monitoring, it can be seen that when global problems such as natural disasters, epidemics, and disaster accidents appear, data journalism is the type that is most leveraged to convey a message Thanks to the ability to express, interact and meet the public's needs for transparent and accurate information, data journalism opens up the prospects of developing the journalism economy such as selling specialized data packages and increasing space and frequency for advertising The trend development direction of data journalism in the world parallels the development trend of media journalism technology The general trend of data journalism, going from focusing only on numbers and tables, to now, this type of journalism can reflect most areas of life with data-rich multimedia stories, multi-channel, multi-form representation, and can interact multidimensionally with the public Even data journalism is moving towards the trend of being used for future forecasts based on process analysis and natural and social laws In the process of studying the development of this type of journalism in the world and Vietnam, it is possible to clearly see the development trends of data journalism based on the economic and technological conditions of the newsroom, the level of journalists, policy support, management, data sources and needs, and the ability to receive information of the press public Data journalism can be published in print, video, and electronic newspapers However, with the characteristics of interactive technology and visualization, the type of electronic newspaper most promotes the advantages of data journalism Thus, when researching the development trend of data journalism, authors often cite works in online newspapers Currently, in our country, the assessment of the role of data journalism and the development trend of data journalism in the overall development of journalism has certain advantages and disadvantages and limitations To study the publication of data journalism trends, it is necessary to have concepts, sets of criteria, and evaluation criteria From which, reference to the current state of journalism to have a basis for solving the issues mentioned above At the same time, data journalism in Vietnam has a relatively short history, and the historical research method (often applied to research topics on development trends), is difficult to apply Instead, the author has comparative studies (Vietnam - the world, past present, slices - processes ), from which to find out the development trend of data journalism in Vietnam Survey on the current state of data journalism trends in Vietnam: Until now, there has been no in-depth research on data journalism and data journalism trends in Vietnam Therefore, there is a lack of scientific and practical basis for data journalism to be recognized, evaluated, generalized, and offered development solutions in our country in the current and future context Currently, in our country, the role of data journalism in developing journalistic practices has certain advantages and disadvantages and limitations In order to that, it is necessary to have concepts, sets of criteria, and evaluation criteria from which to refer to the current state of journalism to have a basis for solving the above-mentioned issues From the above-mentioned analysis, it is necessary to have a comprehensive and indepth study of this type of journalism in Vietnam By implementing the thesis topic: "The development trends in data journalism in Vietnam", (Survey of Vietnamnet, Vietnamplus, VnExpress newspapers in 2017, 2018) the Ph.D student hopes to partly solve the above issues, bringing theoretical and practical value to Vietnamese academic journalism Research purpose and statements 2.1 Research purpose Based on the theoretical framework, this research thesis examines the current state of data journalism in Vietnam by analyzing its content, form, production mode, information transmission, publicity, process, operating model, and development trend The thesis identifies the contradictions that exist in the development process of data journalism, proposes solutions and models to improve the quality of data journalism in Vietnam, and provides recommendations for its future development 2.2 Statements - - - - Establishing a comprehensive theoretical and practical framework for data journalism, serving as a foundation for analyzing the development trends of this field Conducting surveys and assessments to evaluate the current state of data journalism in various aspects, including newsrooms, journalistic works, human resources, and operational support equipment This will help identify the factors that affect the quality, efficiency, and development potential of data journalism in Vietnam today Analyzing and forecasting the development trends of data journalism in Vietnam, considering the current economic, technological, and societal conditions Based on the research findings, identifying the root causes of data journalism challenges in Vietnam and proposing recommendations and solutions to promote its positive trends in the new period Objective and the scope of the study 3.1 Subjects of study The thesis focuses on researching the field of data journalism and its development trends in Vietnam The trend of data journalism is not limited to just the production of journalism Still, it encompasses a