Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, pollution.
A Abatement: Reducing the degree or intensity of, or eliminating, pollution S lo i gi m: Vi c làm gi m m c ñ , cư ng ñ ho c lo i tr s ô nhi m Abatement Debris: Waste from remediation activities M nh v n lo i gi m: Ch t th i t ñ ng tr li u Absorbed Dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance that penetrates an exposed organism's absorption barriers (e.g.,, skin, lung tissue, gastrointestinal tract) through physical or biological processes The term is synonymous with internal dose Li u h p th : Trong ñánh giá phơi nhi m, lư ng ch t thâm nh p vào rào c n h p th c a th (như da, mơ ph i, đư ng ru t) b i q trình sinh lý Thu t ng đ ng nghĩa v i li u bên Absorption Barrier: Any of the exchange sites of the body that permit uptake of various substances at different rates (e.g., skin, lung tissue, and gastrointestinal-tract wall) Rào c n h p th : B t c v trí trao đ i ch t c a th cho phép h p th ch t khác nh ng t l khác (như da, ph i, thành ru t) Absorption: The uptake of water, other fluids, or dissolved chemicals by a cell or an organism (as tree roots absorb dissolved nutrients in soil.) Accident Site: The location of an unexpected occurrence, failure or loss, either at a plant or along a transportation route, resulting in a release of hazardous materials S h p th : S h p th nư c, lo i ch t l ng khác, hóa ch t hòa tan c a m t t bào hay m t quan (như r h p th dư ng ch t hịa tan đ t) V trí tai bi n: Ch x y nh ng s c! ngồi mong đ i, h ng hóc hay th t thoát t i m t nhà máy ho c m t ñư ng v n chuy n gây phóng th i ch t nguy h i Acclimatization: The physiological and behavioral adjustments of an organism to changes in its environment S thích nghi mơi trư ng: Thích nghi mang tính sinh lí ho c hành vi c a m t sinh v t ñ!i v i nh ng bi n đ i c a mơi trư ng Acid Aerosol: Acidic liquid or solid particles small enough to become airborne High concentrations can irritate the lungs and have been associated with respiratory diseases like asthma Sol khí axít: Ch t l ng axít hay nh ng vi h t r"n lơ l#ng khơng khí $ n ng đ cao có th gây sưng ph i liên quan ñ n nh ng b nh ñư ng hô h p hen suy n Acid Deposition: A complex chemical and atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds and other substances are transformed by chemical processes in the atmosphere, often far from the original sources, and then deposited on earth in either wet or dry form The wet forms, popularly called "acid rain," can fall to earth as rain, snow, S l ng t axít: M t hi n tư ng khí-hố ph c t p x y h p ch t lưu huỳnh, nitơ ch t khác b bi n đ i b i q trình hóa h&c khí quy n, thư ng cách xa ngu n th i, r i ñ&ng l i ñ t tr ng thái t ho c khô D ng t thư ng ñư c g&i “mưa axit”, rơi xu!ng ñ t dư i d ng mưa, t hay sương mù D ng khô khí hay vi h t có tính axit ho t or fog The dry forms are acidic gases or particulates Acid Mine Drainage: Drainage of water from areas that have been mined for coal or other mineral ores The water has a low pH because of its contact with sulfur-bearing material and is harmful to aquatic organisms Nư c th i axít t khu m : Nư c thoát t nh ng khu khai thác than hay qu ng khống, có đ pH th p ti p xúc v i khoáng ch t ch a lưu huỳnh có h i cho sinh v t th y sinh Acid Neutralizing Capacity: Measure of ability of a base (e.g., water or soil) to resist changes in pH Kh trung hịa axít: S! đo kh ch!ng l i s thay ñ i ñ pH c a m t bazơ (như nư c hay ñ t) Acid Rain: (See: acid deposition) Mưa axit: (Xem: S l"ng t axit) Acidic: The condition of water or soil that contains a sufficient amount of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0 Có tính axit: Tr ng thái nư c hay ñ t ch a m t lư ng v a đ ch t axit có th làm gi m ñ pH xu!ng dư i 7,0 Action Levels: Regulatory levels recommended by EPA for enforcement by FDA and USDA when pesticide residues occur in food or feed commodities for reasons other than the direct application of the pesticide As opposed to "tolerances" which are established for residues occurring as a direct result of proper usage, action levels are set for inadvertent residues resulting from previous legal use or accidental contamination In the Superfund program, the existence of a contaminant concentration in the environment high enough to warrant action or trigger a response under SARA and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan The term is also used in other regulatory programs (See: tolerances.) Các m c ho t ñ ng: M c ñ ñi u ch nh EPA ñưa tuân theo ð o lu t FDA USDA th c ph)m có dư lư ng thu!c tr sâu khơng ph i phun tr c ti p thu!c tr sâu lên Trái v i “dung sai” ñư c s# d ng trư ng h p có dư lư ng s# d ng ñúng cách, m c hành ñ ng ñư c l p cho dư lư ng vô ý gây vi c s# d ng theo lu t trư c ho c s nhi m b)n ng*u nhiên Trong chương trình Super-fund, s t n t i c a n ng ñ ch t gây nhi m mơi trư ng đ cao cho phép th c hi n hành ñ ng hay b"t ñ+u ph n ng d a ð o lu t SARA K ho ch d phòng qu!c gia v d+u ch t nguy h i Thu t ng ñư c dùng chương trình u ti t khác (Xem: dung sai) Activated Carbon: A highly adsorbent form of carbon used to remove odors and toxic substances from liquid or gaseous emissions In waste treatment, it is used to remove dissolved organic matter from waste drinking water It is also used in motor vehicle evaporative control systems Cacbon ho t hoá: D ng cacbon có kh h p th cao ñư c dùng ñ kh# mùi ch t ñ c h i có ch t th i d ng l ng hay khí Trong x# lý ch t th i, đư c dùng đ tách ch t h u hoà tan kh i nư c th i D ng cacbon ñư c s# d ng h th!ng t n nhi t c a xe có đ ng Activated Sludge: Product that results when primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden sludge and then agitated and aerated to promote biological treatment, speeding the breakdown of organic matter in raw sewage undergoing Bùn ho t hóa: Bùn t o dịng th i hịa l*n v i bùn đ c có ch a vi khu)n, sau đư c khu y m nh thơng đ tăng kh x# lý sinh h&c, làm cho vi c phân h y ch t h u nư c th i x y nhanh secondary waste treatment t i cơng đo n x# lý nư c th i th c p Activator: A chemical added to a pesticide to increase its activity Ho t ch t: Hóa ch t tăng ho t tính cho thu!c tr sâu Active Ingredient: In any pesticide product, the component that kills, or otherwise controls, target pests Pesticides are regulated primarily on the basis of active ingredients Ho t t : Thành ph+n thu!c tr sâu có th tiêu di t, ki m soát ho c nh-m vào sâu b& Thu!c tr sâu ñư c ñi u ti t d a ho t t! Activity Plans: Written procedures in a school's asbestos-management plan that detail the steps a Local Education Agency (LEA) will follow in performing the initial and additional cleaning, operation and maintenance-program tasks; periodic surveillance; and reinspection required by the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) Sơ ñ ho t tính: Sơ đ qu n lí amiăng trư ng h&c chi ti t hóa bư c mà Cơ quan giáo d c ñ a phương (LEA) s áp d ng cho vi c làm s ch ban ñ+u b sung, th c hi n chương trình ho t ñ ng b o dư ng, giám sát ñ nh kỳ, tái ki m tra theo ð o lu t đ!i phó kh)n c p nguy h i amiăng (AHERA) Acute Exposure: A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or death Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time Phơi nhi m c p tính: M t ti p xúc đơn nh t v i ch t đ c có th gây tác h i sinh h&c ho c t# vong Các trư ng h p phơi nhi m c p tính thư ng kéo dài không m t ngày n u so v i phơi nhi m ti p di n dài m t kho ng th i gian Acute Toxicity: The ability of a substance to cause severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose Also, any poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance (See: chronic toxicity, toxicity.) ð c c p tính: Kh m t ch t gây nh ng tác h i sinh h&c nghiêm tr&ng ho c t# vong không sau nhi m ho c dùng m t li u ñơn nh t Cũng hi u ng ng ñ c ti p xúc v i ñ c ch t th i gian ng"n (Xem: ñ c mãn tính, đ đ c) Adaptation: Changes in an organism's physiological structure or function or habits that allow it to survive in new surroundings S thích nghi: Nh ng thay đ i v c u trúc ho c ch c sinh lý hay thói quen c a m t th cho phép th có th s!ng môi trư ng m i Thi t b ki m sốt b tr : M t cơng c ki m sốt nhi m khơng khí máy h p th cacbon hay máy đ!t rác, có cơng d ng làm gi m nhi m khí th i Thi t b ki m sốt thư ng khơng nh hư ng đ n quy trình đư c ki m sốt v y ch cơng ngh “ñ"p thêm”, trái v i k ho ch nh-m ki m sốt nhi m thơng qua vi c thay đ i c quy trình b n Add-on Control Device: An air pollution control device such as carbon absorber or incinerator that reduces the pollution in an exhaust gas The control device usually does not affect the process being controlled and thus is "add-on" technology, as opposed to a scheme to control pollution through altering the basic process itself Adequately Wet: Asbestos containing material that is sufficiently mixed or