xii NGHt 0AT VA NGUOI KHUN CHIiJiNC BAN ANH HBNG GA / S l THI THAI HAC SAC SirU TAM a NGHt AN GS TSKH Plian Dang Nhat I MO DAU 1 Thuat ngir anh hung ca/su thi Trudc Cach mang Thang Tam, de chi cac tac[.]
xii NGHt - 0AT VA NGUOI KHUN CHIiJiNC - BAN ANH HBNG GA / S l THI THAI HAC SAC SirU TAM a NGHt AN GS.TSKH Plian Dang Nhat I MO DAU Thuat ngir: anh ca/su thi Trudc Cach mang Thang Tam, de chi cac tac pham nhu Iliad, Odixe, Ramayana , cac nha khoa hpe thudng diing thuat ngif anh hiing ca Thuc thuat ngtf chinh xae vi nd phan anh dugc hai dae diem ea ban cua loai hinh van hoa nghe thuat dang ban la: - Ve tinh chat ca ban: anh hiing; - Ve dien xudng: ca Sau dd, xuat hien hai thuat ngtf khae de chi eiing mdt ddi tugng: trudng ca va su thi "Trudng ea" bj phe phan la ma hd va gidi 6A.-.-*l f's**' fcaM:* ' KflQN GHtmNB' AflM HOMO CA THAI Sd 7/2011 khoa hgc khuyen khich viee dimg "su thi" De djnh nghTa sd thi, chiing tdi cd mdt bai viet dai 23 trang "Thupc tinh ea bdn ciia sir thi" *'', neu len thudc tinh thudc ve ba pham vi: ndi dung, tham my va hinh thuc Tac pham Khim Chucmg la su thi, theo nghTa chung Chung tdi da chung minh dieu bai viet dai 77 trang, d sach Khiin Chu&ng, anh hiing ca Thdi '^i Nhung rieng Khiin Chucmg, ngoai nhifng thudc tinhca ban chung ciia su thi, cdn cd nhtfng diem dac sac Vi vay, chiing tdi diing thuat ngii anh hiing ca Khi diing nhu the, chiing tdi mong dugc hieu rang Khiin Chucmg la mdt su thi ma la sur thi dac sac Day la trpng tam cua bai Qua trinh svu tam, khoi phuc Khdn Chu&ng Chiing tdi bat dau luu y den anh hiing ca Khim Chucmg a mien Tay Nghe An dpc ban ky yeu "Hpi thdo quoc te ldn thir nhdt ve cdc mat vdn hoc, lich sir vd vdn hod eita sir thi Thao Hiing - Thgo Chuang" td chirc tai Thai Lan Trong ky yeu cd nhae den dja danh "Cira Rao thupc vimg niii mien Tdy Nghe An " Tir thdng tin so luge dd, ehiing tdi khao sat suu tam d Quy Chau, dugc sir ung hd nhiet tinh cua Huyen uy, Uy ban nhan dan huyen Quy Chau, dae biet la cac ddng chi Bi thu Vi Van Ky, Chii tjch Phan Van My va sir hgp tae chat che eua cac cu, cac anh d Quy Chau Den sd cac vj dd cd ngudi da khdng cdn nifa Nhan day xin bay td ldng bidt on chan Cdng viee suu tam va nghien cifu, bien soan dugc tien hanh nam (2001-2005), trai qua nliieu klid khan, vat va, cudi ciing kjp chao mung Dai hdi Huyen Dang bd Quy Chau 2005 II DAC DIEM CHUNG Tom tat Khim Chu&ng hien dugc biet den cd tam chuang: - Khun Chdm xin - Cudi nang Am Pirn Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghd An (40] x u NGHE - OAT YA NGUOI - Danh Anh Ca, lay nang Ua Ca, Am Cai - Lay Nggm Mudn - Danh Pha Hudn - Chudc xae, hdn Chudng len trdi - Chudc tai - Diet mudng Noi dung phan anh ciia Khun Chu&ng Dac diem ca ban ve ndi dung cua sir thi la phan anh nhtfng van de Idn anh hudng den toan xa hdi Ddi vdi su thi thiet che xa hdi, ndi dung tren dugc cu the hoa bang ba nhiem vu anh hung: danh giae, lay vg va lam lung Khim Chu&ng ciing thuc hien ba nhiem vu tren a Ve ddnh giac Khun Chudng sinh de danh giac Thud cdn be, nhan ldi dau thai xudng