Api publ 4672 1998 scan (american petroleum institute)

STD.API/PETRO PUBL - E N G L 0732290 Ob12449 632 1SSb American Petroleum Institute - THEUSE OF TREATMENT WETLANDS FOR PETROLEUM INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NUMBER 4672 OCTOBER 1998 I I I Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b72-ENGL 0732290 0632450 3998 m American Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous eforts to improi3e the compatibility of our operations with the enviiunment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resourccs in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety cf our employees and the public To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective rnunagement practices: o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations: To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes To advise promptly, appropriate officiais, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials I ! To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation i To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment o To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS I Not for Resale ~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L 4672-ENGL 9 0732290 O b L L 290 The Use of Treatment Wetlands for Petroleum Industry Effluents Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4672 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: ROBERT L KNIGHT ROBERT H KADLEC HARRY M OHLENDORF cH2M HILL 3011 S.W WILLISTON ROAD GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA 32608 OCTOBER 1998 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L 4b72-ENGL 1998 ~ 0732290 Ob32452 327 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE Wï" RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THEDUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTüRERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RTSKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL,STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE! MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS,OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR I"GEMENT OF LETIERS PAENT All rights reserved No part of this work m y be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or orhenvise, withour prior written permissionfrom the publishex Contact the publisher,API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N W ,Wmhington,D.C 20005 Copyright O 1998 American Petroleum institute iii Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL ~ 0732290 O b Ob3 1998 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E Steen, Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE BIOMONITORING TASK FORCE Philip Dom, Equilon Enterprise LLC, Chairperson Raymon Arnold, Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc Joel Carpenter, Ammo EH&S Janis Farmer, BP American R&D William Gala, Chevron Research and Technology Company Jerry Hall, Texaco Research Michael Harrass, AMOCO Corporation Denise Jett, Phillips Petroleum Company Eugene Mancini, ARCO James O'Reilly, Exxon Production Research Company Renae Schmidt, Citgo Petroleum Corporation C Michael Swindoll, Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc Lee Vail, Murphy Oil Company John Westendorf, Occidental Chemical Company CONTRACTOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENT'S The Biomonitoring Task Force is indebted to the energy, expertise, and persistence of Ms Janis FarmerBP for the completion of this project In addition, the editorial assistance of Andrew S o p , Pamela Greene, Kristin Healey, and Karen Inman of the Health and Environmental Sciences Department is greatly appreciated iv `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ STD.API/PETRO P U B L 4b72-ENGL L998 0732290 Ob12454 T T T Contents Section Page 1.Introduction e51 Executive Summary 1-1 Overview of Constructed Treatment Wetlands 1-4 Summary of Existing Data Sources 1-8 North American Treatment Wetland Database (NADB) 1-8 Use of Wetlands for Treatment of pulp and Paper Industry Wastewaters 1-9 1-11 Livestock Wastewater Treatment Wetland Database Specific Needs of the Petroleum Industry 1-12 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 2.Water Quality Improvement Performance in Treatment Wetlands 2-1 Modeling Treatment Wetland Water Quality Changes 2-1 Wetland Performance Equations 2-2 Wetland Background Concentrations 2.6 Wetland Stochastic Variability 2-8 Carbon Processing 2-8 2-8 Biomass: Growth, Death, and Decomposition Carbon Processing in Wetland Soils 2-9 2-11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Removal Performance COD Reduction in Treatment Wetlands 2-17 Organics Removal from Petroleum Wastewaters 2-20 General Results 2-20 Specific Wetland Processes .2-25 Total Suspended Solids Removal 2-43 Processes 2-43 2-44 Performance Petroleum Industry Data 2-49 Metals Removal 2-50 General Occurrence and Processes 2-50 Perf ormance 2-51 Effluent Toxicity 2-64 Ecological Toxicity 2-64 Toxicity Testing Approaches 2-81 Wetland Effectson Effluent Toxicity 2-82 Nutrient Removal 2-88 Nitrogen .2-88 Phosphonis 2-98 Design Principles for Treatment Wetlands Site Selection Treatment Goals and