Các thì cơ bản

Phần I: Các - Tenses Hiện đơn (Simple present) • Sử dụng: Hành động, trạng thái xảy ra, thật hiển nhiên, tập quán, đặc tính, việc tương lai lên lịch A: He speaks N: He does not speak Q: Does he speak? • Những từ nhận biết: always, usually, often, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, every (…), once a week • Xem xét chủ từ số nhiều hay số mà thêm “S/ES” hay giữ nguyên động từ • Động từ tận cùng: SS, SH, TCH, X, O, Z ta thêm ES chủ từ ngơi thứ số • Động từ tận phụ âm + Y đổi thành IES (xem them tai lieu bo sung) Present Progressive: Hiện tiếp diễn Sử dụng: Hành động diễn nói, Hành động xảy thời gian giới hạn, Hành động lên kế hoạch thực tương lai A: He is speaking at the moment N: He is not speaking at the moment Q: Is he speaking at the moment? Những từ nhận biết: at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now Simple Past : Thì khứ đơn Sử dụng: Hành động, trạng thái xảy xong hẳn khứ; tập quán, khả khứ, kinh nghiệm khứ (regular and irregular verbs) A: He spoke N: He did not speak Q: Did he speak? • He wandered lonely in town last night • He didn’t wander lonely in town last night • Did he wander lonely in town last night? • Những từ nhận biết: yesterday, ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday, when I was a child… Past Progressive : Thì khứ tiếp diễn Sử dụng: diễn tả hành động thực dở dang khứ thời điểm đề cập đến; hành động diễn thi có hành động khác xảy đến A: He was speaking N: He was not speaking Q: Was he speaking? • This time last year I was living in Brazil • Yesterday, while we were having dinner, Tom phoned me • Yesterday, Tom phoned me while were having dinner • Yesterday, we were having dinner when Tom phoned me • Những từ nhận biết: at + thời gian (yesterday, last night)…when, while, as long as Present Perfect Simple :Thì hồn thành Sử dụng: hành động vừa hoàn thành, kết hành động khứ mà đến thời điểm còn, kinh nghiệm đến ngưng, việc đến tiếp tục • A: He has spoken for one hour N: He has not spoken for one hour Q: Has he spoken for one hour? • Những từ nhận biết: just, recently, already, not… yet, never, ever, since (điểm thời gian), for (khoảng thời gian) , before, lately,so far, till now, up to now Present Perfect Progressive: Thì hoàn thành tiếp diễn Sử dụng: Nhấn mạnh hoảng thời gian việc tồn (không phải kết quả), hành động gần hồn hành cịn tiếp tục, hành động hồn thành có ảnh hưởng đến • A: He has been speaking N: He has not been speaking Q: Has he been speaking? • Những từ nhận biết: all day, for years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week Past Perfect Simple : Quá khứ hoàn thành Sử dụng: diễn tả hành động xảy trước hành động khác khứ, thường cặp với khứ đơn A: He had spoken N: He had not spoken Q: Had he spoken? • After + QKHT, QKĐ or QKĐ + after QKHT • Before+QKĐ, QKHT or QKHT before QKĐ • Những từ nhận biết: already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day Past Perfect Progressive: Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn Sử dụng: Hành động xảy trước thời điểm định khứ, Đơi dùng chung vớ q khứ hồn thành, nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian trình thực hành động • A: He had been speaking N: He had not been speaking Q: Had he been speaking? Future Simple : Thì tương lai đơn Sử dụng: Hành động xảy tương lại mà không bị ảnh hưởng, định lúc nói, giả định tương lai A: He will speak N: He will not speak Q: Will he speak? Những từ nhận biết: in a year, next …, tomorrow 10 Near future: Tương lai gần b: Quyết định thực cho tương lai, kết luận tương lai A: He is going to speak N: He is not going to speak Q: Is he going to speak? Những từ nhận biết: in one year, next week, tomorrow 11 Future Progressive: Tương lai tiếp diễn Sử dụng:Hành động xảy thời đểm tương lai, hành động chắn xảy tương lai gần A: He will be speaking N: He will not be speaking Q: Will he be