comprehensive understanding of the role and usage of data in journalism 3.2 Scope of research The object of this thesis is data journalism and its development trends in Vietnam Data journalism is a form of journalism production and a comprehensive view of the role and trends of using data in journalism The trend of data journalism in online newspapers in Vietnam is a new topic As of 12/20/20, there were 779 press agencies in the country Within the thesis framework, the author focuses on studying the development trend of data journalism in electronic newspapers, which fully demonstrates the development trend characteristics of data journalism The survey was conducted on three central-level press agencies: VnExpress.net, Vietnamplus.vn, and Vietnamnet.vn, over a period of two years (20172018) The total number of newspaper articles surveyed was 1072, including 436 articles from VnExpress.net, 436 articles from Vietnamplus.vn, and 200 articles from Vietnamnet.vn All three newspapers in the survey are central-level press agencies Vietnamnet.vn is under the Ministry of Information and Communications, VnExpress.net is under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, and Vietnamplus is under the governing body of Vietnam News Agency The survey period was from 01/2017 to 12/2018 However, to clarify the problems raised, the thesis expanded the scope of research in previous and subsequent stages to compare and draw conclusions about trends if necessary The selection of the survey scope meets the following criteria: (i) newspapers with data journalism, (ii) press agencies with staff and technology for producing data journalism, and (iii) the two-year period from 2017 to 2018 is suitable for the thesis process and is also a time of many developments and changes in Vietnamese journalism, including the formation of data journalism trends in Vietnam Regarding the press public, an online survey was conducted in three cities: Hanoi (150 votes), Hue (100 votes), and Ho Chi Minh City (150 votes) The total votes issued were 400, and the total votes collected were 313 These three cities were chosen as they are centers of three regions (North - Central - South) and have distinct imprints of the region These are also densely populated places with a large press public and have access to technology and data, including data journalism The survey of the press public in the above three localities provides a fairly comprehensive view of data journalism in Vietnam Research hypotheses The questions posed during the implementation of the thesis are: - What is the theoretical and practical basis of data journalism and the development trend of data journalism? - How is data journalism represented in the press and how are the development trends of data journalism identified? - What are the contradictions in the process of advocacy, development of data journalism, and factors affecting the development of data journalism? - From the practice of data journalism, what is the solution to develop the positive trends of data journalism in Vietnam? From the above research questions, the thesis offers some of the following research hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Data journalism in Vietnam develops due to the general trend of developing data journalism in the world, but data journalism in Vietnam faces many difficulties in developing in quantity, quality, and breakthrough creativity Hypothesis 2: Data journalism tends to create new strengths in competition, helping newspapers regain the public thanks to their characteristics such as intuitiveness, liveliness, attractiveness, multimedia and objectivity, and easy of looking up and remembering Hypothesis 3: Journalism is facing the need to change its paradigm towards technology, especially the need to change its thinking and approach to technology, data journalism is an opportunity for journalism to change in this direction with the help of image technology and software technology Hypothesis 4: The study of data journalism trends will bring useful resources to state management agencies and press agencies on management activities, strategic planning, press development plans in general, and data journalism and technology application journalism in particular Hypothesis 5: Groups of solutions to improve the quality of data journalism so that this type of journalism maximizes its strengths and tends to develop commensurate with the position and rules in the world such as solutions on policies, human resource training, technology solutions, data source solutions Research methods 5.1 Rationale The thesis is based on the theoretical epistemology of Marxism-Leninism, which includes dialectical materialism and historical materialism, as well as Ho Chi Minh's thoughts and the guiding and management views of the Party and the State of Vietnam on the press and communication The theoretical basis of the thesis combines theories of mass communication, journalism, and related sciences such as data science, image science, and information technology It employs theoretical and practical analysis to clarify the content and tasks of the thesis The thesis uses dialectical materialism to consider the current state of influence of data journalism trends on the Vietnamese public It places this analysis within the context of the journalistic, political, economic, cultural, social, scientific, and