penetrated with m v a: Amiăng ñư c tr n ho c th m v i m t lư ng ch t l ng v a ñ ñ ngăn s th t thoát liquid to prevent the release of particulates vi h t Administered Dose: In exposure assessment, the amount of a substance given to a test subject (human or animal) to determine dose-response relationships Since exposure to chemicals is usually inadvertent, this quantity is often called potential dose Li u quy ñ nh: Trong ñánh giá phơi nhi m, lư ng ch t dùng cho ñ!i tư ng th# nghi m (ngư i ho c ñ ng v t) ñ xác ñ nh m!i liên h gi a li u lư ng ph n ng Vi c ti p xúc v i hóa ch t thư ng sơ xu t nên li u cịn đư c g&i li u ti m tàng Administrative Order: A legal document signed by EPA directing an individual, business, or other entity to take corrective action or refrain from an activity It describes the violations and actions to be taken, and can be enforced in court Such orders may be issued, for example, as a result of an administrative complaint whereby the respondent is ordered to pay a penalty for violations of a statute L nh qu n lí: Văn b n pháp lý EPA ban hành hư ng d*n cá nhân, doanh nghi p, ho c ñ!i tư ng khác th c hi n hành ñ ng hi u ch nh ho c ki m ch ho t ñ ng c a Lu t mơ t vi ph m nh ng hành ñ ng ñư c ti n hành có th bu c ph i tuân th t i tồ Nh ng l nh th có th đư c ban hành có đơn kêu hành b cáo b bu c ph i n p ph t vi ph m lu t Administrative Order On Consent: A legal agreement signed by EPA and an individual, business, or other entity through which the violator agrees to pay for correction of violations, take the required corrective or cleanup actions, or refrain from an activity It describes the actions to be taken, may be subject to a comment period, applies to civil actions, and can be enforced in court L nh qu n lí thơng qua th a thu n: M t th a thu n pháp lý EPA m t cá nhân, doanh nghi p ho c đ!i tư ng khác ký Thơng qua th a thu n ngư i vi ph m ñ ng ý n p ph t, làm s ch l i môi trư ng, gi m b t phát th i ð o lu t cho bi t hành đ ng mang tính dân s , có th ch đ c+n l y ý ki n cơng chúng, có th bu c ph i tn th t i tòa Administrative Procedures Act: A law that spells out procedures and requirements related to the promulgation of regulations ð o lu t qu n lí hành chính: ð o lu t nêu rõ th t c u c+u có liên quan đ n vi c công b! lu t l Administrative Record: All documents which EPA considered or relied on in selecting the response action at a Superfund site, culminating in the record of decision for remedial action or, an action memorandum for removal actions H sơ qu n lí: T t c tài li u EPA xem xét vi c sàng l&c hành ñ ng ph n ng, mà đáng ý nh t h sơ v quy t ñ nh tr li u hay b n ghi nh vi c tr l i nguyên tr ng môi trư ng Adsorption: Removal of a pollutant from air or water by collecting the pollutant on the surface of a solid material; e.g., an advanced method of treating waste in which activated carbon removes organic matter from waste-water S h p thu: S lo i b m t ch t gây ô nhi m kh i không khí hay nư c b-ng cách thu ch t nhi m b m t c a m t v t li u r"n, ví d phương pháp x# lý nư c th i cao c p cacbon ho t hố lo i b ch t h u kh i nư c th i T p ch t: Các ch t ho c t p ch t hóa h&c, theo lu t, khơng có th c ph)m ho c thu!c tr sâu Adulterants: Chemical impurities or substances that by law not belong in a food, or pesticide Adulterated: Any pesticide whose strength or purity falls below the quality stated on its label A food, feed, or product that contains illegal pesticide residues Advanced Treatment: A level of wastewater treatment more stringent than secondary treatment; requires an 85-percent reduction in conventional pollutant concentration or a significant reduction in non- conventional pollutants Sometimes called tertiary treatment Có t p ch t: Thu!c tr sâu có đ m nh đ tinh t th p so v i ghi nhãn Th c ph)m cho ngư i, ñ ng v t ho c s n ph)m có ch a dư lư ng thu!c tr sâu không cho phép Phương pháp x lý cao c p: M c ñ x# lý nư c th i ch t ch x# lý th c p, địi h i ph i gi m ñư c 85% n ng ñ ch t ô nhi m thông thư ng hay gi m thi u đáng k nh ng ch t nhi m ñ c bi t Phương pháp ñôi ñư c g&i giai ño n x# lý tam c p Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Any treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water treatment stage and includes the removal of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage of suspended solids (See: Primary, Secondary Treatment.) Phương pháp x lý nư c th i cao c p: M&i quy trình x# lý nư c th i di n sau giai ño n x# lý th c p hay x# lý sinh h&c ch t th i bao g m vi c lo i b dư ng ch t ph!t pho, nitơ m t t l l n ch t r"n lơ l#ng (Xem: x# lý sơ c p, th c p.) Adverse Effects Data: FIFRA requires a pesticide registrant to submit data to EPA on any studies or other information regarding unreasonable adverse effects of a pesticide at any time after its registration D li u tác h i: FIFRA yêu c+u ngư i ñăng ký thu!c tr sâu cung c p d li u cho EPA v b t kỳ nghiên c u ho c thơng tin có liên quan ñ n tác h i c a thu!c b t kỳ lúc sau ñăng ký Advisory: A non-regulatory document that communicates risk information to those who may have to make risk management decisions Thông tin ch d!n: M t tài li u khơng u ch nh cho bi t thông tin r i ro cho nh ng th c hi n công tác qu n lí r i ro Aerated Lagoon: A holding and/or treatment pond that speeds up the natural process of biological decomposition of organic waste by stimulating the growth and activity of bacteria that degrade organic waste Phá s c khí: M t h ch a hay x# lý dùng ñ ñ)y nhanh trình phân hu/ sinh h&c t nhiên ch t th i h u b-ng cách kích thích đ tăng trư ng ho t tính c a vi khu)n phân hu/ ch t th i h u Aeration: A process which promotes biological degradation of organic matter in water The process may be passive (as when waste is exposed to air), or active (as when a mixing or bubbling device introduces the air) S s c khí: Q trình thúc đ)y s phân h y sinh h&c c a nh ng ch t h u nư c Q trình có th mang tính b đ ng (như ch t th i ti p xúc v i khơng khí) ho c mang tính ch đ ng (khi m t thi t b tr n ho c th i b&t đưa khơng khí vào nư c.) Aeration Tank: A chamber used to inject air into water B s c khí: Khoang dùng đ bơm khơng khí vào nư c Aerobic: Life or processes that require, or are not destroyed by, the presence of oxygen (See: Anaerobic.) Tính hi u khí: S s!ng ho c q trình c+n, hay khơng b nh hư ng b i s có m t c a oxy ( Xem: k0 khí.) Aerobic Treatment: Process by which microbes decompose complex organic compounds in the presence of oxygen and use the liberated energy for reproduction and growth (Such processes include extended aeration, trickling filtration, and rotating biological contactors.) X lý hi u khí: Q trình vi khu)n phân gi i nh ng h p ch t h u ph c t p v i s có m t c a oxy nh lư ng gi i phóng đ tái sinh phát tri n (Nh ng trình v y g m vi c s c khí kéo dài, l&c nh gi&t, dùng b ti p xúc sinh h&c rotor quay) Aerosol: (1) Small droplets or particles suspended in the atmosphere, typically containing sulfur They are usually emitted naturally (e.g., in volcanic eruptions) and as the result of anthropogenic (human) activities such as burning fossil fuels (2) The pressurized gas used to propel substances out of a container (3) A finely divided material suspended in air or other gaseous environment Sol khí: (1) Nh ng gi&t li ti hay nh ng h t lơ l#ng khí quy n, thư ng có ch a lưu huỳnh, ñư c phát t nhiên (vd: núi l#a phun) k t qu nh ng ho t ñ ng c a ngư i vi c đ!t nhiên li u hố th ch (2) Khí nén dùng đ đ)y h p ch t kh i bình ch a (3) M t ch t b chia nh lơ l#ng khơng khí hay mơi trư ng khí khác Affected Landfill: Under the Clean Air Act, landfills that meet criteria for capacity, age, and emissions rates set by the EPA They are required to collect and combust their gas emissions Bãi rác b ô nhi m: Theo ð o lu t không khí s ch, bãi rác ñã t i, th i h n s# d ng t l khí th i vư t m c qui ñ nh c a EPA Khí th i ph i ñư c gom ñ!t Affected Public: 1.The people who live and/or work near a hazardous waste site The human population adversely impacted following exposure to a toxic pollutant in food, water, air, or soil Vùng dân cư b ô nhi m: Dân cư s!ng ho c làm vi c g+n khu v c ch t th i nguy hi m Dân cư b nh hư ng sau ti p xúc v i ch t ô nhi m đ c có th c ph)m, nư c, khơng khí ho c đ t Afterburner: In incinerator technology, a burner located so that the combustion gases are made to pass through its flame in order to remove smoke and odors It may be attached to or be separated from the incinerator B ph n ñ t sau: Trong k1 thu t lị đ!t, m t bu ng ñ!t ñư c b! trí cho khí ñ!t ph i qua ng&n l#a đ kh# khói mùi Bu ng đ!t có th g"n li n hay tách r i kh i lị đ!t Age Tank: A tank used to store a chemical solution of known concentration for feed to a chemical feeder Also called a day tank H th i v : H dùng ñ ch a dung d ch hóa h&c có n ng đ nh t ñ nh ñ cho ch y qua h cung c