Api publ 348 v1 1998 scan (american petroleum institute)

`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ S T D * A P I / P E T R O PUBL - E N G L 1998 0732290 O b L O L O T O O Air Toxics Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Using Petroleum-Based Fuels `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Volume Development of Emission Factors Using APWSPA Approach Health and Environmental Affairs Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 348 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: DAVIDHANSELL GLENNENGLAND ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 18 MASON IRVINE, CALIFORNIA 92718 AUGUST 1998 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D m A P I I P E T R O P U B L 348-ENGL 1998 W 0732290 Ob10104 947 = FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAFt CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATTONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT U N D E R T m G TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, -ACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR U N D E R T m G THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL,, STATE,OR FEDEFUIT., LAWS NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD,APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING C O " E D IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- ITYFOR INFRINGEMENT OF L E T E R S PAmNT `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise, without prior writtenpennikswnfrom the publishex Contact the publisher,API Publishing Services 1220 L Street, N.W.,Wmhington,D.C 20005 CopyrightQ 1998 Amencan Petroleum Instiiute iii Previous page is blank Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO P U B L 3YB-ENGL I1998 m 0732290 Ob10105 8 m ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNEED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACTS Affairs Department Karin Ritter, Health and Environmental Affairs Department T i m Hunt, Health and Environmental WSPA STAFF CONTACT Scott Folwarkow, Concord CA MEMBERS OF THE REVIEW WORKGROUP Tom Brooks,Marathon Oil Company Bill Freemen, Shell Exploration and Production Lee Gilmer, T e m o Research Arthur Lee, Texaco Miriam Lev-&, ARCO Vick Newsom, Amoco Production Company Janet Peargin, Chevron Jim Seebold, Chevron Research and Technology Lee Pooler Bob Sanford Robert Verceles Janice West Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - EER CONTRIBUTORS Phiiippe Gauthier ~ ~~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL 348-ENGL 1998 = 0732290 ObLOLOb 7LT m ABSTRACT The Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) and American Petroleum Institute (NI) sponsored a program to develop air toxics emission factors for combustion devices using petroleum-based fuels from source test data collected under California Assembly Bill 2588 (AB2588), entitled the Air Toxics Hot Spots Information and Assessment Act of 1987 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) provided WSPA and API with access to more than 161 petroleum industry combustion source reports, £rom which data were extracted to derive emission factors The types of devices represented include process heaters, boilers, reciprocating intemal combustion engines, gas turbines, steam generators, asphalt blowers, and coke calcinen The substances quantified include: trace metals; polychlorinated dibenzo@]dioxinsand dibenzofurans; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other semivolatile organic compounds; benzene, toluene and other volatile organic compounds; fomaldehyde and other aldehydes; and hydrochloric acid Procedures developed in a separate CARB-sponsored program were used to screen and validate data, eliminating those data points or sets with significant problems andor reporting deficiencies Through this process, the best data sets were selected for emission factor development Emission factors were developed encompassing all industries in California, and petroleum-industryspecific emission factors As a result of this study, air toxics emission factors for combustion devices have been developed using the best available source testing information These emission factors can be used by environmental health and safety engineers to develop more accurate and complete emission inventories without additional source testing This report consists of three volumes: Volume presents emission factors derived specifically for petroleum industry combustion devices Volume 2, which presents emission factors derived for inclusion in the CARI3 database, and Volume 3, providing detailed results of data validation and statistical comparisons are available from MI’Sweb site: http://iuww.apiorg/ehs/ Publicationd348.hhn `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~~ ~ S T D - A P I I P E T R O P U B L 3YB-ENGL 1998 0732290 ObLOL07 656 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME Section PazJ+e EXECUTIVE SUMMARY e5-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 DATA VALIDATION 2-1 2.1 SCREENING 2-1 2.2 DETAILED VALIDATION 2.3 OUTLIER ANALYSIS 2-4 EMISSION FACTORS 3-1 3.1 DESIGN AND OPERATING PARAMETERS 3-2 3.2 MAJOR GROUPS 3-4 3.3 AIR TOXCS 3-4 3.4 NORMALIZING UNITS 3-6 3.5 DETAILED DATA LISTING 3.6 3.6 TREATMENT OF NONDETECTS 3-8 3.7 SUBGROUP EVALUATION 3-11 3.7.1 External Combustion 3-12 3.7.2 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 3-19 3.8 3.7.3 Gas Turbines 3-25 EMISSION FACTOR TABULATION 3-25 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 3.9 COMPARISON OF CARB AND APVWSPA EMISSION FACTORS 3-31 REFERENCES R- APPENDIX A EXTERNAL COMBUSTION EMISSION FACTORS A-1 APPENDIX B INTERNAL COMBUSTIONENGINE EMISSION FACTORS B-1 APPENDIX C DIRECT-FIRE COMBUSTION EMISSION FACTORS VOLUMES and Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS C-1 ht@://www.apiorg/ehsPublicatìons/348.htm Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL 348-ENGL 1998 = 0732290 Ob10108 592 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-7 3- Nomializing Unit Comparison 3-2 3-14 External Combustion Fuel Comparison 3-17 External Combustion