tran gian lam ciia Khiin Chdm, chang da dat mdt nhtfng dieu kien eho viee xudng tran la vua cha phai cung cap vu de san sang danh giae Cha eon Chudng da tien hanh sau cudc chien tranh: danh Anh Ca, danh than Rdng, hai lan danh Pha Hudn, danh mudng Pan va danh Men Xdng Md dau cudc ddi chien ehinh d tran the cua Chudng la danh Anh Ca Ua Ca va Am Cai la hai cd gai dep eon bac Sam, quan he gia dinh vdi Chudng la chj gai va em trai Anh Ca cdn gpi la Tao Qua, tao ciia mudng Qua, dem quan sang uy hiep bae Sam, ddi lay hai nang Bac Sam cir ngudi di cau cuu Chudng Chang tuc gian keo quan sang danh Anh Ca thua Chudng dua hai nang ve mudng Ha Xai Cupc chidn tranh thu hai dien giifa Chudng va Pha Hudn Pha Hudn la then d mudng trdi thap cd nang gai rat xinh dep la Xi Da, cdn gpi la Cam Dat Chudng udc ao dugc cudi nang Xi Da lam vg nen cho ngudi than la Han Pai va Ai Quang den mudng Pha Hudn de dam hdi Trong biJa rugu, ngudi cua Pha Hudn la Xay Con qua chen, budng ldi xae xugc Quang, Han bd ve thua vdi Chudng Chang tuc gian keo quan di danh mudng Then Cudc chien dau xay ac liet Pha Hudn phai cau cuu cac then Cudi ciing Chudng tu tran Hdn Chudng ciing bay trieu quan linh Sd 7/2011 len trdi Dd tra thii, Chudng keo quan len danh then vin, then ChSng, then Na, then Vi, then Cha Cac then ddu thua Chudng lay tram nang tdc thom, ca kho vang kho bac, chiem toan bd mudng Lien Pan va giao cho Ai Quang tran giO Day la cudc chien tranh lan thir ba Chudng chu tri Hinh tupng Khun Chudng cd cdi ngudn sau xa tii' ljeh sir dan tdc Thai Qua trinh dn djnh dja ban cu tru cua ngudi Thai d Viet Nam (Tay Bae, Mai Chau, mien nili Thanh Nghe) la mdt qua trinh lau dai Tir di ehuyen den Viet Nam eho den dn djnh sy phan ranh gidi va vj the eae mudng d dja ban cu tru nay, ngudi Thai phai td chuc chien tranh lien tue vdi nhieu muc tieu va ddi tupng khae nhau: chdng chpi vdi tdc ngudi cu tru trudc, chdng chpi vdi lire lugng ddng tdc ddi djch de khuat phuc hp, dua vj tri cua chau mudng minh len eao han Nhu vay, de tai chien tranh su thi Khiin Chudng ehinh la sy phan anh ljeh sir chien tranh neu tren cua ngudi Thai b Ve lay vff Viec dau tien xudng tran, Chudng cudi nang Am Pirn, sau dd chien thang Anh Ca, lay hai nang Ua Ca, Am Cai, tiep theo la lay Nggm Mudn, danh Pha Hudn la de lay nang Cam Dat Chien tranh gianh lai phu nif, cudp phu nif su thi la sy phan anh mdt thyc te ljeh sir ed that ciia thdi cd dai Nhung sir thi la mdt sang tac van hpc nghe thuat nen da phdng dai sy that len nhieu lan, ve quy md, ve sd lugng va theo kieu ky vT hoa sy kien Tdm lai, ve ndi dung, Khiin Chucmg dien ta nhiem vu anh hiing sir thi, danh giae va lay vg mdt each ddi dao, phong phu va dae sac Ve tham my, Khiin Chu&ng la sy bieu hien pham trii tham my cac anh hiing ca d muc dp cao Vay, Khiin Chu&ng la ang anh hiing ea, hon nifa la anh hiing ca dae sac cua ngudi Thai, thudc tieu loai thiet ehe xa hdi, ben canh sir thi sang the Am et luong - Am it noi (Thai) III NHuivG NET DAC SAC Khun Chu&ng co ca hai hinh thirc lu"u truyen: bang mieng va bang chir