speaking? Những từ nhận biết: in one year, next week, tomorrow 12 Future perfect: Tương lai hoàn thành Sử dụng:Hành động hoàn thành thời điểm định tương lai A: He will have spoken N: He will not have spoken Q: Will he have spoken Những từ nhận biết: by Monday, in a week Bài tập • She doesn’t work, she (swim) now • She (see) him at the supermarket yesterday • We (eat) dinner before we came here • She (play) the piano when our guests (arrive) last night • This message (just, arrive) • While we (plant) trees, the principal (come) and (talk) to us • Buses (pass) my house everyday • We (live) here since 1990 • They (ride) home from school now • She (fly) to New York tomorrow • I (go) to Dalat last week and I (stay) there for five days • The boys (play) football in the field when I arrived Phần II: Pasive voice (Thể thụ động) • Active: S + V + O+ M • Passive: S+ Be+V3/ed + M+ by O Ex: Khoa bought this book in Can Tho This book was bought in Can Tho by Khoa • Simple Present • am, is, are + V3,ed + … + By O • Ex: My daughter cleans the floor • -• Simple past • Was, were + V3,ed+….+ by O • Ex: Nam wrote this letter • • Simple Future • Will, shall + Be + V3,ed+…+by O • Ex: She will teach our class • • Present continuous • am, is, are + being + V3, ed+…+ by O • Ex: Mary is cooking dinner • • Past Continuous: • was + being +V3, ed+…+ by O • I was studying English at 2.00 yesterday • • Future Continuous: • Will, Shall+be + being+ V3, ed+……+ by O • Mary will be cleaning the door • • Present Perfect: • Has, have + been + V3, ed • The boy has found the key • • Past Perfect: • had + been + V3, ed • Mary had made this cake • -• Future Perfect: • shall • + have + been + V3, ed + ….+ by O He will have sold this car • • NEGATIVE: • Saints didn’t build that temple • • No one looks after the children • • YES_NO QUESTION: • Ex: Did your mother make this cake? • -• WH_QUESTION: • Ex: Who wrote this book ? • • VERB OF OBJECTS: (Động từ có túc từ) • Indirect Oject-I.O (Túc từ gián tiếp) • Direct Object (Túc Ex 1:John gives me a book từ trực tiếp) • • John gives a book to me • • Ex 2:I bought my sister some pens • • I bought some pens for my sister • • TO: give, send, show (chỉ, đưa cho), lend, promise, hand, pay, read, wish, offer, read, tell, throw • FOR: get (mua), order (đặt mua), spare (dành cho), bring, make, leave (bỏ lại), save (để dành), sell, buy • DEFECTIVE VERBS (Động từ khiếm khuyết câu Passive) • S + Def.V + Be +P.P • May, might, ought Ex: He can speak English to Can, • - could, must • NẾU TRONG CÂU ACTIVE CÓ VERBS OF PERCEPTION (động từ tri giác): SEE, WATCH, HEAR, MAKE… • Thì động từ theo sau khơng TO chuyển thành động từ có TO câu passive • Ex: He makes me it • • Nếu S câu ACTIVE I, HE, SHE, IT, WE, YOU, THEY, SOMEONE, PEOPLE… • Any • Some one • body • No thing • Every • Khi chuyển sang PASSIVE bỏ BY ME, BY HER, BY US, BY YOU, BY THEM, BY HIM, BY SOMEONE… • Ex: People speak English all over the world • • Ex: Someone stole my purse • • VERB FOLLOWED BY A PREPOSITION • Our sister looks after our children • Causative form: nhờ bảo, sai khiến • Chủ động :S+ have + O (person) + V (bare Infinitive) +O (thing) • Bị động : S + have +O (thing) + V3 • • Ex: I have the barber cut my hair -> I have my hair cut by the barber • Bị động kép : Động từ • People + think/say/suppose/believe/consider/report…+that + clause * It’s+thought/said/supposed/believed/considered/reported…+that+clause * S + am/is/are+thought/said/supposed/believed/considered/reported…+to + V –inf • Ex: People say he is a good doctor – It’s said that he is a good doctor – He is said to be a good doctor • S + am/is/are + thought/said/supposed/believed/considered/reported…+to + have PII • Ex: People think he stole my motorbike – It’s thought that he stole my motorbike – He is thought to have stolen my motorbike • Dạng đặc biệt (câu p 99, test 4) • Active: S+ have, has, had, be having+ someone+ V1 • Passive:S+ have, has,had, be having+ something+V3/Ved… • Ex: I have the barber cut my hair I have my hair cut • Câu trang 113 test (p43) • His parents made him study for his exams • He was made to study for his exams by his parents • Câu trang 115 test (wh-question) • They should go to Da Lat in January The weather is very good for them then • • Mrs Brown is the only woman He wants to meet her • The man is very young You are driving his car • • Here are some accounts You have to check these accounts • • This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year • • You can’t enjoy hiking in winter Snow covers everything in winter • • Do you meet the boy? He broke their window • • I listen to music late at night The children have gone to bed at the time • Do you know the building? The window of the building are painted green • Fill in the blank with the proper relative pronounce • Let me see all the letters……you have written • They boy… is standing near the machine is Tom • I know the place…….roses grow a lot • The man… you want to meet has just left 1960 was the year……… the revolution took place • The magazine……you lend me is very interesting • They will move to the house…….is being built near the station • She is looking for the students……lost their bicycles • They are waiting for the man……… motorbike is found near my house Replace the relative clause by an infinitive or infinitive phrase • If I had a family that I had to cook for I’d be more interested • • We had some exercise that we must now • • He was the first man who left the burning house • • I was the only person who saw the difficulties • Phần VI: Conditional Sentences (Câu điều kiện) • Câu điều kiện loại • If S+ V (simple present)+ O, S+V+O • Ex: If you heat ice, it melts • Use: diễn đạt kiện luôn • If thay when • Ex: When the teacher enters the class, the pupils stand • Câu điều kiện loại • If S + V (Simple Present) + O, S + will, shall, may, can + V1 • Ex: If the weather is fine, we will go camping • Unless the weather is fine, we won’t go camping • Use: Sự kiện xảy • Câu điều kiện loại • If +S + Ved/2 + O, S +would/could +V1 • Ex: If I were you, I would go abroad • Use: Sự kiện khó xảy tương lai; điều kiện xảy lý thuyết khó xảy thực tế • Câu điều kiện loại • If + S + had V3/ed, S + would/could…+ have + V3/ed • If you hadn’t been absent yesterday, you would have seen teacher • Use: Diễn tả tình trái với thực tế q khứ • Có thể thay đảo ngữ trợ động từ chủ ngủ ngữ • Ex: Were I Tom , I would refuse BÀI TẬP Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses • Mr Harry…….(help) you if you want • If my friend… (be) here now, he would help me • If I….(make) that mistake again, my father will get angry with me • We wouldn’t understand Miss Lee if she …(speak) too fast • If it (happen)…, I’d phone you at once • He he moved, I (notice)…it • You (pay)…if your friend hadn’t had any money? • I (be)…very angry if you had told him • Stay in bed unless you (feel)…much better • If you (stay)…here for dinner, please let the Head Waiter know in advance Change the conditional clauses in these sentences from Type to Type • If they want to see you, they will come to the party • If he is curious, he will ask what we are doing • She will help us, if she has time • If they work hard, they will succeed Rewrite these sentences, using the form in which the word “if” is omitted • If he were here, he would lend us his car • If I had remembered their address, I would have sent them a card • If they had recognized her, they would have spoken to her • If I were in your position, I would pay close attention Wish sentences • There are three forms • Not true at present: • S + wish(es) + S + V2/-ed + O • (to be: were / weren’t) • S + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V1 • Ex: I don’t have a computer • I wish I had a computer • Not true in the past: • S + wish(es) + S + had + V3/-ed • S + wish(es) + S + hadn’t + V3/-ed • Ex: My parents didn’t understand me • I wish my parents had understood me • Not true in the future • S+ wish(es) + S + would + V1 • S + wish(es) + S + wouldn’t + V1 • Ex: What a pity! She won’t come with us tomorrow • We wish she would come with us tomorrow Exercises • The weather is awful today • I wish……… • She doesn’t meet her friend in the park • I wish……… • The student can’t finish this exercise • I wish……… • We had a lot of mistake in the test • I wish……… • She is very ill today • I wish she (be)………… tomorrow • The last night movie was very bad • She wishes she it …………… better (were, weren’t, had been, hadn’t been) • She isn’t at the party • I wish she……… here • I am sorry I am late for school • I wish……… Prepositions • Preposition of time: after, at, before, behind, by, during, for, from, in, on (upon), since, through (out), toward (s), until, till, within… • In: trước buổi ngày, tháng, năm, mùa, địa danh, đất nước • On: trước ngày tháng, trươc ngày tuần • Ở trên: on TV • Vào kỳ nghỉ: On holiday/On a trip • Đi bộ: On foot • Tự kiếm sống: Living on my own • At: thời gian, nơi chốn, dịp lễ • Lúc giờ: At o’clock/By o’clock • Tại sân bay: At the airport • Vào độ tuổi: at the age of • Lúc bắt đầu/lúc cuối: At the beginning of/At the end of… • At school, at work, at home, at night, at christmas • Preposition of place: about, above, across, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, by, in, off, on (upon), over, through, to, toward(s) under, within, without… • Preposition of cause, reason, motive: at, for, from , of, on, over, through, with (vì, do, ) • Preposition of aim or purpose: after (theo), for (vì), on (vào), to (cho)… Reported speech • Câu tường thuật (câu gián tiếp): kể cho nghe người khác nói nói Cách chuyển: • Lặp lại động từ giới thiệu SAY chuyển sang TELL SAY có bổ túc từ gián tiếp ( dạng SAY TO + Object ) • Dùng liên từ THAT thay cho dấu hai chấm, sau bỏ dấu ngoặc kép Chuyển đại từ nhân xưng tính từ sở hữu , cần thiết tùy theo nghĩa câu Ví dụ : I -> He/She ; me -> his , her Nếu động từ giới thiệu câu nói đơn, thay đổi đại từ tính từ cho phù hợp • Ex: “I’m trying to get a taxi” Tom says to Mary • Tom tells Mary that he is trying to get a taxi • Nếu động từ giới thiệu câu nói trực tiếp dạng khứ chuyển sang câu tường thuật , động từ câu tường thuật thay đổi theo quy luật sau • am, is, are was, were • V1/s/es V2/ed • Can could • May might • Will would • Shall should • Must had to • Don’t/doesn’t didn’t • Has/have had • V2/Ved had Ved/3 • Đổi đại từ nhân xưng: ngơi theo subject • I she/he/I • My her/ his/ my • Me her/him/me • We they • Our/us their/them • Ex: He said that “ I have lost my umbrella” • He said that he had lost his umbrella • Các đại từ nhân xưng tính từ sở hữu ngơi thứ ba không đổi: he, him, his, she, her, they, them, their • Ex: He said that “They went to school yesterday” • He said that they had gone to school the day before • Chỉ định hạn từ (demonstrative determiners) • This that • These • Here those there • Today that day • Yesterday the day before, the previous day • Tomorrow the next day, the following day • Now then • Next week the following week • Last month • A year ago the previous month a year before • The day before yesterday :two days before • The day after tomorrow: in two day’s time • “Please as I said”, he told us • He asked us to as he had said • “Don’t argue with your parents, please”, I said • I asked them not to argue with their parents • “Do you know this man?” she said to them • She asked them if/whether they knew that man • “Why don’t you like pop music?” he asked me • He asked me why I didn’t like pop music Bài tập Change the following sentences into reported speech: • I said to her “ I have something to give