Pretreatment Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 3-1 3-1 3-3 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1998 0732270 0632455 936 m Contents Section (cont.) Page System Sizing 3-4 Hydraulic Design 3-6 Water and Bed Depth 343 Wetland Substrate 3-8 Wetland Liner Requirements 3-9 Water Control 3-9 Basin Configuration 3-12 Post Aeration 3-13 Vegetation 3-14 4.Operation and Monitoring of Treatment Wetlands Operations and Maintenance Monitoring Recommendations Rationale Flows and Water Levels Water Quality Mass Loading and Removals Vegetation 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-2 43 4-3 43 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-5 45 Animals Microbes Sediments Groundwater Sample Point Access 443 Operational Control 4-6 Hydraulic Loading 4-6 Discharge Site Rotation Water Level Control 443 Vegetation Management 5.Design for Ancillary Benefits 5-1 Fish and Wildlife Enhancement 5-1 City of Arcata, California 5-1 Chevron Richmond Refinery Wetland, California 5-3 Public Use and Access 5-4 Nature Study 5-4 Fishing,Hunting and Aquaculture 5-5 Control of Nuisance Conditions 5-6 References `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 6-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1978 m 0732290 063245b m Contents Page Table 1-1 Timehe of Selected Events in Treatment Wetland Technology 1-2 1-2 Summary of North American Treatment Wetland Database Operational Performance 1-10 Summary of Operational Performance Data for Treatment Wetlands Receiving Pulp and Paper Industry Effluents 1-11 Average Treatment Wetland Performance for Removal of BODS,TSS, “4-N, and TN in the Livestock Wastewater Treatment Wetland Database 1-12 Typical Pollutant Concentrations in Untreated Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters 1-13 Percent Acetate Oxidized via Various Pathways by SQrpus validus Planted in Plastic Media 2-11 1-3 ~ 1-4 1-5 2-1 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 2-2 Rate Constants for BOD5 Reduction for Come Surface Flow Wetland Systems .2-14 2-3 Petroleum Industry Treatment Wetland Operathg Data for BODS 2-4 BOD Rate “Constants” vs Depth and Loading at the Arcata California Treatment Wetlands 2-15 2-5 Reduction of COD for Various Wastewaters in a Variety of Wetland Types 2-19 2-6 Summary of Treatment Wetland Performance for Organics Removal 2-22 2-7 Fate and Transport Properties of Constituents of Potential Interest in Petroleum Industry Wastewaters 2-30 2-8 Calculated Evaporation Parameters and Rates at 25°C from Ponds 2-34 2-9 Intrinsic Degradation Rate Constants and Mass Transfer Coefficients in Trickling Filters 2-38 2-15 2-10 2-39 Removal Rate Constants in Stabilization Ponds 2-11 Estimated Biodegradation Rates for Selected Petroleum-Related Compounds in Soil and Surface Waters 2-42 2-12 Parameters for the k-C* Model of Tcs Reduction 2-13 Petroleum Industry Treatment Wetland Operating Data for Tcs 2-49 2-14 Metals and Metalloids of Interest in Treatment Wetlands 2-52 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ ~- STD.API/PETRO P U B L 4672-ENGL 9 W 0732290 0632457 709 Contents Appendices A Glossary of Terms B Selected Petroleum Industry Treatment Wetland Case Histories B-1 Treatment Wetland Pilot and Research Studies E l Full-scale Treatment Wetland Projects Rll `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b72-ENGL 1998 W 0732290 Ob32458 W Contents Page Table (cont.) 2-15 Summary of Certain Aspects of Metal Chemistry Important in Wetland Treatment Systems - ~ Action Levels and O c m e n c e of Selected Metais in Wetland and Surface Waters, Plants, and Coils 2-55 2-17 Metai Dynamics in Wetlands 2-65 2-18 Ecotox Thresholds for 67 Chemicals Commonly Found at Superfund Sites 2-78 2-19 Summary of Toxicity Reduction in Constructed Wetlands 2-84 2-20 Nitrogen Rate Constants for Surface Flow Treatment Wetlanás 2-93 2-21 Average Rate Constants, Background Concentrations and Temperature Correction Values for Nitrogen 2-95 2-16 2-22 Petroleum Industry Treatment Wetland Operating Data for Nitrogen Forms 2-96 2-23 Regression Equations for Nitrogen Outlet Concentration in Treatment Wetlands 2-97 2-24 First-Order Phosphorus Rate Constant for Nonforested Treatment Wetlands .2-102 2-25 Petroleum Industry Treatment Wetland Operating Data for TP 2-103 3-1 General Considerations Important in Treatment Wetland Design 3-2 3-2 Constructed Wetland Sizing Example 3-7 3-3 Aquatic and Wetland Plants for Use in Constructed Wetlands 41 Monitoring Suggestions for Operation of Treatment Wetlands 5-1 Summary of Design Considerations for Treatment Wetland Habitat and Public Use 3-15 4-2 5-2 5-2 Comparison of Bird Use-Days at AMWS to Other Northcoast California Nonwastewater Wetlands 5-3 B-1 Treatment Performance for the Dyke Drainage Wetland €3-2 E3-2 Performance Data Summary for the BP Port Everglades Treatment Wetland B-5 E3 Summary of Pilot Treatment Wetland Performance at Shell Oil Company’s Norco Louisiana Facility E `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ S T D * A P I / P E T R O P U B L b - E N G L 1998 = 0732290 O b b 925 = TABLE 8-2 Performance Data Summary for the BP Port Everglades Treatment Wetland Parameter Air Stripper Effluent