technological environment 5.2.Research methodology: - - Document research method: This thesis employs the document research method to survey and analyze content from various sources, including documents, guidelines, policies of the Party and State, legal documents, scientific works, books, and articles The aim is to systematize theoretical issues related to electronic journalism and data journalism in Vietnam, building a theoretical framework for the topic and inheriting previous research results This will serve to compare, contrast, and clarify research problems Statistical and comparative methods: Statistics are an important research method for this thesis, as they help to identify the characteristics of data journalism, its - - - constituent factors, and its development process in Vietnam The Ph.D student will focus on collecting, analyzing, and comparing data from 2017 and 2018 on three newspapers: Vietnamnet, Vietnam Plus, and VnExpress This will include examining the number and frequency of data journalism products, the form of expression and information content of these products compared to other journalistic works, and the topics of interest reflected by data journalism Observation method: In this thesis, the author observes the reality of data journalism trends in press platforms in the USA, Europe, and Vietnam They work directly with press managers and data journalism experts, attending seminars and exchanges with scientists, experts, leaders, and the public of international and Vietnamese data press This helps to draw experiences and systems of important points for research on the topic Methods of the investigation by questionnaire and in-depth interview: This thesis employs qualitative and quantitative research methods, including literature analysis, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and other interviews The questionnaires are designed to gather opinions on the form, content, and appeal of data journalism compared to other types of journalism and its impact on the public's information acquisition habits For this, a survey is designed for people over 16 years old who are the public of electronic newspapers, operating in many different fields SPSS quantitative metric processing software is used for processing In-depth interviews are conducted with press managers and journalists Data is collected using a convenient sampling method and analyzed using SPSS/AMOS software Sample selection method: The simple random sample selection method ensures that the sample is objectively selected In-depth interviews: These are conducted with 35 people, including leaders of press agencies (5 journalists who are leaders of newspapers and magazines Vietnamnet, Vietnam Plus, Zing, Saostar, Tien Phong), journalists, reporters, and technicians The Ph.D student will develop a system of questions for experts to answer, and from the answers, they will process the data to clarify the thesis's hypothesis Surveys will be distributed to some public groups of electronic newspapers in two forms: online surveys (via the Internet) and face-to-face interviews or email New contributions of the thesis: The thesis introduces academic concepts of data journalism in Vietnam and systematizes the theoretical framework of data journalism for in-depth studies This theoretical framework will serve as a foundation for researching and evaluating issues related to the production and development of data journalism The thesis also offers operating models that cater to the reality of data journalism production in newsrooms, along with tools and methods for producing data journalism that can be applied in electronic newsrooms The statistics and analysis gathered through actual surveys in Vietnam provide convincing evidence, contributing to supporting authorities and press managers in making the right decisions in press management and operation Based on the survey results, the thesis provides insights into the development trends of data journalism in Vietnam, the factors affecting those trends, and the impacts of data journalism on newsrooms, the public, and press management agencies Theoretical and practical significance The topic of "The Development Trends in Data Journalism in Vietnam" (surveying Vietnamnet, Vietnamplus, and VnExpress newspapers in 2017 and 2018) holds significant importance for the following reasons: Significance in reasoning: The thesis is the first research work that comprehensively and up-to-date investigates the requirements for detecting and evaluating the trend of data journalism on electronic newspapers in Vietnam It contributes to the systematization and clarification of a number of data journalism theories, verifying their applicability to the Vietnamese context The thesis will be a valuable reference for research, teaching, and learning activities at training institutions and journalism centers, as well as for press regulators, journalists, researchers, lecturers, practitioners, and journalism students It also serves as a reference for related sciences such as multimedia journalism, visual journalism, mobile journalism, and the economics of journalism Practical significance: The thesis contributes to developing standards, criteria, and indicators for measuring and evaluating data journalism Analyzing the situation, characteristics, advantages, and limitations of data