you” • • The thief ordered the landlady “Open the safe immediately, please.” • • He asked me “Does she go shopping with you?” • • They asked me “How much milk did you buy?” • • “Nothing grows in my garden It never gets any sun,” she said • • “I am going away tomorrow, mother” he said • • “It isn’t foggy today as it was yesterday,” I remarked • • He said, “My wife has just bought a new house.” • • “I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready”, she said to me • • “You can keep that book if you like it, Ann” I said • • “I know exactly what they said,” he told me • • She said, “My father will take me to Da Lat next week” • • “I had an English lesson this evening,” said the small boy • • “I wrote to him on Sunday,” she said to me • • “If you press this button, you can hear the songs,” she said to me • • “If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine,” he said to me • • “Why don’t you like pop music?” he asked me • • “Where were you last night, Peter?” My father asked • • “Are there any stadium near the school?” they asked me Inversion • What are you looking for? • Are you reading the magazine? • I’m very hungry So is he • • We don’t like beer Neither they Một số trạng từ đưa lên đầu câu để nhấn mạnh chúng theo sau trợ động từ chủ ngữ (đảo ngữ) • Under no circumstances can we cash the cheques • At no time was the President aware of what was happening • Not until much later did she learn who her real father was • Hardly had I arrived when trouble started • Seldom have I seen such an interesting film • Little did he realize the danger he faced • Never does she behave like that • Only then did I understand what she meant • Only after her death did I recognize she was my mother • Not only did we lose our money but we were nearly killed • Not a single word did she say • On no condition are they to fire • In no case can you come out of the room • Trong câu điều kiện đảo were had lên trước chủ ngữ bỏ chữ if • If I were a billionaire, I would buy that castle • Were I a billionaire, I would buy that castle • Had we not spent all the money already, we would have lent you some Expression of quantity • Most pupils are fond of picture books • Most beer is very cheap but some beer is expensive • Most of them are intelligent • Many=a large number of (friends) • Much = a few number of (money) • A few oranges (some) • Few: friends (hardly many) • A little : beer (not much) • Little: time (hardly any) • None of this money is mine • Some of the people at the party were very friendly • All of us live in London • Half of them moved to New York last month • Neither of the children want (s) to go to bed • Both Tom and Ann were late • Neither he nor she comes here • Someone wants to see you • Is anybody there? Comparison of adjective • So sánh (comparison of equality) • S1 + V + Adj/Adv+As+S2+V+O • She is as tall as her mother • I drive as carefully as he does/him • So sánh (inferiority) • S1+V+not + as/so+adj/adv+As+S2+V+O • S1+V+Less+Long adj/adv • She is not as tall as her mother • He drives less carelessly than she does • So sánh (comparative) • S1+V+short adj-er+than+S2+V+O • short adv-er • Ex: He is taller than me • He types faster than me • S1+V+More+Long+adj/adv+than+S2+V+O • I drive more carefully than him • So sánh nhất: superlative • S+V+ the short adj-est+in/of+noun phrase • the most Long adj • Ex: He is the fastest worker in my company • Tom is the most careless driver that I’ve ever known Irregular adjective • Good/well better best • Bad/badly worse worst • Many/much most more • Little less • Old older/elder oldest/eldest • Far least farther/further farthest/furthest • So sánh kép • The+short adj/adv-er +S+V, The+ short adj/adv-er+S +V • The+more long adj/adv+S+V, The more long adj/adv +S+V • The warmer the weather is, the better I feel • The earlier we leave, the sooner we arrive