Api dr 225 1998 scan (american petroleum institute)

American Petroleum Institute `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - REMEDIATION OF A FRACTURED ' CLAY TILLUSINGAIRFLUSHING: FIELDEXPERIMENTS AT SARNIA, ONTARIO T HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NUMBER DR 225 OCTOBER 1998 Cosponsored by , The United States Department of Energy Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS STD.API/PETRO PUBL D R 2 - E N G L 1778 Not for Resale I I 0732270 O 2 = STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 1998 - E 0732290 ObL224L 58T I - American Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - MISSION The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve lhe compatibility of our operations with the environmcnt while economically developing energy Tesources and supplying high quality preducts and services to consumers .We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage oyr businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-eflective management practices: PRINCIPLES o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations o To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public o To make safety, health and envirpnmental considerations a priority in our piinning, and our development of new products and processes o To advise promptly, apprdpriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, p d to recommend protective measures e To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials o To economically develop and produce natural resouices and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently o To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materiais, products, processes and waste materials ' - - i o o I To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations o To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment l o Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ,To'promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes Not for Resale - STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 2 - E N G L 1778 E 0732270 Ob122Y2 416 E REMEDIATION OF A FRACTURED CLAY TILL USINGAIR FLUSHING: FIELDEXPERIMENTS AT SARNIA, ONTARIO Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER DR 225 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: RICHARD L JOHNSON DIANEE GRADY OREGON GRADUATE INSTITUTE FOR GROUNDWATER RESEARCH CENTER BEAVERTON, OREGON `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - OCTOBER 1998 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 2 - E N G L 1998 H 0732290 0632243 352 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULAmONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT All rights reserved No part of this work m q be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publishei: Contact the publishel; API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N W ,Washington,D.C 20005 Copyright Q 1998 American Petroleum institute iii `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D = A P I / P E T R O PUBL D R 2 - E N G L 3998 = 0732290 Ob32244 299 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT N I STAFF CONTACT Harley Hopkins, Health and Environmental Sciences Department `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - MEMBERS OF THE THE SOIL AND GROUNDWATER TECHNICAL TASK FORCE & MEMBERS OF THE GW-30 PROJECT TEAM R Edward Payne, Mobil Oil Corporation (Project Team Leader) Vaughn Berkheiser, Amoco Corporation Tim Buscheck, Chevron Research and Technology Company Steve deAlbuquerque, Phillips Petroleum Company Lesley Hay Wilson, BP Oil Company Bob Hochan, Amoco Corporation Victor J Kremesec, Amoco Corporation Al Liguori, Exxon Research and Engineering Company Jeff Meyers, Conoco, Inc John Pantano, ARCO Exploration and Production Technology Adolfo Silva, Petro-Canada, Inc David Soza, Pennzoil Company Terry Walden, BP Oil Company The following individuals and organizations provided hancial and technical support to this project: Alex Lye, Water Technology International Corporation, Groundwater and Soil Remediation Program (GASReP) U.S Department of Energy, Subcon Focus Area: Jef Walker, DOE; Skip Chamberland, DOE; Bob Siegrist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Colorado School of Mines (bioremediation assessment); and Larry Murdoch, Clemson University (hydraulic fracturing) iv Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D m A P I I P E T R O P U B L DR 225-ENGL 1778 W 0732270 0622245 L25 = Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES- I INTRODUCTION A Background B Objectives C Experimental Approach D Overview II OVERVIEW OF IN SITU REMEDIATION OF LOW-PERMEABILITY SOIL III DESCRIPTION OF THE SARNIA FIELD SITE A Overview B Site Geology IV CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR LNAPL DISTRIBUTION IN A LOWPERMEABILITY SOIL AND POTENTIAL IMPACT ON 11 GROUNDWATER A LNAPL Distribution 11 B Microbiological Activity 13 16 C Water Flow D Air Flow 16 V APPLICATION OF AIR FLUSHING TECHNOLOGIES IN LOWPERMEABILITY SOILS 17 VI EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TECHNIQUES 19 A Cell Construction 19 B Controlled Gasoline Release 19 19 C Vapor ExtractiodAir Sparging System Vapor Monitoring and Air Sparging Well Design 19 23 Trench Design Vertical Vapor Extraction Well Design 24 Pumping Equipment 24 D Soil Vapor Monitoring and Analysis 27 E Soil Coring and Analysis 27 F Hydraulic Fracturing 29 G Microbiological Sampling and Analysis 29 H Water Levels Following the Gasoline Release 29 VI1 DETERMINATION OF AIR PERMEABILITY AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY .33 VI11 SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION FROM THE TRENCHES 41 A Pressure and Air Flow Measurements 41 B Hydrocarbon Recovery 44 Mass Removal in Extracted Vapor 44 Mass Removal in Extracted Water 52 C Water Levels and Soil Temperatures 52 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 225-ENGL 3778 0732290 0b3224b Ob3 m IX SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION FROM VERTICAL WELLS 59 A Pressure and Air Flow Measurements 59 B Hydrocarbon Recovery 59 X AIR SPARGING RESULTS 71 A Pressure and Air Flow Measurements 71 B Hydrocarbon Recovery .71 XI EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING 75 A Water Removal 75 B Hydrocarbon Recovery 79 XII MASS BALANCE ANALYSIS 81 A Soil Core Analyses 81 Pre-Remediation (July, 1993) Distribution of the Contaminants 81 Post First Season (October, 1993) Distribution of the Contaminants 81 Pre-Second Season (June, 1994) Distribution ofthe Contaminants 86 Final Soil (June, 1995) Distribution of the Contaminants 88 B Biodegradation Measurements 98 XII1 VOLATILIZATION FLUX EXPERIMENTS 101 XIV SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 109 X V REFERENCES 113 APPENDIX A: HYDRAULIC FRACTURING A-1 APPENDIX B: BIODEGRADATION MEASUREMENTS B-1 APPENDIX C: SOILS DATA C-1 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D - A P I / P E T R O PUBL DR 225-ENGL 1778 0732270 Ob12247 T T D Figure Location of the study site relative to Sarnia, Ontario .8 Figure Schematic drawing of dissolution and diffusion of hydrocarbons in a fractured porous medium , , , .13 Figure Estimated percent initial mass remaining in the fractures as a function of time (gasoline release, day O, to start of remediation, day 300) for the base case numerical diffusion model 15 Figure Schematic drawing of contamination of a sandy aquifer by an overlying fractured clay , 16 Figure Schematic plan view of the cell and the extraction trenches 20 Figure Schematic section view of the release of gasoline into the experimental ce11 20 Figure Schematic "as built" diagrams for the a) vapor monitoring and b) sparge points ., .22 Figure Plan view of the cell showing the locations of the vapor monitoring and 23 sparge wells Figure Schematic "as built" diagrams of the SVE extraction trenches 25 Figure 1O Plan view of the cell showing the locations of the extraction trenches and vertical extraction wells 26 Figure 11 Block drawing ofthe analysis system 28 Figure 12 Cross-section view of the experimental cell showing the locations of the trenches, wells, hydrofracture and the hydrocarbon plume 30 Figure 13 Plan view of the test cell showing the locations of the sampling trenches and .31 the specific sample locations Figure 14 Water table depths measured inside and outside the test cell for the time of release to the initiation of remediation (-10 months) 32 Figure 15 Plan view of cell showing the locations of the wells used for effective porosity and air permeability tests 34 Figure 16 Schematic drawing of the results of the pneumatic pumping tests, including the general orientation ofthe fracture network 35 Figure 17 Schematic setup for the effective porosity tracer tests 38 Figure 18 Effective porosity tracer test breakthrough curve as a function for volume for the test from P3 to P Area units on the y-axis relate to concentration 39 Figure 19 Distribution of soil vacuum during extraction with the positive displacement (PD) blower from both trenches at 25 scfm 42 Figure 20 Breakthrough of SF6 injected at point C-9 Each cycle on the x-axis represents 10 minutes Travel time between the injection well to the trench is interpreted to be hour minutes 43 Figure SVE off-gas concentrations (g/m') of benzene and toluene during the 1993 field season SVE operating conditions are indicated along the top of the figure 45 Figure 22 Cumulative mass of hydrocarbons recovered (kg) during operation in the 1993 field season and the SVE conditions , 46 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - List of Figures S T D - A P I I P E T R O P U B L DR 2 - E N G L II798 D 0732290 ObII2248 734 = Figure 23 Mass recovery of isooctane TCE toluene and benzene and the SVE operating conditions during the 1993 field season 48 Figure 24 Fraction of mass recovered for each of the NAPL components in 1993 49 Figure 25 Mass ratios of MTBE and isooctane to TCE in the offgas and the SVE operating conditions during the 1993 field season 50 Figure 26 Mass ratios of MTBE to isooctane and isooctane to MTBE in the offgas and the SVE operating conditions during the 1993 field season 51 Figure 27 Water levels in monitoring wells MW-1 and MW-2 along with rainfall data during the 993 field season 54 Figure 28 Water levels in monitoring wells MW-1 and MW-2 during the 1993 field season 55 Figure 29 a) Mass removed and b) water levels inside the test cell as a function of time during the 1993 field season 56 Figure 30 Water removed during extraction as a function of time during the 1993 field season 57 Figure Soil temperature profiles during the 1993 field season Figure 32 Vacuum distribution during extraction fiom the W-wells using the liquid ring (LR) pump 60 Figure 33 Vacuum distribution during extraction fiom the W-wells using the positive displacement (PD) pump 61 Figure 34 Air flow from the W-wells as determined by helium tracer tests 62 Figure 35 Total hydrocarbon concentrations in the offgas during the 1994 field season 63 Figure 361 Offgas concentrations of TCE, MTBE and isooctane during the 1994 field season 65 Figure 37 Offgas concentrations of benzene and toluene during the 1994 field season 66 Figure 38 Ratios of offgas concentrations of TCE, benzene and isooctane to toluene measured in the 1994 field season 67 Figure 39 a) Masses of individual compounds recovered during the 1994 field season, b) Fractions of masses of each compound recovered during the 1994 field season .68 Figure 40 Cumulative mass recovered during the 1994 field season 69 Figure 41 Total mass of each compound in the spill mix release, removed in 1993 and 70 removed in 994 Figure 42 Vacuum distribution during extraction from the trenches using the positive displacement (PD) pump while sparging at AS-3 72 Figure 43 SVE offgas concentrations during air sparging as a function of time 74 Figure 44 Rate of water recovery from the trenches and hydrofiacture during the 1994 field season 76 Figure 45 Cumulative water recovery for the 994 field season .77 Figure 46 Water levels in monitoring wells MW-1 and MW-2 along with rainfall data during the 1994 field season 78 Figure 47 Water levels in MW-2 (inside test cell) and rate of water recovery during the 1994 field season 79 Figure 48 Pre-remediation (July, 1993) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at fi (90 cm) below ground surface (GRO analysis by Kemron Lab) 82 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 1998 2 0612249 870 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Figure 49 Plan view of the cell showing the locations of the soil cores collected at the close of the 1993 field season 83 Figure 50 Post first season (Oct., 1993) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at ft (90 cm) below ground surface (GRO analysis by Kemron Lab) 84 Figure Pre-second season (June, 1994) hydrocarbon concentration (mgkg) at ft (90 cm) below ground surface (GRO analysis by Kemron Lab) 87 Figure 52 Scatter plot showing Kemron GRO analyses vs OGI GCMS totals 89 Figure 53 GCMS-based GRO vertical soil concentration profiles (mgkg) for the north and south trenches , 91 Figure 54 Estimated initial mass distribution based on the naphthalene distribution (mgkg) 93 Figure 55 Percent of initial mass remaining in the soil based on estimated initial distribution and the final GCMS soils analysis 94 Figure 56 Schematic drawing of the a) location and b) dimensions of the soil volatilization chamber .102 Figure 57 Soil concentrations around the flux chamber for benzene, TCE and MTBE hydrocarbons (mg/kg) , 103 Figure 58 Soil concentrations around the flux chamber for isooctane, toluene and total hydrocarbons (mg/kg) ., 104 Figure 59 Barometric pressure data for July * and 6* 1995 at Sarnia,Ontario .108 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 225-ENGL 9 As4 e ' I D 0732290 Ob32434 L O D Aso Scale Legend `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - I U - A p m 115 AS Air sparging well Trench sample location - IW Gasoline injection weil MW-Groundwater monitoring well Measured concenb-ation mag Interpreted contour line Figure C15 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 30 cm below