journalism, as well as the detection of its trends in Vietnam, is vital for press management agencies and leaders to formulate policies, plans, and strategies for developing Vietnamese newspapers and newsrooms The thesis provides scientific information to understand the current state of data journalism and the factors affecting it today It proposes and recommends solutions based on scientific evidence and practical experience to guide the production and publication of data journalism to meet the needs of the public and society at large Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the thesis includes an Overview and chapters: - Chapter 1: The Theoretical and Practical Foundations of Data Journalism Trends - Chapter 2: Current situation and development trends of data journalism - Chapter 3: Issues raised and some recommendations to improve the effectiveness of data journalism RESEARCH OVERVIEW The study of data journalism in the world Data journalism was first developed in countries with advanced computer technology, with computer-aided journalism (CAR) being the earliest form However, academic research on data journalism only started to emerge around 2006 In the past 16 years, there has been sufficient research on data journalism, including theoretical and practical studies, focusing on the movement, development, and impact of this form of journalism in different parts of the world In addition to the history of data journalism, journalism studies also encompass conceptual systems and basic theories, creative trends in data journalism, and scientific subjects related to data journalism Research on data journalism in Vietnam Scientific works in Vietnam have a long history of researching media journalism and journalism trends, data science and data journalism It clearly states the history of the research process on data journalism, the impact of this type of journalism on the public, and the modes of operation of data journalism through the mass media The trend of data journalism in the world is influenced by the development trends of technical technology, journalism trends in general and above all, globalization trends Studies have shown some notable trends such as: - Time spent on news in traditional media is decreasing (for radio, television, print) - The tendency to lack public trust in journalism increases, which can cost press agencies dearly to audiences and advertisers, thus affecting revenue More deeply, the loss of trust costs journalism its central and critical role in the community and society - The interaction of the press with the user when placing the public at the center is growing - Content creation trends go from one-pronged to omnidirectional Each piece of journalism tends to be structured into several parts, each with its own life and which can further develop into an independent story - The process of globalization has affected the mass media in general and the press in particular, causing them to constantly develop, innovate their means and skills, and strengthen their power to expand their sphere of influence In summary, the studies analyzed, evaluated, and highlighted the trend of data journalism in relation to new technology The development of data journalism towards integration with technology, engineering and user-oriented is an objective practice In the general context of the world, Vietnam is also quickly embracing those trends As leading experts in this field, the authors quickly grasped the trend, observed, synthesized, and summarized from vivid practice into valuable scientific research These studies set the stage for opening up some of the following research directions, which are directly related to the thesis topic: Firstly, the studies conducted have not had many direct studies on data journalism, but only in scientific articles, regular articles or some specialized documents, but the content is limited Given the characteristics of an interdisciplinary type of journalism (journalism - design - application development), there is a need for more research in the direction of the application of this interdisciplinary science Secondly, according to the results of the overall study, data journalism is a type of journalism associated with computer technology and the development trend of this type of journalism is most clearly shown and characterized in the type of electronic network newspaper and cannot be promoted in radio newspapers (radio version) Third, another aspect still open in previous studies is the models of technology journalism in general, and data journalism in particular In the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, 3rd Globalization, models and organizations in all fields have changed, leading to an inevitable shift in the operating model of press agencies When researching the trend of data journalism in the current period of Vietnam, the author realized that it is necessary to study the production model of this type of journalism, thereby, noticing certain changes in the newsroom model towards technology Fourth, journalism in the age of technology requires changes in management, administration and supervision mechanisms Studies on intellectual property rights related to press technology, and supervision mechanisms of state management agencies in terms of technology (scanning and storing information technology, error detection