p hóa ch t Cịn g&i h s# d ng ngày Agent: Any physical, chemical, or biological entity that can be harmful to an organism Tác nhân: M t th c th v t lý, hay hóa h&c, sinh h&c b t kỳ có th có h i cho sinh v t Agent Orange: A toxic herbicide and defoliant used in the Vietnam conflict, containing 2,4,5trichlorophen- oxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2-4 dichlorophen-oxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with trace amounts of dioxin Ch t ñ c màu da cam: Thu!c di t c thu!c phát quang dùng chi n tranh Vi t Nam, ch a axít triclorophen- ơxiacêtic (2,4,5-T) axít điclorơphen- ơxiacêtic (2,4-D) v i lư ng nh dioxin Agricultural Pollution: Farming wastes, including runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers; erosion and dust from plowing; improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses; crop residues, and debris Agroecosystem: Land used for crops, pasture, and livestock; the adjacent uncultivated land that supports other vegetation and wildlife; and the associated atmosphere, the underlying soils, groundwater, and drainage networks Ơ nhi m nơng nghi p: Các ch t th i nơng nghi p g m có dịng ch y s rò r thu!c tr sâu, phân bón; s xói mịn b i cày x i; vi c v t b xác ch t th i đ ng v t khơng cách; l p ñ t sau v mùa rác ru ng H sinh thái nông nghi p: ð t dùng cho tr ng tr&t, chăn ni; đ t chưa khai phá k bên cung c p dinh dư ng cho th c v t ñ ng v t hoang dã; b+u khơng khí, l p đ t bên dư i, nư c ng+m m ng lư i thoát nư c AHERA Designated Person (ADP): A person designated by a Local Education Agency to ensure that the AHERA requirements for asbestos management and abatement are properly implemented Ngư i b nhi m theo AHERA (ADP): Ngư i Cơ quan Giáo d c ð a phương b nhi m ñ ñ m b o yêu c+u c a AHERA v qu n lí gi m th i amiăng Air Binding: Situation where air enters the filter media and harms both the filtration and backwash processes ði m ngh"t khí: V trí khơng khí vào mơi trư ng l&c, gây h i cho c trình l&c l*n trình r#a ngư c Air Changes Per Hour (ACH): The movement of a volume of air in a given period of time; if a house has one air change per hour, it means that the air in the house will be replaced in a onehour period Air Cleaning: Indoor-air quality-control strategy to remove various airborne particulates and/or gases from the air Most common methods are particulate filtration, electrostatic precipitation, and gas adsorption ð thay đ i khơng khí m#i gi (ACH): S chuy n đ ng c a m t kh!i khơng khí m t th i gian cho trư c N u m t nhà có AHC=1, u có nghĩa khơng khí nhà s đư c thay th theo chu kỳ m i gi m t l+n Làm s ch khơng khí: Phương pháp ki m sốt ch t lư ng khơng khí nhà đ lo i b nh ng vi h t lơ l#ng ho c khí có khơng khí Các phương pháp ph bi n nh t l&c h t, làm k t t a tĩnh n hay h p thu khí Air Contaminant: Any particulate matter, gas, or combination thereof, other than water vapor (See: air pollutant.) Ch t nhi m b$n khơng khí: B t c lo i h t, khí, hay ch t k t h p nào, ngo i tr nư c (Xem: ch t ô nhi m khơng khí) Air Curtain: A method of containing oil spills Air bubbling through a perforated pipe causes an upward water flow that slows the spread of oil It can also be used to stop fish from entering polluted water Màn khí: M t phương pháp ch a d+u loang Khơng khí th i qua !ng b đ c l t o m t dòng ch y hư ng lên làm ch m s lan t a d+u Phương pháp đư c dùng đ ngăn khơng cho cá vào vùng nư c b ô nhi m Air Exchange Rate: The rate at which outside air replaces indoor air in a given space T c đ trao đ i khí: T!c đ khơng khí bên ngồi thay th khơng khí bên Air Gap: Open vertical gap or empty space that separates drinking water supply to be protected L# h ng khơng khí: L h ng th2ng m r ng hay kho ng không ngăn cách h th!ng cung from another water system in a treatment plant or other location The open gap protects the drinking water from contamination by backflow or back siphonage c p nư c u!ng c+n ñư c b o v kh i m t h th!ng nư c khác m t nhà máy x# lý hay nơi khác L h ng b o v nư c u!ng kh i s nhi m b)n dòng ch y ngư c Air Handling Unit: Equipment that includes a fan or blower, heating and/or cooling coils, regulator controls, condensate drain pans, and air filters Thi t b x lý khơng khí: Thi t b bao g m qu t hay !ng th i, cu n sư i hay cu n làm l nh, b ph n ñi u ti t, ñĩa tiêu ngưng t b l&c khí Air Mass: A large volume of air with certain meteorological or polluted characteristics; e.g., a heat inversion or smogginess while in one location The characteristics can change as the air mass moves away Kh i khí: M t lư ng khơng khí l n v i nh ng đ c tính khí tư ng hay nhi m; ví d , s ngh ch chuy n nhi t hay sương mù m t ñ a ñi m Nh ng đ c tính có th thay đ i kh!i khí di chuy n Air Monitoring: (See: monitoring) Giám sát khí: (Xem: s giám sát) Air/Oil Table: The surface between the vadose zone and ambient oil; the pressure of oil in the porous medium is equal to atmospheric pressure Gương d%u/khí: B m t gi a t+ng nư c c n t+ng d+u bao; áp su t d+u trung gian x!p b-ng v i áp su t khơng khí Air Padding: Pumping dry air into a container to assist with the withdrawal of liquid or to force a liquefied gas such as chlorine out of the container Làm đ m khí: Vi c bơm khí khơ vào bình ch a đ hút )m ho c ép khí hóa l ng, ch2ng h n đ)y khí clo kh i bình ch a Air Permeability: Permeability of soil with respect to air Important to the design of soil-gas surveys Measured in darcys or centimeters-persecond Th$m th u khí: Tính th m khí c a ñ t Quan tr&ng ñ!i v i b n kh o sát khí-đ t ðư c đo b-ng darcy hay cm/giây Air Plenum: Any space used to convey air in a building, furnace, or structure The space above a suspended ceiling is often used as an air plenum Kho ng thơng khí: B t kỳ kho ng khơng dùng đ d*n khơng khí vào nhà, lị sư i hay m t cơng trình Kho ng khơng phía tr+n treo thư ng ñư c s# d ng làm kho ng thơng khí Air Pollutant: Any substance in air that could, in high enough concentration, harm man, other animals, vegetation, or material Pollutants may include almost any natural or artificial composition of airborne matter capable of being airborne They may be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or in combination thereof Generally, they fall into two main groups: (1) those emitted directly from identifiable sources and (2) those produced in the air by interaction between two or more primary Ch t nhi m khơng khí: M t ch t b t kì khơng khí có kh làm h i ngư i, đ ng th c v t hay v t ch t n ng đ cao Nh ng ch t nhi m bao g m h+u m&i h n h p, t nhiên hay nhân t o, ch t lơ l#ng khơng khí Chúng có th d ng h t r"n, gi&t li ti hay c hai Thơng thư ng thu c hai nhóm chính: (1) nh ng ch t ñư c th i tr c ti p t nh ng ngu n có th xác ñ nh ñư c (2) nh ng ch t đư c t o khơng khí s tương tác c a hai hay nhi u ch t ô nhi m pollutants, or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents, with or without photoactivation Exclusive of pollen, fog, and dust, which are of natural origin, about 100 contaminants have been identified Air pollutants are often grouped in categories for ease in classification; some of the categories are: solids, sulfur compounds, volatile organic chemicals, particulate matter, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, halogen compounds, radioactive compound, and odors ban ñ+u hay ph n ng v i thành ph+n thông thư ng có khí quy n, có hay khơng có s kích ho t ánh sáng Tr ph n hoa, sương mù b i có ngu n g!c t t nhiên, ngư i ta ñã xác ñ nh ñư c kho ng 100 ch t gây ô nhi m Các ch t nhi m khơng khí thư ng đư c x p vào nhóm đ ti n cho vi c phân lo i M t s! nhóm như: ch t r"n, h p ch t lưu huỳnh, hóa ch t h u d bay hơi, h p ch t nitơ, h p ch t oxi, h p ch t halogen, h p ch t phóng x ch t gây mùi Air Pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects S nhi m khơng khí: S hi n di n c a ch t gây ô nhi m khơng khí tác đ ng đ n s c kh e l i ích c a ngư i, hay gây nh ng tác ñ ng có h i cho mơi trư ng Air Pollution Control Device: Mechanism or equipment that cleans emissions generated by a source (e.g., an incinerator, industrial smokestack, or an automobile exhaust system) by removing pollutants that would otherwise be released to the atmosphere Thi t b ki m sốt nhi m khơng khí: Cơ ch hay thi t b làm s ch khí th i t m t ngu n (vd: lị thiêu, !ng khói cơng nghi p hay h th!ng th i khí c a đ ng cơ) b-ng cách lo i b ch t ô nhi m có th th i vào khí quy n Air Pollution Episode: A period of abnormally high concentration of air pollutants, often due to low winds and temperature inversion, that can cause illness and death (See: pollution.) H i đo n nhi m khơng khí: Th i kỳ n ng đ ch t gây nhi m khơng khí cao b t thư ng gây b nh t t có th d*n đ n t# vong Thông thư ng, hi n tư ng x y gió y u nhi t đ xu!ng th p (Xem: s ô nhi m.) Air Quality Control Region: Defined area used to control the level of air pollutants