Wetland Efñuent lO(5-20) BDL (BDL-31) Total Naphthalenes BDL (BDL-19) BDL Total PAHs excluding Naphthalenes BDL (BDL-62) BDL 65 (56-190) 16(5-26) Total VOAS Lead Note: All concentrationsare in parts per billion (ppb) VOAS volatile organic aromatics 0= range of detection Source: Rogozinski et al., 1992 Special Featuresllssues Initial phase construction costs for the treatment wetlank were approximately $10,300 The addition of the poly liner for $1,500 and $350 for the purchase and planting of the wetland vegetation added $1,850 to the f d construction costs Total construction cost for the 70-m2Port Everglades wetland system was $12,150 On the basis of the results of Port Everglades project, BP Petroleum has evaluated the use of constructed wetlands to treat wastewaters generated at several refineries, processing facilities, and terminals Shell Oil Company Project Description A constructed pilot-scale wetland demonstration project has been implemented at the Shell NORCO refinery in St Charles Parish, Louisiana (Hawkins et al., 1997; Hawkins et al., 1995; Dunn et al., 1995) The primary goal of the project was to identify and test biological treatment options in anticipation of future restrictive National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulations The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the ability of Constructed wetlands to remove trace quantities of metals from refinery effluent while decreasing toxicity associated with these effluents The testing of biological and, in particular, wetland treatment systems would allow the refinery to determine the treatment potential of a low cost, low maintenance treatment technology The primary research objectives were as follows: To design and construct a wetland for removal of trace quantities of metals and to subsequently decrease toxicity in the refinery effluent B-5 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1998 m 0732290 Ob12654 ôb1 m To evaluate the primary components of wetlands for their abilities to remove metals (primarily zinc) and for the toxicity of their effluents by using smaller scale systems (microcosms and pilot scale systems) To determine the chronic toxicity of zinc in laboratory and field-scale microcosm experiments To collect fate and effects data for both laboratory and field microcosm systems in order to predict responses in pilot-scaie exposures The researchers wanted to maintain the ability to emulate wetland structure and function in their systems To achieve successful metals removai, the researchers identified the need for anaerobic, reducing conditions within the weuand soils of their systems Careful attention was paid to hydroperiods, soil types, and vegetation during design, construction, and operation of the experimental wetland systems To achieve high removal efficiencies, the constructed wetlands had to maintain a negative redox potential and basic pH value in the soils upon inundation (Hawkins et aZ., 1995) Two constructed wetland pilot-scale ceils were each 30.5 meters long by 6.1 meters wide The cells were lined with both clay (bentonite) and a highdensity polyethylene her Each cell had 0.3 meter (m) of sediment added, and each was planted with giant bullrush, Scirpus culifornicus Each cell had a %hour and the entire system could be run in parallel or in series Each cell n o d hydraulic retention time m n i of refmery effluent received betweem 19 and 190 u The wetland microcosms used for zinc removal experimnts were 570 L containers with a 190 L intemal volume The microcosms also had a &hour HRT Soil depth was 0.3 meter, and the vegetation consisted of Scipus californicus The flow rate of the influent, which contained to mg/L of zinc, was 160 &min Operational Performance The r e s e a r c h found that the microcosm wetlands developed the ability to remove metals These abilities included average daily zinc removal rates of more than 98 percent, 67 percent of the influent copper, and `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 89 percent of the lead found in the refinery effluent The researchers also found that chronic toxicity was significantly decreased as evidenced by the positive results of bioassay tests using both HyaZeZZa azteca and Cerioahphnia dubia Research at the pilot ceiis was conducted for 250 days (Hawkins et al., 1997) During this period, the two cells were operated in series with measured hydraulic retention time of about 23 days in each cell at a flow rate of 23 Umin and a water depth of 30 mthmters (cm) Sedunent redox decreased from +90 mV to 165 mV during this period Average inflow concentrations of total recoverable Cu,lead (Pb), and Wic (Zn)were reduced from 22.4, 10.5, and 565.9 micrograms per liter ( p a ) by 33,79, and 85 percent, respectively (Table B-3) B-6 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L 4b72-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob32655 7T8 TABLE 8-3 Summary of Pilot Treatment Wetland Performance at Shell Oil Company's Norco, Louisiana Facility `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Concentration Parameter SYmM Inflow west cell outflow East Cell OuWow Aluminum (p gL) Al 737.6 c110.1 402.4 Arsenic (p gL)