technology, copyright infringement ) are also new research directions for journalists in the future Finally, the studies have opened up a research direction on the labor of new technology journalists, including data journalists, design journalists, and application development journalists This research direction will contribute to the training, retraining and advanced training for journalists in the new situation, to meet the needs of developing current and future journalistic human resources It can be seen that the trend of world journalism and communication has a profound influence on Vietnamese journalism The trend of traditional media is declining in release, advertising and publicity, meanwhile, it is revealing limitations in the media market, and information equipment changes daily In that context, the rise of new media and new forms of media products are highly interactive, applying science and technology However, there are differences in each country and territory, making journalism not only fiercely competitive but also risk losing its market share and role and functions Previous studies on media journalism, journalism trends, graphic journalism, data journalism and science-related journalism show that, although valuable knowledge has been contributed to the treasure trove of journalism, there are still many research directions linking journalism with technology and science Within the realm of technology journalism, data journalism is the kind that synthesizes all the strengths of journalism, technology and visual art Therefore, the study of data journalism requires the study of the composition of relevant scientific subjects: journalism, data science, data visualization, and psychological science of data reception and data imaging by the public Studying data journalism trends is therefore also about studying the combination, utilization, and optimization of the components involved in data journalism in the process In the world, data journalism research has a long history (about 50 years), while in Vietnam, because of limitations in technology, habits of using and receiving information, data and applicability, both research and application of data journalism have many limitations in both time and space From the above points, the author boldly approaches the study on the trend of data journalism in Vietnam However, the novelty of the research topic and the practice of data journalism in Vietnam currently pose a difficult task for journalistic researchers, including authors 13 CHAPTER CURRENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF DATA JOURNALISM 2.1 Introduction of three newspapers in the survey 2.1.1 VnExpress e-newspaper (VnExpress.net) VnExpress was established on 26 February 2001 More than a year later, on 25/11/2002, this officially became Vietnam's first independent online newspaper Currently, the governing body of this newspaper is the Ministry of Science and Technology VnEpress is one of the leading Vietnamese newspapers in applying technology to producing journalistic works Every day, VnExpress publishes an average of 500 news articles 95% of them are written by versatile journalists using the newsroom's cross-platform editorial tools The newspaper uses much graphic information to summarize complex data 2.1.2 Vietnamplus e-newspaper (www.Vietnamplus.vn) The newspaper conveys foreign affairs information in Vietnamese, English, French, Spanish, and Chinese On 11/9/2008, Vietnamplus online newspaper was licensed by the Ministry of Information and Communications On 13 November 2008, the newspaper officially connected to the Internet and came into operation Within the thesis framework, Ph.D students conduct research on categories and sections dedicated to multimedia journalism such as infographics, and long-form, mega stories This newspaper has the most stable number and frequency of data articles among the surveyed sheets 2.1.3 Vietnamnet e-newspaper (Vietnamnet.vn) Vietnamnet.vn e-newspaper is a non-business unit under the Ministry of Information and Communications, with an electronic newspaper license No 09/GP-BTTTT issued on 07/01/2019 The newspaper performs the function of informing and propagating the implementation of the Party's guidelines and policies and the State's laws, contributing to educating and raising people's intelligence and serving the spiritual life of Vietnamese people At the same time, this information channel provides content on state management activities of the Ministry of Information and Communications 2.2 Survey Sample Description For the survey of data journalism characteristics and trends in the newspapers in the survey area, the survey results selected samples on 03 newspapers: VnExpress.net, Vietnamplus.vn and Vietnamnet.vn in the period of 02 years (2017-2018) obtained the following number of press articles: VnExpress.net (436 articles); Vietnamplus.vn (436 articles); and Vietnamnet.vn (200 articles) Thus, the total number of newspaper articles found on 03 selected newspapers is 1072 articles In addition, the thesis also randomly surveyed 10 more data journalism works in 2019 and another 10 works in 2020 across three newspapers in the survey to clarify the updated trend of data journalism In addition, in order to increase the recognition of the trend of data journalism in the country, the thesis selectively surveyed a number of