Vùng ki m sốt ch t lư ng khí: Vùng ñư c gi i h n ñ ki m sốt m c đ ch t gây nhi m khơng khí Air Quality Standards: The level of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that are not be exceeded during a given time in a defined area M c chu$n ch t lư ng khơng khí: M c đ ch t nhi m khơng khí theo lu t đ nh khơng đư c phép vư t q gi i h n m t th i gian không gian xác ñ nh Air Quality Criteria: The levels of pollution and lengths of exposure above which adverse health and welfare effects may occur Chu$n ch t lư ng không khí: M c đ nhi m th i gian ti p xúc mà vư t qua s gây tác h i ñ n s c kh e l i ích Air Sparging: Injecting air or oxygen into an aquifer to strip or flush volatile contaminants as air bubbles up through the ground water and is captured by a vapor extraction system R y khí: Bơm khơng khí hay oxi vào t+ng ng m nư c đ tách hay r#a b ch t ô nhi m d bay khí s i b&t qua nư c ng+m b gi l i b-ng m t h th!ng chi t nư c Air Stripping: A treatment system that removes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from contaminated ground water or surface water by forcing an airstream through the water and causing the compounds to evaporate Tách khí: H th!ng x# lý lo i b nh ng h p ch t h u d bay kh i ngu n nư c ng+m hay nư c m t b ô nhi m b-ng cách ép lu ng khơng khí qua nư c làm h p ch t y bay Air Toxics: Any air pollutant for which a national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) does not exist (i.e., excluding ozone, carbon monoxide, PM-10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide) that may reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer; respiratory, cardiovascular, or developmental effects; reproductive dysfunctions, neurological disorders, heritable gene mutations, or other serious or irreversible chronic or acute health effects in humans Ch t đ c khí: B t kỳ ch t nhi m khơng khí n-m chu)n qu!c gia v ch t lư ng khơng khí bao quanh (NAAQS) (ngo i tr ơzơn, CO, PM-10, SO2, NO2) có th gây ung thư, b nh hô h p, b nh tim m ch, ho c tác ñ ng lên s phát tri n; gây r!i lo n sinh s n, r!i lo n th+n kinh, ñ t bi n gen di truy n, hay nh ng nh hư ng nghiêm tr&ng, mãn tính, c p tính đ!i v i s c kho3 c a ngư i Airborne Particulates: Total suspended particulate matter found in the atmosphere as solid particles or liquid droplets Chemical composition of particulates varies widely, depending on location and time of year Sources of airborne particulates include: dust, emissions from industrial processes, combustion products from the burning of wood and coal, combustion products associated with motor vehicle or nonroad engine exhausts, and reactions to gases in the atmosphere H t bay : Toàn b nh ng phân t# c c nh lơ l#ng khơng khí d ng h t r"n hay gi&t nh li ti Thành ph+n hóa h&c c a h t r t khác tùy thu c vào ñ a ñi m th i gian năm Ngu n h t bay g m có: b i, khí th i t nh ng nhà máy cơng nghi p, s n ph)m đ!t t than g , s n ph)m đ!t có liên quan đ n khí th i đ ng xe đ ng khác khơng dùng giao thơng đư ng b , ph n ng v i khí có khí quy n Airborne Release: Release of any pollutant into the air Phóng th i bay: S phóng th i ch t nhi m vào khơng khí Alachlor: A herbicide, marketed under the trade name Lasso, used mainly to control weeds in corn and soy- bean fields Clo Ala: M t lo i thu!c di t c , ñư c bán th trư ng v i thương hi u Lasso, s# d ng ch y u đ ki m sốt c d i cánh ñ ng tr ng b"p ñ u nành Alar: Trade name for daminozide, a pesticide that makes apples redder, firmer, and less likely to drop off trees before growers are ready to pick them It is also used to a lesser extent on peanuts, tart cherries, concord grapes, and other fruits Alar: Tên thương hi u dành cho daminozide, m t lo i thu!c tr sâu làm cho táo đ hơn, giịn b r ng trư c thu ho ch Thu!c ñư c s# d ng cho ñ u ph ng, anh ñào chát, nho lo i trái khác Aldicarb: An insecticide sold under the trade name Temik It is made from ethyl isocyanate Aldicarb: M t lo i thu!c tr sâu ñư c bán v i tên thương hi u Temik, ch t o t izoxianat êtylic T o: Th c v t đơn gi n khơng có r , phát tri n t l v i lư ng ch t dinh dư ng có s4n vùng nư c ng p n"ng T o có th nh hư ng Algae: Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in proportion to the amount of available nutrients They can affect water quality adversely per year tháng m i năm Transmission Lines: Pipelines that transport raw water from its source to a water treatment plant, then to the distribution grid system ðư ng truy n: ðư ng !ng d*n nư c thơ t ngu n đ n nơi x# lý, sau đ n h th!ng phân ph!i nư c Transmissivity: The ability of an aquifer to transmit water Transpiration: The process by which water vapor is lost to the atmosphere from living plants The term can also be applied to the quantity of water thus dissipated ð d!n truy n: Kh d*n nư c c a m t t+ng ng m nư c S thoát hơi: Q trình nư c t th c v t vào khí quy n Thu t ng dùng ñ ch lư ng nư c m t ñi trình Transportation Control Measures (TCMs): Steps taken by a locality to reduce vehicular emission and improve air quality by reducing or changing the flow of traffic; e.g., bus and HOV lanes, carpooling and other forms of rideshairing, public transit, bicycle lanes Các bi n pháp ki m sốt v n chuy n: Các bư c đư c m t ñ a phương ti n hành ñ làm gi m khí th i giao thơng nâng cao ch t lư ng khơng khí b-ng cách gi m b t ho c thay ñ i lu ng giao thơng; ví d cho xe bt phương ti n chi m nhi u ch , cho ôtô lo i phương ti n dùng chung, phương ti n chuy n ti p công c ng xe ñ p Transporter: Hauling firm that picks up properly packaged and labeled hazardous waste from generators and transports it to designated facilities for treatment, storage, or disposal Transporters are subject to EPA and DOT hazardous waste regulations Ngư i v n chuy n: Các công ty chuyên ch có nhi m v l y ch t th i nguy h i ñã ñư c dán nhãn đóng gói h p l t ngu n phát th i v n chuy n ñ n nhà máy đư c ch đ nh làm cơng vi c x# lý, lưu kho ho c phân h y Các cơng ty ho t đ ng theo quy ñ nh c a EPA DOT v ch t th i nguy h i Trash: Material considered worthless or offensive that is thrown away Generally defined as dry waste material, but in common usage it is a synonym for garbage, rubbish, or refuse Bã: V t li u không cịn giá tr ho c b b khó ch u Nói chung, chúng lo i ch t th i khô, theo cách dùng thông thư ng, t ñ ng nghĩa v i rác, hay ph th i Trash-to-Energy produce energy to K ho ch ñi t bã ñ n lư ng: Vi c ñ!t rác ñ t o lư ng Treatability Studies: Tests of potential cleanup technologies conducted in a laboratory (See: bench-scale tests.) Nghiên c u kh x lý: Các cu c th# nghi m k1 thu t làm s ch có ti m đư c ti n hành phịng thí nghi m (Xem: ki m tra phân ño n.) Treated Regulated Medical Waste: Medical waste treated to substantially reduce or eliminate its pathogenicity, but that has not yet been Rác y t ñư c x lý theo quy ñ nh: Rác y t ñư c x# lý nh-m làm gi m ho c lo i b v b n tác nhân gây b nh, v*n chưa Plan: Burning trash destroyed ñư c tiêu h y Treated Wastewater: Wastewater that has been subjected to one or more physical, chemical, and biological processes to reduce its potential of being ahealth hazard Nư c th i ñã x lý: Nư c th i ñã qua m t hay nhi u q trình x# lý hố lý sinh ñ gi m b t kh gây h i ti m tàng ñ n s c kh e ngư i Treatment: (1) Any method, technique, or process designed to remove solids and/or pollutants from solid waste, waste-streams, effluents, and air emissions (2) Methods used to change the biological character or composition of any regulated medical waste so as to substantially reduce or eliminate its potential for causing disease S x lý: Phương pháp, công ngh hay quy trình đư c đ đ lo i b ch t r"n ch t gây ô nhi m kh i ch t th i r"n, dòng th i khí phóng th i Nh ng phương pháp làm thay đ i tính ch t sinh h&c hay thành ph+n c a ch t th i y t theo quy ñ nh ñ gi m b t h n ch v b n ti m gây b nh Treatment Plant: A structure built to treat wastewater before discharging it into the environment Nhà máy x lý: M t cơng trình đư c xây d ng đ x# lý nư c th i trư c th i mơi trư ng Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility: Site where a hazardous substance is treated, stored, or disposed of TSD facilities are regulated by EPA and states under RCRA Nhà máy x lý, lưu gi phân h&y: ð a ñi m nơi ch t nguy h i ñư c x# lý, lưu gi , hay h y b Nhà máy TSD ñư c ñi u ch nh b i EPA bang theo ð o lu t RCRA Tremie: Device used to place concrete or grout under water Tremie: Máy dùng đ đ bê tơng hay v a l ng dư i nư c Trial Burn: An incinerator test in which emissions are monitored for the presence of specific organic compounds, particulates, and hydrogen chloride ð t th : M t cu c ki m tra lị đ!t, khí th i đư c giám sát đ có s xu t hi n h p ch t h u cơ, h t hydroclorua ñ c trưng Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, low boiling-point colorless liquid, toxic if inhaled Used