viet a Ve luu truyen Sir thi Khiin Chucmg chii yeu dugc luu truyen va bao tdn bang mieng dudi hinh thirc dien xudng Ddng bao ggi la ldi hdp Khiin Chucmg Ldi la truyen ke, hdp la hat, ldi hdp la truyen hat Nhu vay quan niem cd truyen, ddng bao da phan biet kho tang tu su cua minh cd hai hinh thirc dien xudng, mdt phan dien xudng bang ke xudi, mdt phan dien xudng bang hat Va Khiin Chucmg dugc xep vao loai truyen hat Mdt nhtfng dac diem ve dien xudng eiia su thi la hat, Khiin Chucmg a trudng hgp Jhdng tin KH-CN Ngh$ An (4i] XIJ NGHE - OAT YA NGUOI Ngudi Thai vdn cd chii' viet tu lau ddi Ngudi Thai Quy Chau ciing cd chtf viet, mdt loai chif thudc he thdng chii' pali nhu chif Thai d nhieu viing Thai khae nudc va the gidi, ddng thdi cd mdt sd net rieng cua dja phuang Mac dau cd chtf va ddng bao cd ghi Khiin Chir&ng len giay va cat gitf (chinh may man nhd sach chif Thai cd ma chung tdi mdi cd can cu day du de phue hdi lai Khiin Chu&ng), nhien ddng bao chi diing chtf de giu' gin di san van hoa phi vat the ciia dan tdc Khi thudng thuc va luu truyen, ddng bao van diing hinh thuc dien xudng - hat Day la tinh hinh chung ciia nhieu su thi tren the gidi Sir thi Gesar ciia Tay Tang va Mdng Cd la mdt vi du Mac dau da cd van ban tir nhtfng nam 1716, cac nghe nhan dan gian hat sir thi Gesar van dupc cdng chung ham md Hp hat hoac khdng cd nhae dem, hoac vdi chiec dan luyt ddc dao Su thi Nhat Ban Heike Monogatari da dugc ghi tir ngudn truyen mieng vao sach cudi the ky XIII mdt bd gdm 13 tap Tuy nhien, truyen thdng hat ke ban su' thi van tiep dien Cho den nay, khap nai tren nudc Nhat, ngudi ta van dugc nghe cac nha tu hanh hat - ke Heike Monogatari vdi cay dan luyt day Khun Chu&ng khdng ngoai quy luat chung, dau dugc ghi chep vao sach vd nhung CO ban van duge luu truyen bang mieng dudi hinh thuc dien xudng hat - ke Dac diem truyen mieng dan den tinh dj ban Trong qua trinh suu tam chiing tdi da gap cac nghe nhan vdi cac dj ban d Chau Hanh, Chau Tien, Chau Thang Va cac viing nhu the lai ed dj ban cua cac nghe nhan: cu O, eu Chuang, dng Duyet, dng Han, cu Kinh, dng Tuyen, dng Ban, anh Ha Cae dj ban ay rat da dang nhung thdng nhat, dai ddng tieu dj Nhd dd chiing tdi da lap lai dugc Sd 7/2011 cau triic de phue hdi Khim Chu&ng va dugc mgi ngudi thdng qua, chap nhan Mac dau cd chif, ngudi ta khdng tim thay tac gia ciia Khun Chu&ng Nhtfng ngudi chii sach deu nhan la ghi lai ciia ngudi trudc "Ngudi trudc" dd chinh la tap the dan tdc Thai Rat de phan biet su thi Khun Chu&ng ciia ngudi Thai vdi su thi Dam San ciia ngudi Ede, De ddt de nu&c ciia ngudi Mudng, Tewa Mimo ciia ngudi Cham, Dydng cua ngudi Bana, Otnrong ciia ngudi Ma Ndng Trong su thi Chucmg CLia ngudi Thai cung de phan biet Chtrang Han ciia ngudi Thai - Tay Bac, Thgo Himg -Thgo Chucmg ciia ngudi Thai Lao va Khim Chu&ng ciia ngudi Thai - Quy Chau Nhu the vua cd san pham ciia dan tdc, viia cd san pham cua viing dan tdc, eiing vdi tac gia tap the ciia chiing (tac gia dan tdc va viing dan tdc) Vay, lau ndi tac gia vd danh ciing chua that hoan toan chinh xae b Ve dien xu&ng Ngoai hinh thuc dien xudng chinh vdi ten gpi la ldi hdp cd nghTa la truyen hat nhu tren da ndi, Khiin Chucmg edn dugc dien xudng bang hinh thiic mua: Xe Chuong (mua Chuong) va khde: Hay Chirong (khde Chuang) Viec mua va khde dugc dien xudng nghi le Ky xa (se dugc trinh bay tiep theo) Anh hu'dng cua than thoai va nghi le a Khun Chu&ng thu hut manh me thdn thoai Thdi vdo minh Trong quan niem vii tru eua ngudi Thai, the gidi cd tang theo chieu thang dirng tu cao xudng thap Cao nhat la mudng Trdi, mudng Pha, edn ggi la mudng Then, nai eu ngu cua cac Then (tam ggi la thien than) Xudng phia dudi, sat nai vdm trdi la the gidi ciia Diin xydng anh ca Khun Chu'dng a xa Chau Hanh (Quy Chau, Nghe An) Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghd An (42] x u NGHE - OAT YA NGUOI cac vj td tien Cae vj ngu d cdi rieng gpi la cac ddm, gdm cd dam hudn luung va dam hudn ngi (dam nha ldn va dSm nha be) Xudng dudi mudng Pha la mudng Liim, mudng tran gian Dudi dat la mudng Bope Dai, the gidi ciia nhifng ngudi ti hon, chi ldn bSng cdi gia trau Hp cung lao ddng san xuat, \ky vg lay chdng, d mudng ban Mpi mat gidng nhu tran gian Hp khdng anh hudng gi den chiing ta, tieu cue ciing nhu tich cue The gidi tang ciia ngudi Thai rat phuc hgp, da dang Trong pham vi muc nay, chiing tdi chi gidi thieu the gidi th§n linh d mudng Then ma chiing tdi thu thap tir anh hting ca Khiin Chucmg Trong bai viet xin khdng nhae lai day la mudng Then dugc riit tir Khiin Chudng Mudng Then cd tang, tang trdi th4p va tang trdi cao * Tang tr&i thap Dudi tang trdi thap la xai, tire la mudng tran gian Ha xai ngan each vdi tang trdi thap bdi mdt cay gd to chan ngang phan chia ranh gidi, ggi la hdn ken Ai da budc qua day thi khdng quay trd lai dugc Chinh nai day doan ngudi Chudng dan dau di xudng tran: "Chat mpt qudi vdt hien Cdc ndng sa chgy tdn logn moi ngu&i mpt ngd " Tiep den la Tdn That, Pu Ddi, Ddng Cu Sau dd la mdt mudng ldn, mudng Tiim Vang, nai trj vi eiia Then Din, tiic la Pha Hudn - ngudi da chien dau quyet liet vdi Khim Chudng va da sat Chudng nai canh ddng Na Khang thudc dja phan Tum Vang Di len ntfa la Hudng Xao (san chai ciia gai) Tiep theo la mdt tram nghi chan, Pac Xa La Pan Npi (Lien Pan Npi) Phia tren la mdt mudng Idn nifa Dd la mudng Pan Ai Quang - tudng than can ciia Chudng - trj vi dng len trdi (Trong Mo Khuon-mo chieu hon cua ngudi Thai Tay Bac cd ndi den mudng Khun Chudng - Ai Quang: - Ta len v&i chitm hoa rieng Id vdng Mu&ng Khun Chu&ng Ai Quang Vdo cira tdi xe chi Vdo cira gioi ben gai ^^') * Tdng tr&i eao O day cd nhieu ao Idn Ngng Xang, Npng Udng la nai Khun Chudng da thir sire Sd 7/2011 bing each bat rong Chudng ndi: Chung ta len Nong Xdng bdt rong/ De xem thir loc tr&i cho xuong/ Cai qudn mu&ng trdn gi&i duac khong Ngoai ao rdng, cdn cd Nong U Lue - U La, Nong Hanh Cdp Cam (nai cd eon ech an mat trang): Ech dn trdng, ng ddng go mo/ Gdi go chdy ciru lay ndng trdng Mdt thang canh ndi tieng la Pha Bun, Xudn Cudi Mudng Pha (Len Ldc, vudn chudi mudng trdi) Day la nai trai gai thir duyen sd, cd nhieu hang ddng ky thii: Pha Dai, Pha Ke, Pha Man, Pha Myn Tyt Tif, Pha Cang Pha Npi, Pha Diia Ngpm Mudn va Khun Chudng eung den nai day, eiing cac chang trai cd gai xin Idc, thu sd De thu, mpi ngudi phai lay qua cau, man, hoac tning nem vao mdt cai chieng xoay tit: "Di qua ddy xem chieng l&n/ Xoay tit mil khong dimg mpt gidy/ Ta dimg xa nem lu ndm giira/ Ai nem sai chiu ldm day t&/ Nem trimg tim ldm tgo cai mudng " May man thay, Khiin Chu&ng da nem diing tim chieng: Chucmg nem triing vdo tim giira/ Tieng chieng ngdn bay bong len tr&i/ Ong Then Tanh nhd tr&i nghe tieng/ Tieng chieng ngdn bay bong do " Sau thir ldc, Chudng duge ldc "lam tao cai mudng" Tiep theo Chudng eiing Ngpm Mudn len "thu duyen chim en" Cach thu la xe day that vdng, gia len eao, en se lieng den va bj that lai Neu dugc en xanh thi se gap vg chua ngoa, en chan den gap vg ghen tudng Khun Chudng bat dugc en chan dd thep vang, se gap ngudi vg: "Ve den nhd thdy ndng don dd Viee gia dinh sdp xep ddm dang", dd ehinh la nang Nggm Mudn Nai eao nhat, dinh trdi la nai ngu eua then Ludng (edn ggi la Pii Cam) va cac then dudi quyen dng nhu: then thao, then vi, then Na, then Ldm, then BSu, then Chang Day la chdn eao nhat eiia Lien Pan Ludng d cdi thugng tang cd mudng Pha Phi, nai trj vi cua ba Chi La (Than Lira) Ba cd ddi mat phdng lira, nggn lira dd se ddt chay mudn vat Tao Hiing dugc Pii Cam gidi thieu den gap ba, suyt bi thieu chay, may ma thoat dugc day cd mudng Men Xdng la nai cd cudc song sung sudng, mdt xa hdi ly tudng, la cay rung ea, com, ngudi khdng gia, ao mac mai vin mdi: "Mu&ng Men Xong ddt rpng ngu&i dong/ Mu&ng dy Id cdy rung thdnh cd/ Ld xdng rung thdnh com/ Ngu&i khong gid cd d&i dep mdi/ Ao khong phai, m&i mdi khong s&n " Cd canh son^ tot dep nhu vay, nhung mudng Men Xdng rat khd den, vi phai qua mpt sdng dtf "nam Jhdng tin KH-CN Ngh$ An (43] XIJ NGHE - OAT YA NGUOI c4t lech, cat tong" (sdng cat sat cat ddng.) Mpi thu qua day deu bj cSt dut, tru vang va bac Do dd mudn qua sdng, bd Khun Chudng phai xin Pu Cam bac cau vang cau bac de qua b Khun Chu&ng duac ngu&i Thdi chuyen thdnh nghi le - ky xa Ky xa la le hdi ldn ciia cae dng mo mdt, thudng duge td chuc 2, nam mdt lan Cung nhu nhieu le ciia cac mo then khae, ky xa, theo quan niem cua nhan dan la ta an am binh cua dng mo Ddng thdi mdi lan lam ky xa, dng mo lai dugc thang mdt cap (vi vay cd nai gpi la le cap sac) Ky xa gdm 27 tiet mue (theo Luang San Han), vi du nhu: mua khai hdi, chdng nha, quet nha, trai chieu, ddng cpc cdt voi Trong sd muc tryc tiep lien quan den Khun Chudng la muc thu 11, khde Chudng (hay Chudng) Khun Chudng dugc tdn siing la mdt ngudi anh hiing cua dan tdc, bach chien bach thang Vi vay le Idn, huy ddng nhieu am binh can cd anh hiing Chudng de dieu binh khien tudng*'*' Trong le ky xa, ngudi ta dien man khde Chudng ciia anh hiing ca Khun Chu&ng Chudng dugc chudc xae tu chien trudng Tiim Vang dem ve que Tat ea dan mudng ban deu dau ddn keu gao khde ldc Ndi dung tren dugc "san khau hoa" man khde Chudng Trong man mo chu an mac chinh te, dau