data journalism works in the world from its inception to the present For the data press public survey, the survey was conducted by sending online questionnaires, using Google Docs software with the public in major cities represented in the North, Central and South, namely Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City The number of questionnaires sent was 400, the number of questionnaires obtained 313 valid questionnaires, 14 of which the number of respondents in Hanoi was 109 people, Da Nang had 105 people and Ho Chi Minh City had 99 people In terms of age: respondents had the youngest age of 16 years old, the highest age was 65 years old The median age of respondents was 26.33 years In general, the age of the majority of respondents was young, of which more than half were of high school or college or university age About occupation: The occupation of respondents in the survey sample mainly fell into two main occupational groups: students (accounting for 52.1%) and officials, public employees and office workers (accounting for 32.3%) The remaining 9.9% are employees, business and service workers and the remaining 5.8% are self-employed and other occupations Regarding gender: 61.7% of respondents were female, 38.0% were male and only person (0.3%) was of another gender 2.3 The representation of data journalism in newspapers The survey results selected samples on 03 newspapers: V nExpress.net, Vietnamplus.vn and Vietnamnet.vn in the period of 02 years (2017-2018) The highlight of data articles is the beautiful form of presentation VnExpress has more than 60% of the articles presented in linear images with integrated video elements, graphics, hyperlinks and navigation tools These forms account for a large proportion, while the text is only used as captions The graphic design, photos, videos in the data article are all beautiful, modern, full HD standard At Vietnamplus, all works are built in the form of Timeline However, here, the works are in non-snowy form Although the elements are arranged in a first-to-back order, they are actually a compilation of many posts on the same topic, and are arranged according to the posting timeline The reader has the right to decide which part of the content to read first without affecting the process and accessibility of the information Areas covered by the article Of the data journalism articles, only article mentions areas, and the rest of each article only mentions single field The areas covered in the articles focus on the following areas: science and technology (accounting for 20.9% of the articles); Economy (19.0%); Politics and Security - Defense (17.5%); Life and society (13.3%); Culture, sports, tourism (12.4%, of which sports articles account for 10.2%); The rest are articles that cover other areas including Health-Health; Education; Law-Crime; Transportation; Entertainment; and Environment-Climate Change (16.8%) Origin of data and works 88.1% of articles clearly show the origin of the data, the remaining 11.9% are unknown/unknown Among the articles that show clear data sources, most authors use 02 data sources for their articles The proportion of articles using 02 data sources accounts for 90.6% The remaining 9.4% of articles use only 01 data source Among the 14 data sources exploited for the article, the data source from the author's collection and exploitation from available documents and statistical reports accounted for the highest proportion (accounting for 47.8%), followed by the mainstream press (print, radio, television, online newspapers) (accounting for 36.7%) The percentage of articles using social media/social media data accounts for 15.9% 15 Data mining through interviews accounted for a very low proportion (1.4%), the rest was from other data sources (8.8%) Of 072 data newspaper articles, 36.9% of articles are written by the newspaper itself, 30.1% of articles are a combination of the newspaper itself and excerpts from other online newspapers 10.4% of articles are from other online newspapers and 22.7% are from other sources Most newspaper articles (90.2%) had less than 500 words in the text, with only 9.8% having over 500 words Thus, the articles in the data press are mostly articles with short text size This is because this type of journalism uses tables, charts, graphics to present data primarily All data articles in the survey form are accompanied by illustrations in the article that are images or/and charts and/or tables and have accompanying data Presentation form of the data work The majority of articles choose the form of data presentation in style (accounting for 84.2% of articles), the remaining 13.8% choose 02 forms of data presentation and only 2.0% of articles combine 03 forms of data presentation Among the forms of data presentation, the listing has the highest percentage of article selection (accounting for 30.2%) Next comes the chart (which accounts for 21.0% of the articles) 13.2% of articles have data presented chronologically It can be seen that the majority of data journalism articles have tables, charts, maps, and static graphics that occupy a larger area than the text (accounting for 63.6% of the articles) 3.4% of articles have illustrations that occupy the area of the text and 10.7% occupy a smaller area than the text At the same time, 22.2% of articles not have any tables, charts, maps, or static