as a solvent or metal degreasing agent, and in other industrial applications Trichloroethylene (TCE): Ch t l ng b n, không màu, nhi t ñ sôi th p, r t ñ c n u hít ph i, đư c dùng làm dung mơi hay tác nhân t)y nh n kim lo i dùng ngành công nghi p khác Tư i nh gi+t: Phương pháp mà nư c nh t ng gi&t xu!ng ñ t t !ng khoét l hay !ng xu t B l+c nh gi+t: M t h th!ng x# lý thơ nư c th i nh t ng gi&t lên n n ñá ho c m t v t li u khác ñư c vi khu)n bao quanh Chúng phá v ch t th i h u t o nư c s ch Trickle Irrigation: Method in which water drips to the soil from perforated tubes or emitters Trickling Filter: A coarse treatment system in which wastewater is trickled over a bed of stones or other material covered with bacteria that break down the organic waste and produce clean water Trihalomethane (THM): One of a family of organic compounds named as derivative of methane THMs are generally by-products of chlorination of drinking water that contains organic material Trihalometan (THM): M t h p ch t h u thu c h& ch t d*n xu t t mêtan THM thư ng s n ph)m ph c a trình x# lý nư c u!ng có ch a ch t h u b-ng phương pháp clo Troposphere: The layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth's surface T%ng ñ i lưu: T+ng khí quy n g+n b m t trái ñ t nh t Trust Fund (CERCLA): A fund set up under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) to help pay for cleanup of hazardous waste sites and for legal action to force those responsible for the sites to clean them up Qu6 Trust (ð o lu t CERCLA): Qu1 ñư c thi t l p theo ð o lu t ph n ng môi trư ng tồn di n, trách nhi m pháp lý đ n bù thi t h i (CERCLA) Qu1 giúp chi tr cho công tác làm s ch nh ng nơi có ch t th i nguy h i cho ho t ñ ng lu t pháp bu c nh ng bên có trách nhi m đ!i v i nh ng ñ a ñi m ti n hành làm s ch Tube Settler: Device using bundles of tubes to let solids in water settle to the bottom for removal by conventional sludge collection means; sometimes used in sedimentation basins and clarifiers to improve particle removal B l ng ng tuýp: Là thi t b g m nhi u bó !ng tuýp làm ch t r"n nư c l"ng xu!ng ñáy ñ l&c b b-ng phương ti n t bùn c n; đơi dùng b tr+m tích b g n l&c nh-m c i ti n vi c lo i b h t Tuberculation: Development or formation of small mounds of corrosion products on the inside of iron pipe These tubercules roughen the inside of the pipe, increasing its resistance to water flow Lao: S phát tri n ho c hình thành mơ nh nh ng ch b ăn mịn bên !ng s"t Nh ng mô làm cho b m t !ng tr nên g gh , tăng s c n tr dòng nư c ch y Tundra: A type of treeless ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants Tundra is found at high latitudes (arctic tundra) and high altitudes (alpine tundra) Arctic tundra is underlain by permafrost and is usually water saturated (See: wetlands.) Lãnh nguyên: Lo i h sinh thái khơng có c!i, ch có đ a y, rêu, c th c v t g phát tri n Lãnh ngun đư c tìm th y vùng thu c vĩ ñ cao (lãnh nguyên vùng c c) cao ñ l n (lãnh nguyên núi) Phía dư i lãnh nguyên vùng c c t+ng đ t đóng băng vĩnh c#u thư ng ng p nư c (Xem: ñ t t.) Turbidimeter: A device that measures the cloudiness of suspended solids in a liquid; a measure of the quantity of suspended solids ð c k : D ng c ño ñ ñ c c a ch t r"n lơ l#ng m t ch t l ng; phương pháp ño lư ng ch t r"n lơ l#ng Turbidity: Haziness in air caused by the presence of particles and pollutants A cloudy condition in water due to suspended silt or organic matter ð ñ c: S m ñ c c a khơng khí h t ch t nhi m gây S m đ c c a nư c phù sa lơ l#ng ho c ch t h u U Ultra Clean Coal (UCC): Coal that is washed, ground into fine particles, then chemically treated to remove sulfur, ash, silicone, and other substances; usually briquetted and coated with a sealant made from coal Than c c s ch: Là lo i than ñá ñã ñư c r#a s ch, nghi n nh thành h t m n, sau đư c x# lý hóa h&c đ lo i b sulfua, tro, silicon ch t khác; thư ng ñư c đóng thành bánh b&c b-ng ch t b t làm t than Ultraviolet Rays: Radiation from the sun that can be useful or potentially harmful UV rays from one part of the spectrum (UV-A) enhance plant life UV rays from other parts of the spectrum (UV-B) can cause skin cancer or other tissue damage The ozone layer in the atmosphere partly shields us from ultraviolet rays reaching the earth's surface Tia c c tím: Là b c x m t tr i h u ích ti m )n đ c h i Tia c c tím t m t ph+n quang ph (UV-A) kích thích s tăng trư ng th c v t Tia c c tím xu t phát t ph+n quang ph khác (UV-B) có th gây ung thư da ho c phá h y mơ khác T+ng ơzơn b+u khí quy n s ngăn m t ph+n không cho tia c c tím l&t vào b m t trái đ t Uncertainty Factor: One of several factors used in calculating the reference dose from experimental data UFs are intended to account for (1) the variation in sensitivity among humans; (2) the uncertainty in extrapolating animal data to humans; (3) the uncertainty in extrapolating data obtained in a study that covers less than the full life of the exposed animal or human; and (4) the uncertainty in using LOAEL data rather than NOAEL data Nhân t b p bênh: M t vài nhân t! dùng đ tính tốn li u lư ng tham chi u t d li u th c nghi m Nhân t! b p bênh ñư c dùng ñ gi i thích cho: S thay ñ i ñ nh y c m c a ngư i; S không ch"c ch"n d li u ngo i suy ñ ng v t so v i ngư i; S không ch"c ch"n d li u ngo i suy t b n nghiên c u bao qt khơng h t tồn b th i gian s!ng c a ngư i ñ ng v t ch u tác ñ ng phơi nhi m S không ch"c ch"n vi c s# d ng d li u LOAEL thay cho d li u NOAEL Unconfined Aquifer: An aquifer containing water that is not under pressure; the water level in a well is the same as the water table outside the well T%ng ng m nư c không gi i h n: L p đ t ng m nư c khơng ch u áp su t; m c nư c m t gi ng b-ng m c nư c ng+m bên Underground Injection Control (UIC): The program under the Safe Drinking Water Act that regulates the use of wells to pump fluids into the ground Ki m soát vi c bơm vào đ t (UIC): Chương trình thu c ð o lu t nư c u!ng an toàn qu n lý vi c s# d ng gi ng ñ bơm ch t l ng vào lịng đ t Underground Injection Wells: Steel- and concrete-encased shafts into which hazardous waste is deposited by force and under pressure Gi ng n i x ng%m: Nh ng gi ng ñư c ñúc b-ng bê tơng c!t thép ch t th i nguy h i ñư c c t gi b-ng l c áp su t Underground Sources of Drinking Water: Aquifers currently being used as a source of Nh ng ngu n nư c u ng ng%m: T+ng ng m nư c ñang ñư c s# d ng làm ngu n nư c drinking water or those capable of supplying a public water system They have a total dissolved solids content of 10,000 milligrams per liter or less, and are not "exempted aquifers." (See: exempted aquifer.) u!ng ho c nh ng t+ng ng m nư c có kh cung c p cho m t h th!ng nư c công c ng Chúng ch a t ng lư ng ch t r"n hồ tan kho ng 10.000 miligram/lít hay không ph i “t+ng ng m nư c ñư c mi n” (Xem: t+ng ng m nư c ñư c mi n.) Underground Storage Tank (UST): A tank located at least partially underground and designed to hold gasoline or other petroleum products or chemicals B ch a ng%m (UST): B ch a có nh t m t ph+n ng+m dư i ñ t, ñư c thi t k ñ ch a xăng d+u, s n ph)m d+u m ho c hoá ch t Unreasonable Risk: Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), "unreasonable adverse effects" means any unreasonable risk to man or the environment, taking into account the medical, economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of any pesticide R&i ro phi lý: Theo ð o lu t liên bang v thu!c di t côn trùng, n m, chu t b&, “tác h i phi lý” b t kỳ r i ro phi lý gây cho ngư i ho c môi trư ng, xét v m t chi phí l i nhu n y t , kinh t , xã h i, môi trư ng c a b t kỳ lo i thu!c tr sâu Unsaturated Zone: The area above the water table where soil pores are not fully saturated, although some water may be present T%ng khơng bão hịa: T+ng đ t bên gương nư c nơi l đ t chưa hồn tồn bão hịa m c dù nư c có th hi n di n ñây Upper Detection Limit: The largest concentration that an instrument can reliably detect Gi i h n dị tìm trên: N ng đ l n nh t mà m t thi t b có th đ m b o tìm Uranium Mill Tailings Piles: Former uranium ore processing sites that contain leftover radioactive materials (wastes), including radium and unrecovered uranium Khu qu/ng cu i t nhà máy Urani: Là nh ng nơi ch bi n qu ng urani trư c ch t phóng x th a (ch t th i), bao g m urani khơng đư c thu h i radi Uranium Mill-Tailings Waste Piles: Licensed active mills with tailings piles and evaporation ponds created by acid or alkaline leaching processes Khu th i cu i t nhà máy Urani: Nh ng nhà máy ñư c c p gi y phép ho t đ ng có khu ch a qu ng cu!i ao bay quy trình l&c ki m ho c axít t o Urban Runoff: Storm water from city streets and adjacent domestic or commercial properties that carries pollutants of various kinds into the sewer systems and receiving waters Dịng ch y th : Lư ng nư c mưa t ñư ng ph!, khu dân cư, khu thương m i g+n ñ y mang