ground surface (GRO andysis by OGI GCMS) C-15 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale PUBL DR 225-ENGL 199B STD.API/PETRO 0732290 0632435 046 N i5 i: 8* Scale Zm `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - O Legend o AS - Air spargingwell A Trench sample location A Iw - Gasoline injection well m MW-GrO~ndwater monitoring well 11s Measured concentration mg/kg Interpretedcontour line Figure C 16 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg)at 45 cm below ground surface (GRO analysis by OGI GCMS) (2-16 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD-APIIPETRO P U B L DR 225-ENGL 1778 m 2 Ob32436 T ~~ AS4 AS- Scale ‘S Legend o AS - Air sparging well Trench sample location IW - Gasoline injection well m M W Groundwater monitoring well 11s Measured concentration mg/kg - _ _ -Interpreted contour line A A - Figure C17 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 60 cm below ground surface (GRO analysis by OGI G C N S ) C-17 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - m S T D - A P I I P E T R O PUBL D R 225-ENGL I1998 0732290 Ob32437 930 = `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - i AS-4 O N AS-1 e I Scale Legend o A A f II5 AS - Air sparging well Trench sample location ïW Gasoline injection well - MW-Groundwater monitoring well M~ured~~~Wb'ath i e AS-5 e AS-2 mg/kg -_ Interpretedcontour line Figure C18 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 75 cm below ground surface (GRO analysis by OGI GCMS) (2-18 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL D R 225-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob32438 N I Scale o I 2m Legend o A - AS Air sparging well Trench sample location IW Gasoline injection well h4W - Groundwater monitoring well - Measured concentration mg/kg Interpreted contour line Figure C19 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 90 cm below ground surface (GRO analysis by OGI GCíMS) c-19 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - P U B L DR 2 - E N G L 1998 M 2 0632439 793 Mw-1 f Scale a I lia Legend AS - Air sparging well Trench sample location A IW Gasoline injectionwell o A - MW-Groundwater monitoring well 115 Measured conmintion mgncg Interpreted contour line Figure C20 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 105 cm below ground surface (GROanalysis by OGI GCMS) c-20 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - STD.API/PETRO `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 225-ENGL 1998 W 0732290 Ob12440 405 W MW-1 N Scale Il 2m Legend o AS Air sparging well A Trench sample location A IW Gasoline injection well m MW-Groundwater monitoring well 115 Measured concentration mag Interpreted contour line - - o As-5 AS-2 -_ Figure C21 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 120 cm below ground surface (GRO analysis by OGI GCMS) c-21 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL D R 225-ENGL 1998 m 0732290 O b L Y Y L 391 m i , ' C C i e ; 2m AS - Air spargingwell A Trench sample location #( Mw-Groundwater monitoringwell Meanired concentration A IW - Gasoline injectionwell Interpreted contour line Figure C22 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg)at 30 cm below ground surface (totaJ hydrocarbon analysis by OGI GCMS) c-22 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - I Legend 11s !.si Scale Il ~ ~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L D R 225-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob12LtLtZ 288 Scale ( Legend o AS - Air sparging well A Trench sample location A 1W - Gasoline injection well m M W - Groundwater monitoring well II5 Measured concentration mag _ - - - Interpreted contour line Figure C23 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 45 cm below ground surface (total hydrocarbon analysis by OGI GCMS) `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - C-23 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~~~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 2 - E N G L L99ô W 2 ObL2443 114 Mu-I ]It , N Scale O 2m I I - Legend a AS - AU sparging well A Trench sample location - A IW Gasoline injection well Mu-Groundwater monitoringwell 115 Measured concentration mag Interpreted contour line Figure C24 Final soil sampling (June 1995) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg)at 60 cm below ground surface (totai hydrocarbon analysis by OGI GUMS) `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS C-24 Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO P U B L DR 2 - E N G L 1998 AS-1 AS4 e Bs 0732270 O b 4 050 _.so .e Scale o 7m Legend - o AS Air sparging well A Trench sample location A Iw - Gasoline injection weil MW-Groundwater monitoring well Ils Measured concentration mgn