graphics Data presentation colors 23.4% of articles only use 01 color for data illustrations The rate of using colors is 20.5%; colors are 21.9%; colors are 15.6%; 12.0% of articles use 5-6 colors; the remaining percentage of articles using or more colors is 6.0% The geographic range that the data refers to Regarding the geographic extent to which the data is covered, 36.6% of articles cover the data internationally, and globally, and 18.9% mention other countries Meanwhile, 36.0% of the data is mentioned in Vietnam in general, 5.0% of articles include provincial and city data Only 0.2% of articles put data at the district level while none put data at the commune or ward level The remaining 4.3% of articles include data in other geographic areas How data is presented When putting data, authors tend to choose the statistical form as frequency/quantity to include, with 43.5% of articles choosing this type of statistics Meanwhile, 13.7% of articles use the statistical form as a percentage of hem to describe the data Only 2.8% of articles use fractional statistics (1/2, 2/3, 3/4 ) A high percentage (48.2%) of data journalism articles not use statistical quantities but use the way symbols, images transmit data 2.4 Methods of producing data journalism At the three survey newspapers, the basic methods for collecting and processing data are: 16 - Read and study documents from foreign articles, reports of agencies, organizations, documents, historical documents, and social networks - Interview through a system of questions, and questionnaires to exploit and verify information; in-depth interviews with insiders or experts, regulators and related figures - Directly observe, record information and images and analyze and process The production of multimedia products in general, data journalism in particular in newspapers often combines many methods Firstly, the newspaper chooses to buy online solutions from foreign suppliers to apply the production of press products according to existing templates (Vietnamnet, Vietnam Plus), or free software The second method uses the software engineering team and design technology available in the newsroom to solve content problems Vietnamnet’s personnel belong to two departments: Marketing (design) and Information Technology (application development) The third method is to hire or collaborate with an external partner to produce data products that are complex and highly impactful 2.5 Data journalism public survey in Vietnam 2.5.1 Sources of information of respondents The results showed that on average respondents followed the news from 2.43 sources out of listed In particular, the percentage of respondents who follow news on social networks is the highest with 87.9%, followed by online newspapers with 67.7% of respondents, and third is a television with 59.1% Meanwhile, newspapers and radio stations had the lowest percentage of respondents following news on these two mediums with a news follow-up rate on radio at 12.8% and paper newspapers at 11.2% In addition, a very small percentage of people (4.2%) said they follow news through other sources such as from friends, people and other ways of word-of-mouth communication 2.5.2 Public Preference, understanding and Access to data journalism The survey results showed that the majority of the public preferred the type of journalism with text, photos, videos and audio clips, this accounted for 56.2% of respondents Besides, the type of article with text, data graphics and data video is also chosen by 40.9% of people Meanwhile, only 2.9% of respondents in the survey sample preferred the type-only article Respondents generally understand the concept of data paper data, distinguishing data articles from other articles such as multimedia articles or articles with illustrations 2.5.3 Public Demand for data journalism In order to assess the current situation and the need to access data journalism, the thesis author only asks questions about the status, assessment, and needs of the public about the type of data journalism with those who claim to have read the data journalism article (175/300 people) According to the concept of data journalism introduced in Chapter 1, a work of data journalism is: "a work of journalism that highlights the problem hidden in the numbers Data journalism makes an impression primarily through the presentation of data, such as visualizations aimed at quickly and powerfully communicating the meaning of metrics or databases to the public Data journalism phrases are often associated with many types of data visualization such as infographics, dashboards, graphics, graphs, etc ", in order to survey the journalistic public's need for data journalism accurately, the Thesis questionnaire is divided 17 into parts Accordingly, the basic part of the classification of respondents identifies as data journalism The survey results showed that of the 175 respondents who had read the data, those that mentioned the entertainment sector accounted for the highest proportion with 56.6% This is followed by economics (54.9%) and politics (40.0%) The two fields of sports and law together have a readership rate of 26.3% The other field has only a few readers To measure this level of likeness, the thesis author gives a scale of 1-5, where the preference level corresponds to the number of points given, as low as and as high as The