theo ch t gây ô nhi m lo i ch y vào h th!ng c!ng rãnh dòng ti p nh n Urea-Formaldehyde Foam Insulation: A material once used to conserve energy by sealing crawl spaces, attics, etc.; no longer used because emissions were found to be a health hazard Ch t cô l p d ng b+t urê-formaldehit: Ch t đư c dùng đ b o tồn lư ng b-ng cách b t kín l ngo-n ngho, tư ng áp mái…; khơng cịn đư c s# d ng khí th i gây h i cho s c kh e Use Cluster: A set of competing chemicals, processes, and/or technologies that can substitute for one another in performing a particular function B s d ng: M t t p h p hoá ch t, quy trình và/ho c cơng ngh c nh tranh, có th thay th cho vi c th hi n m t ch c chuyên bi t Used Oil: Spent motor oil from passenger cars and trucks collected at specified locations for recycling (not included in the category of municipal solid waste) D%u ñã s d ng: D+u máy xe hơi, xe t i ñã qua s# d ng ñư c thu l i t i nh ng nơi riêng đ tái ch (khơng n-m danh m c ch t th i th r"n) User Fee: Fee collected from only those persons who use a particular service, as compared to one collected from the public in general Phí s d ng: Là lo i phí ch thu t nh ng ngư i có s# d ng m t lo i d ch v đó, khác v i phí thu cơng c ng Utility Load: The total electricity demand for a utility district T i ti n ích: Nhu c+u n tồn ph+n c a m t khu ti n ích V Vadose Zone: The zone between land surface and the water table within which the moisture content is less than saturation (except in the capillary fringe) and pressure is less than atmospheric Soil pore space also typically contains air or other gases The capillary fringe is included in the vadose zone (See: Unsaturated Zone.) T%ng nư c c n: Vùng gi a b m t ñ t gương nư c nơi lư ng )m chưa ñ t m c bão hịa (ngo i tr rìa mao d*n) áp su t th p áp su t khí quy n Nh ng khe h đ t có đ c tính ch a khơng khí lo i khí khác Rìa mao d*n đư c tính vào vùng nư c c n (Xem: t+ng khơng bão hồ) Valued Environmental Attributes/ Components: Those aspects (components/processes/functions) of ecosystems, human health, and environmental welfare considered to be important and potentially at risk from human activity or natural hazards Similar to the term valued environmental components used in environmental impact assessment Các thành ph%n/thu c tính mơi trư ng có giá tr : Các m t (thu c tính/q trình/ch c năng) c a h sinh thái, s c kh e ngư i ích l i mơi trư ng đư c xem quan tr&ng có nguy g p r i ro ho t ñ ng c a ngư i hay ch t nguy h i t nhiên Tương t v i thu t ng Các thành ph+n mơi trư ng có giá tr dùng đánh giá tác đ ng mơi trư ng Vapor Capture System: Any combination of hoods and ventilation system that captures or contains organic vapors so they may be directed to an abatement or recovery device H th ng gi hơi: S k t h p c a capô h th!ng thơng gió đ thu gi h u nh-m d*n chúng ñ n m t thi t b thu h i ho c lo i gi m Vapor Dispersion: The movement of vapor clouds in air due to wind, thermal action, gravity spreading, and mixing S phân tán hơi: S di chuy n c a đám mây nư c khơng khí nh gió, tác ñ ng nhi t, s căng tr&ng l c hoà l*n Vapor Plumes: Flue gases visible because they contain water droplets D i hơi: Khí th i !ng khói nhìn th y đư c có ch a nư c gi&t nh Vapor Pressure: A measure of a substance's propensity to evaporate, vapor pressure is the force per unit area exerted by vapor in an equilibrium state with surroundings at a given pressure It increases exponentially with an increase in temperature A relative measure of chemical volatility, vapor pressure is used to calculate water partition coefficients and volatilization rate constants Áp su t hơi: Phép ño kh bay c a m t ch t Áp su t l c tác ñ ng lên m t đơn v di n tích tr ng thái cân b-ng v i môi trư ng xung quanh m t áp su t cho trư c S! s tăng theo lũy th a tương ng v i ñ tăng nhi t ñ Cũng s! ño tương ñ!i kh d bay c a m t hóa ch t, áp su t ñư c dùng ñ tính h s! phân chia c a nư c h-ng s! t l bay Variance: Government permission for a delay or exception in the application of a given law, ordinance, or regulation S linh đ ng: Vi c ph cho phép trì hỗn hay ng ng thi hành m t ñi u lu t, s"c l nh hay quy ñ nh cho trư c Vector: An organism, often an insect or rodent, that carries disease Plasmids, viruses, or bacteria used to transport genes into a host cell A gene is placed in the vector; the vector then "infects" the bacterium V t ch& trung gian: M t sinh v t, thư ng trùng hay lồi g m nh m có mang m+m b nh Plasmit, virút hay vi khu)n ñư c dùng ñ ñưa gen vào m t t bào v t ch M t gen ñư c ñ t vào v t ch trung gian; v t ch trung gian sau làm lây lan vi khu)n Vegetative Controls: Non-point source pollution control practices that involve vegetative cover to reduce erosion and minimize loss of pollutants Bi n pháp ki m soát sinh dư7ng: Vi c ti n hành ki m soát lo i ô nhi m không ph i ngu n ñi m, liên quan ñ n vi c che ph th c v t đ gi m xói mịn gi m thi u s th t ch t gây nhi m Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT): A measure of the extent of motor vehicle operation; the total number of vehicle miles travelled within a specific geographic area over a given period of time D/m ñ ng ñi ñư c (VMT): S! ño ph m vi ho t ñ ng c a phương ti n có đ ng cơ; t ng d m ñư ng xe ñi ñư c m t vùng ñ a lý nh t ñ nh kho ng th i gian cho trư c Ventilation Rate: The rate at which indoor air enters and leaves a building Expressed as the number of changes of outdoor air per unit of time (air changes per hour (ACH), or the rate at which a volume of outdoor air enters in cubic feet per minute (CFM)) T c đ thơng gió: T!c đ khơng khí bên di chuy n vào m t tòa nhà Bi u di n b-ng s! l+n thay ñ i c a khơng khí bên ngồi m t đơn v th i gian (lư ng khơng khí thay đ i/gi (ACH), ho c t!c đ m t th tích khí bên ngồi vào tính theo feet 3/phút (CFM)) Ventilation/Suction: The act of admitting fresh air into a space in order to replace stale or contaminated air; achieved by blowing air into the space Similarly, suction represents the S thơng gió/ hút gió: Vi c đưa khơng khí s ch vào m t vùng đ thay th cho ph+n khơng khí cũ ho c b ô nhi m; th c hi n b-ng cách th i khơng khí vào nơi Tương t , admission of fresh air into an interior space by lowering the pressure outside of the space, thereby drawing the contaminated air outward hút gió vi c đưa khơng khí s ch vào m t vùng bên b-ng cách gi m áp su t khơng khí bên ngồi khơng gian đó, có th rút đư c khơng khí nhi m ngồi Venturi Scrubbers: Air pollution control devices that use water to remove particulate matter from emissions Vinyl Chloride: A chemical compound, used in producing some plastics, that is believed to be oncogenic Máy l+c Venturi: Thi t b ki m sốt nhi m khơng khí b-ng cách dùng nư c lo i b ch t h t kh i khí th i Vinyl clorua: H p ch t hóa h&c dùng s n xu t nh a, ñư c xem ch t gây ung thư Virgin Materials: Resources extracted from nature in their raw form, such as timber or metal ore V t li u nguyên sơ: Tài ngun đư c khai thác d ng thơ, ví d g ho c qu ng kim lo i Viscosity: The molecular friction within a fluid that produces flow resistance ð nh%y: Ma sát phân t# ch t l ng sinh s c n tr dòng ch y Volatile: Any substance that evaporates readily D bay hơi: Ch t b!c d dàng Volatile Liquids: Liquids which easily vaporize or evaporate at room temperature Ch t l ng d bay hơi: Ch t l ng d dàng bay t i nhi t đ phịng Volatile Organic Compound (VOC): Any organic compound that participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions except those designated by EPA as having negligible photochemical reactivity H p ch t h u d bay (VOC): H p ch t h u tham gia vào ph n ng quang hóa khí quy n tr nh ng ch t Cơ quan b o v mơi trư ng ch đ nh có ho t tính quang hóa khơng đáng k Volatile Solids: Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 5500 centigrade Ch t r n d bay hơi: Nh ng ch t r"n nư c hay ch t l ng khác b tiêu h y ñ!t cháy dư i d ng khơ nhi t đ 5500 C Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals: Chemicals that tend to volatilize or evaporate Hóa ch t h u t ng h p d bay hơi: Các hóa ch t có khuynh hư ng d bay hay b!c Gi m th tích: Vi c ch bi n ch t th i đ gi m b t khơng gian chúng chi m gi , thư ng b-ng cách nén, c"t v n, ñ!t ho c ch thành phân ! & " " % % &% " " % # Volumetric Tank Test: One of several tests to determine the physical integrity of a storage tank; the volume of fluid in the tank is measured directly or calculated from product-level changes A marked drop in volume indicates a Ki m tra th tích b ch a: M t s! phương pháp ki m tra đ đánh giá tình tr ng nguyên v6n v t lý c a b ch a; th tích c a ch t l ng b ñư c ño tr c ti p ho c tính tốn theo đ thay đ i m c s n ph)m M t s leak Vulnerability Analysis: Assessment of elements in the community that are susceptible to damage if hazardous materials are released Phân tích tính nh y c m: S ñánh giá y u t! d t n thương m t c ng ñ ng n u ch t nguy h i ñư c th i Vulnerable Zone: An area over which the airborne concentration of a chemical accidentally released could reach the level of concern Vùng nh y c m: Khu v c mà n ng đ lơ l#ng khơng khí c a m t hóa ch t tình c có th đ t đ n m c đ ñáng quan tâm W Waste: Unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process Refuse from places of human or animal habitation Ch t th i: Nh ng ch t khơng dùng đ n đư c th i t trình s n xu t Ch t ph th i t nơi cư trú c a ngư i ho c ñ ng v t Waste Characterization: Identification of chemical and microbiological constituents of a waste material ð/c tính hố ch t th i: S xác đ nh thành ph+n hóa h&c vi sinh c a m t ch t th i Waste Exchange: Arrangement in which companies exchange their wastes for the benefit of both parties Trao ñ i ch t th i: Là vi c cơng ty s"p x p đ trao ñ i ch t th i v i l i ích c a c hai bên Waste Feed: The continuous or intermittent flow of wastes into an incinerator Cung c p ch t th i: Lu ng ch t th i liên t c hay khơng gián đo n vào lị đ!t Waste Generation: The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the waste stream before recycling, composting, landfilling, or combustion takes place Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources S phát sinh ch t th i: Tr&ng lư ng hay th tích nguyên li u s n ph)m đ vào dịng th i trư c ti n hành tái ch , ch bi n phân, cho vào bãi rác, hay ñ!t b Cũng có th bi u trưng cho s! lư ng ch t th i th I t m t hay nhi u ngu n cho trư c Waste Load Allocation: The maximum load of pollutants each discharger of waste is allowed to release into a particular waterway Discharge limits are usually required for each specific water quality criterion being, or expected to be, violated The portion of a stream's total assimilative capacity assigned to an individual discharge S phân ñ nh lư ng ch t th i: Lư ng t!i đa ch t gây nhi m mà m i ngu n th i ñư c phép th i vào l ch nư c riêng Gi i h n th i thư ng ñư c ñ t m t tiêu chu)n ch t lư ng nư c riêng bi t hay có th s b vi ph m M t ph+n kh đ ng hố tồn b c a m t dịng ch y đư c quy đ nh cho ngu n th i cá th Waste Minimization: Measures or techniques that reduce the amount of wastes generated during industrial production processes; term is also applied to recycling and other efforts to S gi m thi u ch t th i: Là nh ng bi n pháp hay k1 thu t làm gi m lư ng ch t th i phát sinh q trình s n xu t cơng nghi p; thu t ng ñư c áp d ng cho reduce the amount of waste going into the waste stream vi c tái ch nh ng n l c khác nh-m làm gi m lư ng ch t th i vào dịng th i Waste Piles: Non-containerized, lined or unlined accumulations of solid, nonflowing waste ð ng th i: Nh ng ñ!ng ch t th i r"n khơng đư c, đ+y hay khơng đ+y khơng đư c đóng thùng Waste Reduction: Using source reduction, recycling, or composting to prevent or reduce waste generation S gi m th i: Vi c s# d ng phương pháp gi m ngu n th i, tái ch , hay ch bi n phân nh-m ngăn ng a gi m phát sinh ch t th i Waste Stream: The total flow of solid waste from homes, businesses, institutions, and manufacturing plants that is recycled, burned, or disposed of in landfills, or segments thereof such as the "residential waste stream" or the "recyclable waste stream." Dòng ch t th i: Tồn b dịng th i r"n th i t h gia đình, s kinh doanh, quan nhà máy s n xu t Nh ng ch t th i ñư c tái ch , thiêu h y bãi rác Ho c nhánh th i “dòng th i t khu dân cư” hay “dịng th i có th tái ch ” Waste Treatment Lagoon: Impoundment made by excavation or earth fill for biological treatment of wastewater Phá x lý ch t th i: S ngăn nư c b-ng cách ñào h! ho c ñ"p ñ t ñ x# lý sinh h&c nư c th i Waste Treatment Plant: A facility containing a series of tanks, screens, filters and other processes by which pollutants are removed from water Nhà máy x lý ch t th i: Phương ti n g m m t lo t b ch a, l&c, b l&c quy trình khác qua ch t th i ñư c tách kh i nư c Waste Treatment Stream: The continuous movement of waste from generator to treater and disposer Dòng th i x lý: Dòng ch t th i di chuy n liên t c t nơi phát sinh ñ n nơi nơi x# lý h yb Waste-Heat Recovery: Recovering heat discharged as a byproduct of one process to provide heat needed by a second process S thu h i nhi t th i: Vi c thu h i nhi t th i s n ph)m ph c a m t quy trình đ cung c p cho quy trình th hai c+n nhi t Waste-to-Energy Facility/ Municipal-Waste Combustor: Facility where recovered municipal solid waste is converted into a usable form of energy, usually via combustion Máy t o lư ng t ch t th i/ Máy ñ t ch t th i ñô th : Phương ti n dùng ñ chuy n ñ i ch t th i r"n thành m t d ng lư ng có ích, thư ng b-ng cách đ!t cháy Wastewater Infrastructure: The plant or network for the collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage in a community The level of treatment will depend on the size of the community, the type of discharge, and/or the designated use of the receiving water Cơ s0 h t%ng nư c th i: Nhà máy ho c m ng lư i thu th p, x# lí h y b nư c th i m t c ng ñ ng M c ñ x# lí s tuỳ thu c vào qui mơ c ng ñ ng, lo i ch t th i và/hay vi c s# d ng ñư c quy ñ nh c a dòng ti p nh n Wastewater Operations and Maintenance: V n hành b o dư7ng nư c th i: Nh ng Actions taken after construction to ensure that facilities constructed to treat wastewater will be operated, maintained, and managed to reach prescribed effluent levels in an optimum manner bi n pháp th c hi n sau xây d ng nh-m ñ m b o phương ti n ñư c xây d ng ñ x# lý ch t th i s ñư c ho t ñ ng, b o trì qu n lí cho đ t m c lưu lư ng th i ñã ñ nh m t cách t!t nh t Wastewater: The spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter Nư c th i: Nư c ñã qua s# d ng ñư c th i t h gia đình, c ng đ ng, nơng tr i hay nhà máy cơng nghi p, có ch a ch t hòa tan hay lơ l#ng Water Pollution: The presence in water of enough harmful or objectionable material to damage the water's quality Ô nhi m nư c: S hi n di n nư c ch t đ c h i ho c gây khó ch u làm h ng ch t lư ng nư c Water Purveyor: A public utility, mutual water company, county water district, or municipality that delivers drinking water to customers Nhà cung c p nư c: D ch v công c ng, công ty c p nư c chung, khu c p nư c th xã hay th phân ph!i nư c u!ng cho khách hàng Chu$n ch t lư ng nư c: Nh ng m c ch t lư ng nư c quy ñ nh m t th nư c thích h p cho vi c s# d ng theo ch ñ nh Chu)n d a nh ng c p ñ nh t ñ nh c a ch t gây nhi m có th bi n nư c thành ñ c h i n u dùng ñ u!ng, bơi, tr ng tr&t, s n xu t cá hay ch bi n công nghi p Water Quality Criteria: Levels of water quality expected to render a body of water suitable for its designated use Criteria are based on specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial processes Water Quality Standards: State-adopted and EPA-approved ambient standards for water bodies The standards prescribe the use of the water body and establish the water quality criteria that must be met to protect designated uses Tiêu chu$n ch t lư ng nư c: Nh ng tiêu chu)n có liên quan ñ n th nư c bang EPA cơng nh n Tiêu chu)n quy đ nh vi c s# d ng th nư c ñ nh tiêu chu)n v ch t lu ng nư c ph i ñư c ñáp ng ñ ñ m b o m c đích s# d ng đ nh Water Quality-Based Limitations: Effluent limitations applied to dischargers when mere technology-based limitations would cause violations of water quality standards Usually applied to discharges into small streams Gi i h n d a ch t lư ng nư c: Nh ng gi i h n lưu lư ng th i áp d ng v i nơi phát th i gi i h n thu+n túy d a công ngh s gây nh ng vi ph m v tiêu chu)n ch t lư ng nư c Thư ng ch áp d ng đ!i v i dịng th i ch y vào su!i nh Water Quality-Based Permit: A permit with an effluent limit more stringent than one based on technology performance Such limits may be necessary to protect the designated use of receiving waters (e.g., recreation, irrigation, industry or water supply) Gi y phép d a ch t lư ng nư c: Gi y phép có quy đ nh ch t ch v gi i h n lưu lư ng th i so v i gi y phép d a vi c th c hi n công ngh Nh ng gi i h n có th c+n thi t cho vi c b o v m c đích s# d ng dịng ti p nh n (ví d ho t đ ng gi i trí, tư i tiêu, cơng nghi p hay cung c p nư c) Water Solubility: The maximum possible concentration of a chemical compound dissolved in water If a substance is water soluble it can very readily disperse through the environment ð hịa tan nư c: N ng đ c c đ i c a m t hóa ch t đư c hịa tan nư c N u m t ch t hòa tan nư c, có th phân tán r t d dàng môi trư ng Water Storage Pond: An impound for liquid wastes designed to accomplish some degree of biochemical treatment Ao tr nư c: Vùng ch a ch t th i d ng l ng, ñư c thi t k ñ ti n hành vi c x# lý sinh hố m t m c đ Water Supplier: One who owns or operates a public water system Nhà cung c p nư c: Ch th s h u u hành h th!ng nư c cơng c ng Water Supply System: The collection, treatment, storage, and distribution of potable