dpi khan dd, mac ao le eiia dan tdc, mdt dng mo dpc ldi mdi Chudng Khi dpc hdt doan thi hdn Chudng nhap vao mo chu, dng chet, nga xudng giifa cd gai tem trau, hai cd dd lay Chudng Luc bay gid dng mo "hay Chudng" (khde Chudng) an mac chinh te, dau dpi khan theu, tay chdng guam, dung hat bai khde Chudng (trich doan dau chuang Danh Pha Hudn, ph4n Xdn Chang 6m cua anh himg ca Khim Chuorig): "Cu cu&m gdy ngon ednh da/ Chim muong vo-ednh ve nai rimg gid/ Hiu hiu ednh chieu td Nhin len ngon nui suang dd trdng phau/ Tieng dieu odn dem thdu/ Keu tren dong vdng, noi dau chgnh long/ Het doan quy djnh, dng hat: "Day di Chu&ng ai!/ Tdm gpi di, mdu ddo tu&i!" Nghe den dd, Chudng dung day, mdi tay cam mdt guam, mieng hd "Chem! Chem" Mgi ngudi mung vui thang Igi, cdng chieng ndi len Tat ca cac dng mo va cac cd gai dimg day miia vui, dieu mua Chudng (xai Chudng) quanh vd rugu can ba vdng Sau dd, hieu cong thu quan ndi len, tat ca trd ve vj tri udng rugu, nghi ngoi Tiep theo la cac man dien ke tiep *^' IV KET LUAN, KIEN NGHI Ddng bao Thai mien Tay Nghe An da luu gitf mdt mdt ban anh himg ca dac sac ma chiing ta cd the danh gia nhu James R.Chamberlain viet ve ngudi anh em sinh ddi ciia Khun Chudng (Thao Hiing - Thao Chuang): "Co the xep vdo hdng nhiing kiet tdc the gi&i, tucmg duong v&i cdc sir thi Hy Lap cua Homer - Uiat, Oditxe, hodc edc sir thi An Dp Ramayana vd Mahabharata " '^'i Ngoai gia trj tren, Khim Chucmg lai cd nhtfng diem dae sac rieng ve luu truyen, dien xudng va cd mdi quan he rat khang kbit vdi than thoai va nghi le De bao tdn va phat huy ban anh hiing ca dac sac nay, de nghj tinh Nghe An va cac viing Thai cd chinh sach tdn vinh Khim Chu&ng, tri hoat ddng dien xudng nd dan gian va dua vao day trudng hoe./ Chu thich '" Phan Dang Nhat: Thuoc tinh ca ban ciia sic thi Tap chi van hoa dan gian, so 3-2003, tr.3-23 ''* Phan Dang Nhat (chu bien), Vi Van Ky (c6 vdn): Khun Chudng anh hiing ca Thdi NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, H.2005, xem Bai nghien cifu, tr 13-90 ''' Vucmg Trung suu tim va djch : Mo Khuon, NXB Van hoa dan tpc, H 1999, tr, 156 ''"'Trong il Kin chieng bok may cua dong bao Thai a Thanh Hoa, vai tro cua nhan vat Chucmg quSn xuySn cac tiSt m^ic cua ll Chucmg la to su cua ong mo, nhap vao ong mo, hoac bh tay, hoat dpng xuyen su6t tir "Danh thifc Chucmg", qua 23 tiet muc, ma muc cuoi cimg 14 Chuong ve troi Cac tilt myc la Danh thirc Chucmg, Chucmg soi hoa, Chucmg hai hoa, Chucmg phi ngya, Chucmg mcfi thin giQ- liia, Chucmg dpc chiJ, Chuong thoi khen be, Nguoi Xa din cam orn Chucmg, Ngucfi Lao din cim om Chucmg, nguM Kinh den cam cm Chucmg , Chucmg vl troi (Ll tuc Kin chieng b6k may cua dan tpc Thai, sAch Ll tyc li hpi truyin th6ng xif Thanh, Le Huy Tram, Hoang Anh Nhan, NXB Van hoa dan tpc, H, 2001, tr 102-129) ''' Tai lieu cy Lang Son Han cung cap '^'James R.Chamberlain: A critical framework for the study of Thao Houng Thao Cheuang ed Sumitr Pitiphat, Bangkok; Thammasat University, Thai Khadi research Institute, 1998, p.l Sd 7/2011 Jhdng tin KH-CN Ngh$ An (44]