survey results from 175 people who had read the data showed that among the forms of data representation, the public was most likely to love the video type with an average rating of 3.81, followed by an infographic comparison with an average score of 3.69 The lowest average rating is the Chronological Infographic The majority of the 175 respondents who had read the data journalism gave the reason for reading this type of article because it was informative but easy to understand and intuitive (128 out of 175 people, accounting for 73.1%) The reason for receiving the number of choices was because of the beautifully formed data press (29 out of 175 people, 16.6%) Other reasons include reading for fun, curiosity or no specific purpose, ranging from 1.1% to 4.6% While 68 out of 172 (39.5%) chose to read the title, sapo, and view the image, 67 out of 172 (39.0%) chose to read and learn about the data in the works For the rest, 37 out of 172 people (21.5%) chose to look closely at the entire content of the article Regarding how to read information, 68 out of 172 (39.5%) chose to read the title, and 67 out of 172 (39.0%) chose to read and learn about the data in the works For the rest, 37 out of 172 people (21.5%) chose to look closely at the entire content of the article 104 out of 175 people (59.4%) wanted descriptive-illustrative data, while 38 out of 175 people (21.7%) wanted analytical data and approximately half of the respondents, 87 out of 175 wanted analytical and predictive data 2.6 Identify the development trends of data journalism 2.6.1 Technology-centric press personnel model The organizational model in the newsroom that produces data journalism in Vietnam is usually as follows: Figure 16: Models of newsrooms with data journalism production apparatus at Vietnam News Agency In general, the newsroom model that produces technology journalism products, including data journalism, often has the following elements: 18 TBT - Head of Department/General Editor (director/project manager) Reporter, programmer, designer In general, in newsrooms, the trend of data journalism personnel still stops at the basic level of expertise, there are no personnel specializing in data science, visual communication as well as data journalism project management The process and organization of press production in the newspapers surveyed have been shifting strongly toward technology data 2.6.2 Production method toward multi-tool integration Nowadays, data journalism production often combines many different methods to optimize efficiency while saving costs and time The method of producing data journalism usually follows the following trends: Firstly, the newspaper chooses to buy online technology solutions ( tools) from foreign suppliers to apply the production of press products according to existing templates (Vietnamnet, Vietnam Plus), or use free software This tool allows the press product to be created quickly and efficiently However, this method is limited in form, due to the fixed template This method is often used for works of the news genre, which need to bring content quickly, visually and easily The second method is to use the software engineering team and design technology available in the newsroom to solve content problems At Vietnamnet, this personnel belongs to two departments: Marketing (design) and Information Technology (application development) The disadvantage of this method is that producing data articles will take a lot of time and manpower in both production and editing; at the same time, works are often heavier than pre-sampled works However, the advantage of this method is that the work is very creative, and unique, clearly expressing the characteristics and views of the production team This is a method often used by major newspapers worldwide, especially for works that need to express the views of the newsroom The third method is to hire or collaborate with external partners to produce data products that are complex and highly impactful In today's newsrooms, combining two or three methods to ensure optimal production is common, depending on the requirements for specific works Currently, some newsrooms with superior technology tend to organize a separate team of application development and design personnel HR designers will build the form of the data story The application development technician will take the problem from the design and description from the content editor and then code it into a unique data newspaper page of that newspaper This requires the design personnel to understand the content well At the same time, the team members must be very clear about the technical conditions of the newspaper in order for the production work to be feasible (for example, the work viewed on all screens will be produced differently from work viewed on only one screen) 2.6.3 The trend of increasing complex graphic images with high information content The form of data journalism works in the past years tends to show images and is increasingly interactive, the logic in the form of expression is also increasingly strict From being more descriptive and performative, today's data journalism works tend to be a more indepth analysis According to the survey results, newspapers now use multiple data graphics integrated in the same article The trend of data journalism in Vietnam is currently only in illustration,