water from source to consumer H th ng c p nư c: Vi c t p h p, x# lý, lưu tr phân ph!i nư c u!ng ñư c t ngu n cung c p ñ n ngư i s# d ng Water Table: The level of groundwater Gương nư c: M c nư c ng+m Water Treatment Lagoon: An impound for liquid wastes designed to accomplish some degree of biochemical treatment Phá x lý nư c: Vùng ch a ch t th i d ng l ng, ñư c thi t k ñ ti n hành vi c x# lý sinh hoá m t m c đ Water Well: An excavation where the intended use is for location, acquisition, development, or artificial recharge of ground water Gi ng nư c: S ñào sâu nơi có ch đích tìm ki m, nh n d ng, m r ng hay tái n p nhân t o m ch nư c ng+m Water-Soluble Packaging: Packaging that dissolves in water; used to reduce exposure risks to pesticide mixers and loaders Bao bì tan nư c: Lo i bao bì tan nư c, đư c dùng ñ làm gi m r i ro phơi nhi m cho ngư i pha ch ngư i v n chuy n thu!c tr sâu Water-Source Heat Pump: Heat pump that uses wells or heat exchangers to transfer heat from water to the inside of a building Most such units use ground water (See: ground-source heat pump; heat pump.) Máy bơm l y nhi t t ngu n nư c: Máy bơm nhi t dùng gi ng hay tác nhân trao ñ i nhi t ñ chuy n nhi t t nư c vào bên nhà Ph+n l n thi t b s# d ng nư c ng+m (Xem: bơm l y nhi t t ñ t; bơm nhi t.) Waterborne Disease Outbreak: The significant occurence of acute illness associated with drinking water from a public water system that is deficient in treatment, as determined by appropriate local or state agencies S b c phát b nh lây lan qua nư c: S xu t hi n ñáng k b nh nghiêm tr&ng có liên quan đ n vi c u!ng nư c t h th!ng nư c cơng c ng đư c x# lí kém, đư c quan đ a phương hay ti u bang xác ñ nh Watershed Approach: A coordinated framework for environmental management that focuses public and private efforts on the highest priority problems within hydrologically-defined S ti p c n ñư ng phân nư c: M t c u h p tác qu n lý môi trư ng Cơ c u t p trung vào n l c cá nhân c ng ñ ng ñ gi i quy t v n ñ ưu tiên nh t khu v c geographic areas taking into consideration both ground and surface water flow ñ a lý có ranh gi i th y h&c nh-m xem xét dòng ch y nư c m t l*n nư c ng+m Watershed Area: A topographic area within a line drawn connecting the highest points uphill of a drinking water- intake into which overland flow drains Vùng phân nư c: Vùng đ a hình ph m vi m t ñư ng th2ng n!i gi a ñi m cao nh t ñ i c#a nh n nư c u!ng mà dịng ch y tràn m t đ vào Watershed: The land area that drains into a stream; the watershed for a major river may encompass a number of smaller watersheds that ultimately combine at a common point ðư ng phân nư c: Vùng ñ t mà nư c ñ vào thành su!i; ñư ng phân nư c cho m t sơng có th bao quanh m t s! ñư ng phân nư c nh ñ cu!i t l i t i m t ñi m chung S c thuy t ph c c&a b4ng ch ng khoa h+c: S quan tâm ñ n vi c ñánh giá b n di n gi i thơng tin xu t b n v đ đ c-ch t lư ng c a phương pháp th# nghi m, quy mô kh c a b n phác th o nghiên c u, tính b t bi n c a k t qu qua b n ñi u nghiên s h p lý sinh h&c c a quan h phơi nhi m-ph n ng tương quan th!ng kê Weight of Scientific Evidence: Considerations in assessing the interpretation of published information about toxicity -quality of testing methods, size and power of study design, consistency of results across studies, and biological plausibility of exposure-response relationships and statistical associations Weir: A wall or plate placed in an open channel to measure the flow of water A wall or obstruction used to control flow from settling tanks and clarifiers to ensure a uniform flow rate and avoid short-circuiting (See: shortcircuiting.) ð p: M t b c tư ng hay t m ch"n ñ t kênh l thiên đ đo dịng ch y c a nư c M t b c tư ng hay m t v t c n ñư c dùng đ ki m sốt dịng ch y t b l"ng b l&c nh-m ñ m b o m t m c ch y ñ ng nh t tránh hi n tư ng ño n m ch (Xem: ño n m ch.) Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil, or to store or bury fluids below ground Gi ng: L khoan hay h! đào có ñ sâu l n kích thư c b m t l n nh t nh-m m c đích thơng t i ngu n nư c ng+m hay l p d+u, ho c ñ d tr , lưu ch a nh ng ch t l ng dư i ñ t Well Field: Area containing one or more wells that produce usable amounts of water or oil Trư ng gi ng: Vùng có m t hay nhi u gi ng cung c p lư ng nư c hay d+u s# d ng ñư c Well Injection: The subsurface emplacement of fluids into a well N i x gi ng: Vi c ñưa ch t l ng dư i b m t vào gi ng Well Monitoring: Measurement by on-site instruments or laboratory methods of well water quality Giám sát gi ng: Vi c ño lư ng b-ng nh ng d ng c t i ch hay phương pháp ki m ñ nh ch t lư ng nư c gi ng c a phịng thí nghi m Well Plug: A watertight, gastight seal installed in a bore hole or well to prevent movement of fluids Nút gi ng: N"p phong kín nư c ñư c ñ t m t h! đào hay gi ng đ ngăn dịng ch t l ng di chuy n Well Point: A hollow vertical tube, rod, or pipe terminating in a perforated pointed shoe and fitted with a fine-mesh screen Cơng c đ nh v gi ng: 5ng, que hay !ng d*n r ng, th2ng t n b-ng m t chân ñ nh&n th ng l ñư c g"n v i ch"n m"t nh Wellhead Protection Area: A protected surface and subsurface zone surrounding a well or well field supplying a public water system to keep contaminants from reaching the well water Khu v c b o v ngu n nư c gi ng: Vùng b m t hay c n b m t ñư c b o v , bao quanh gi ng hay trư ng gi ng cung c p h th!ng nư c công c ng, ñ ngăn ch t nhi m b)n xâm nh p vào nư c gi ng Wetlands: An area that is saturated by surface or ground water with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions, as swamps, bogs, fens, marshes, and estuaries ð t t: Vùng no nư c m t hay nư c ng+m v i th m th c v t phù h p v i ñi u ki n ñ t, ñ+m l+y thân g , vũng l+y, bãi ñ+m, ñ+m l+y th o dư c c#a sông Wettability: The relative degree to which a fluid will spread into or coat a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids ð t: M c ñ tương ñ!i c a m t ch t l ng s tràn vào hay ph lên m t b m t c ng có s hi n di n c a ch t l ng không th tr n l*n khác B t th m nư c: M t công th c khô ph i ñư c tr n v i nư c ho c ch t l ng khác trư c s# d ng Wettable Powder: Dry formulation that must be mixed with water or other liquid before it is applied ! ! " &% &% % ' " % * % " % % " %3# " " # Vịng xoay chuy n: S truy n n c a m t th c th qua phương ti n c a m t th c th khác (thư ng m t ti n ích) Ki m tra đ c tính tồn dịng th i: Các cu c ki m tra ñ xác ñ nh m c ñ đ c h i c a tồn b dịng th i t m t ngu n ñơn l3, khác v i lo t ki m tra ch t ô nhi m riêng bi t Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly controlled Khu dành riêng cho sinh v t hoang dã: Khu v c ñư c quy ñ nh ñ b o v ñ ng v t hoang dã mà vi c săn b"n, câu cá b c m ho c b ki m soát g"t gao Wire-to-Wire Efficiency: The efficiency of a pump and motor together Hi u su t dây d!n: Năng su t c a c máy bơm ñ ng Wood Packaging: Wood products such as pallets, crates, and barrels Thùng g# ñ ng hàng: Các s n ph)m ñư c làm t g t m nâng hàng, thùng thưa, thùng tô nô Wood Treatment Facility: An industrial facility Thi t b x lý g#: Lo i máy công nghi p that treats lumber and other wood products for outdoor use The process employs chromated copper arsenate, which is regulated as a hazardous material dùng ñ x# lý g x3 s n ph)m g s# d ng ngồi tr i Q trình có s# d ng arsenat ñ ng k t t a màu ñư c coi ch t nguy h i Wood-Burning-Stove Pollution: Air pollution caused by emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total suspended particulates, and polycyclic organic matter from wood-burning stoves Ô nhi m b p c&i: Lo i ô nhi m khơng khí b p c i cháy th i có ch a ch t h t, CO, t ng h t lơ l#ng ch t h u ña chu kỳ Working Level (WL): A unit of measure for documenting exposure to radon decay products, the so-called "daughters." One working level is equal to approximately 200 picocuries per liter M c ho t ñ ng (WL): ðơn v ño lư ng m c phơi nhi m văn b n ñ!i v i s n ph)m phân h y radon, g&i “radon con” M t m c ñ ho t ñ ng tương đương kho ng 200 picocuri/lít Working Level Month (WLM): A unit of measure used to determine cumulative exposure to radon Tháng ho t ñ ng (WLM): ðơn v ño lư ng dùng ñ xác ñ nh m c phơi nhi m radon lũy tích XYZ Xenobiota: Any biotum displaced from its normal habitat; a chemical foreign to a biological system D v t: M t sinh v t b mang kh i môi trư ng thông thư ng c a nó; hố ch t khơng thu c m t h sinh h&c Yellow-Boy: Iron oxide flocculant (clumps of solids in waste or water); usually observed as orange-yellow deposits in surface streams with excess iron content H t vàng: C m ơxít s"t (nh ng kh!i ch t r"n ch t th i hay nư c) thư ng th y d ng ch t l"ng màu vàng cam dịng ch y m t, có hàm lư ng s"t dư cao Zero Air: Atmospheric air purified to contain less than 0.1 ppm total hydrocarbons Khí zero: Khơng khí ñư c l&c ñ ñ t t i m c ch dư i 0.1 ppm t ng lư ng hydrocacbon