NOx Control Comparison 3-18 External Combustion Emission Factor Group Comparison 3-21 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Comparison 3-23 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Emission Factor Group Comparison 3-26 Gas Turbine Comparison 3-27 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 External Combustion System Type Comparison `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L 348-ENGL 1998 m 0732290 O b L O L O 429 UST OF TABLES Table &gg ES- External Combustion Emission Factors (lb/MMBtu) ES-2 e5-8 Gas Turbine Emission Factors (IbiMMBtu) e5-9 Asphalt Blowing and Coke Calcining Emission Factors (ib/MMBtu) e5-10 Summary of Major Validation and Extraction Problems 2-2 Summary of Testing Information Available by System Type and Key Design Parameters 3-3 Summary of Testing Information Available by System Type and Substance 3-5 ES-3 ES-4 2- 3- 3-2 e5-6 Reciprocating InternalCombustion Engine Emission Factors ( l b m t u ) 3-5 3-10 External Combustion Emission Factor Comparison Summary 3-20 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Factor Comparison Summary 3-24 3-6 q u i d Fuel-Fired External Combustion Emission Factors: Comparison 3-3 3-4 Listing of Low Sensitivity Tests by System Type and Substance of APIiWSPA and CARE3 Procedures 3-7 3-35 Gas Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Emission Factors: Comparison of APINSPA and CARB Procedures `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 3-10 3-34 Diesel Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Emission Factors: Comparison of APIIWSPA and CARB Procedures 3-9 3-33 Gas Fuel-Fired External Combustion Emission Factors: Comparison of API/WSPA and CARF3 Procedures 3-8 3-36 Gas Turbine Emission Factors: Comparison of AI?I/WSPA and CARB Procedures Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 3-37 S T D - A P I I P E T R O PUBL 348-ENGL 9 m 0732290 O b L O L L O 140 m ACRONYMS 2s two stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine 4s four stroke reciprocating internal combustion engine AB2588 Air Toxics “Hot Spots” Information and Assessment Act of 1987 Aldehyde Total acetaldehyde, formaldehyde APC air pollution control API BTX American Petroleum Institute CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 CARB California Air Resources Board CATEF California Air Toxics Emission Factors CO carbon monoxide cocco cataiyst CVRG casing vapor recovery gas DeNOx (SNCR) selective non-catalytic NOx reduction DL detection limit EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPRI Electric Power Research Institute HAP hazardous air pollutants HCHO formula for formaldehyde HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry LNB low-NOx burner LRMS low-resolution mass spectrometry LS low sensitivity data MACT maximum achievable control technology Mgd MMBtu thousand gallons Mmcf million cubic feet NC not used in statistical comparison benzene, toluene, xylene million British thermal units `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO P U B L 348-ENGL 1998 0732290 O b l O L b B 7'67 Appendix A `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - EXTERNAL COMBUSTION EMISSION FACTORS Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L - E N G L It998 0732290 Ob303b9 ỵ T d P s cr, `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - EW Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale - ~ ~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L 3LtB-ENGL 1998 I0732290 O b L O L ï O b L B VI h u -1 I I `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - w Ilau u u u n ~~ ci w n ci w w ci n ci I cI m ci w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w n n I I I I I I 1 \D\Dwwww\Dwu o o o ~ o o o o o o ~ oo oo o o o o o ò c z z z z z z z z z z z z z zzzzzzzzz o o o o o o o o ö o o o - - - - - - - - E 3 3 3 5 5 LILIaaLIaaaaLIaae A-2 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale I OOOQOOOOC S T D m A P I l P E T R O P U B L 348-ENGL L99B `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - l m wwwwmwmwuw wwwww mm m u w m m mim w m rn w w m i n A-3 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS O732290 ObLOL71 551 Not for Resale in m in m w m m w % %; G G% `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A-4 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD-API/PETRO PUBL B - E N G L 1998 W 0732290 Ob10173 324 W Appendix B INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EMISSION FACTORS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale S T D - A P I I P E T R O PUBL 348-ENGL 0732290 O b 1 260 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 199A sg3 sggggggggg 22225322222 222 õõõõõõõõõõ : > : a : & : 2?? v v v v v v v v v v AO A0 A0 y:y:y:y:y:y:y:8y:y: 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 nnn nnnnnnnaaa I vu-ww' uu aaa w- e"w" w" w- w- w- w" w- w" u- uuuuuuuuuuu 2aaaa2222aa B- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale -~ S T D = A P I / P E T R O P U B L 348-ENGL 3998 E 0732290 O b L O L LT7 I I I zi G3 Y a E ti B-2 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ 1998 88 0732290 O b L O L b 033 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - S T D = A P I / P E T R O PUBL 34B-ENGL ~ - - - O N 0 - - 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? i ? ? ? ? ? ? z22zaaaaa2aûs B-3 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - B-4 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Appendix C `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - DIRECT-FIRED COMBUSTION EMISSION FACTORS Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ 1998 ~ ~ _ _ 2 Ob10179 842 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - S T D * A P I / P E T R O PUBL 348-ENGL ~ c-1 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 348-ENGL m a m 0732290 o u o o `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - lk n n o n o n o o n n o n o n o o n ci o n n o n o c1 c1 c1 n n ci n n n n n n cI c1 CicI u3 a II Is c-2 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale n `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale