Phát triển thị trường nông thôn ở tỉnh khánh hoà

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUING DAI HOC KINII TE QIJOC DAN HA NOI ’ - LE VAN NINII PHAT TRIEN THI TRlfONG NONG THON ff TINH KHANH HOA Chuygn nganli: KIN11 TE C1IINI1 TRI Ma so : 5.02.01 Nguoi luiong dan klioa hoc: I»(JS PIS Vll VAN HAN Ila Noi 1997 MUC LUC M(J DAU Cliuong I: Nhung van de ly luan va thirc ticn pliat trien thi truong ndng thon co sir quan ly ciia nha nude qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nen kinh te 1.1 Co so ly luan vd pliat tridn thi trirdng ndng tlidn 1.2 'Uli trirdng ndng tlidn qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dal nude 1.3 Didu kicn pliat tridn thi trirdng nong Ilion co sir quan ly cua nha i u roc 1.4 Bai hoc kinh ngliiem xay dung cac chinli sach kinh id lac dong gian tidp JOn san xuat ndng nghiep va pliat tridn (hi trirdng ndng tlidn d nidi so mrdc khu virc va thdgidi Cliuong 2: Thue trang va giai pliap pliat trien thi truong ndng nghiep - ndng tlidn tinli Klianh Iloa 2.1 Vi tri dia ly va didu kicn tir nliiCn anh hudng ddn san xua’t hang hoa d tinh Klianh loa 2.2 Nhung didu kicn pliat tridn kinh id hang hoa ndng nghiep - ndng tlidn otinh Klianh loa 2.3 Thi trirdng ndng tlidn Klianh I loa thdi ky doi nidi 2.4 Cac giai phap co ban dd tliuc dAy sir pliat tridn thi trirdng ndng tlidn Klianh loa KET LUAN KILN NGII1 TAJ LIEU THAM KIIAO m6 i>a u 1- Tinh cap thiet cua (te tai: Trong thdi dai vai tro cua nong nghiep khong chi ddng lai d viec cung cap lifting th/c, th/c pham cho ddi song, nguyen lieu cho cong nghiep ma d cho no la thi tru’dng rong ldn cua cong nghiep va cac nganh khac; no tr/c liep lien quan den van de moi sinh, van de xay d/ng va phat trien nong thon Khong phai ngau nhien d hang loat nddc, diem xuat phat cua s/ phat trien hay cai cach kinh te chinh la td nong nghiep nong thon Doi vdi nu’dc ta mot nu’dc Nong nghiep vdi hdn 80% dan so va chiem 75% l/c lifting Lao dong ca nftdc, vay viec nghien cu’u thi tru’dng nong thon la mot tat yeu, nhn’ng gap khong ft kho khan trd ngai O Viet nam nhu’ng nam gan day, cac nha Khoa hoc va Quan ly kinh te co nhieu cong trinh nghien cu'u ve thi trftdng nong thon Tuy nhien den van de van mdi me ca ve ly luan va th/c tien va nhieu quan diem khac De gop phan lam sang to nhu’ng van de ly luan va th/c tien nham thuc day s/ phat trien thi trftdng Nong nghiep - Nong thon Viet nam noi chung va thi trftdng nong thon Khanh hoa noi rieng, tac gia chon de tai: “ Phat trien thi trtfdng Nong than a Tinh Khanh hda” 2- Muc dfch nghien cu'u: Nghien cu’u nhu’ng van de ly luan ve thi tru’dng Nong nghiep - Nong thon gan vdi qua trinh hinh va phat trien kinh le thi tru’dng co s/ quan ly cua Nha nu’dc Tam quan cua viec phat trien thi tru’dng Nong thon va th/c bang Ihi Iru'dng iiong nghiep - ndng tlidn d nude la hien nay, Iren co' sd vacli sir can tliiet pliai pliat hien Ihi trirdng ndng tlidn Viet Nam noi cluing va thi trirdng ndng thon Klianh Hoii noi rieng sir nghiep edng nghiep hoa , hien dai hoa dat nu'd'c Can cir vao ly luan va kinh nghicni thu'e ticn luan an dd cac dice kicn va giai phap co ban de phat trien Ihi trirdng ndng nghiep - ndng tlidn tilth Klianh I loa mol each (hire te, gdp plian tang trirdng kinh te thiic day nhanli qua trinh edng nghiep hoa, non kinh to dat nu'dc 3- Ddi tifpng va pliam vi ngliien ciiu: Nghicn cun qua trinh pliat trien thi trirdng Viet Nam noi cluing va thi trirdng ndng nghiep -ndng tlidn ndi rieng thdi ky chiiili sacli kinh Icmd Ngliien ciiu thu'e (rang pliat trien thi trirdng ndng nghiep - ndng tlidn Klianh I loa thdi gian qua tren co so rut nhung iru diem va nhifo'c diem Nghicn ciiu cac dicu kicn va cac giai phap co' ban de pliat trien Ihi trirdng ndng nghiep- ndng tlidn d tinli Klianh I loa nhung nam tdi A- Phirong phap ngliien ciiu: Luan an dupe trinh bay Iren co sd van dung ly luan cua chit nglua Mac I.e nin (phirong phap cluy v al bicn cluing va day vat licit sir), pliirong phap logic kei hop vd'i lich sir, phirong phap so sanh ddi chieii, phirong phap plian tick tong hop Trong qiia trinh ngliien ciiu luan an edn sir dung phirong phap thong ke ket hop vdi plian lich ly luan va thu'e lien de lam rd ddi tu'png nghicn ciiu 5- Y nghia ly luan va thu’c tien cua Luan an: Luan an cd the lam tai lieu tham khao cho viec nghien cu’u thi trildng Nong nghiep - Nong thon Viet nam cung nhtl Tinh Khanh hoa Dong thOi, thd gdp phan du’a mot so giaii phap va kien nghi _ cd lien quan den phat trien thi trUOng Nong nghiep - Nong thon Viet nam ndi chung va Khanh hoa ndi rieng giai doan hien 6- Ket cau cua luan an: Ngoai phan md dau va ket luan, danh muc tai lieu tham khao luan an gom chitting: Chitting 1: Nhffng van de ly luan va thu’c tien phat trien thi trudng Nong nghiep - Nong thon cd su quan ly cua Nha nrldc qua trinh cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda nen kinh te Chu’dng 2: Thu’c trang va cac giai phap cd ban thuc day thi trudng Nong nghiep - Nong thon d linh Khanh hoa Chitong nhCng van de ly luan va mUc tien phat trien thi , x S' ' • '■* Z '> S , Z, trUong nong thon co sU quan ly cua nha nCoc TRONG QUA TRINH CONG NGHIEP H()A, HIEN DAI HOA NEN KINH TE LI Cd so’ ly luan ve phat trien thi tru’dng Nong thon: Trong qua trinh phat trien nen Nong nghiep san xuat hang hoa, thi tru’dng luon la yen to" quan co y nghla quyet dinh tdi toc va hieu qua san xuat Suy den cung thi tru’dng vda la dieu kien vda la phtfdng tien lien hanh qua trinh san xuat, dong thdi la ndi tap trung phan hoi moi quan he kinh te giffa san xuat va tieu dung Thi tru’dng va thong qua hoat dong cua thi tru’dng ma tac dong tru’c liep dcn hoat dong san xuat, thay doi cd cau kinh te, thuc day xa hoi phat trien (16 ) Vi vay thi trUdng la cai tat yeu, la hdp phan bat buoc cua san xuat hang hoa Thi tru’dng la ndi dien su' chuyen nhttong , trao doi, SU mua - ban hang hoa Dieu quan de hieu ditoc thUc chat ciia th i tru’dng la d cho ; Thi trildng khong phai chi ddn thuan la lmh vUc trao doi, di chuyen hang hoa dich vu td ngu’di san xual sang ngu’di tieu dung, ma la trao doi ditoc to chtfc theo cac qui luat cua lUu thong hang hoa va liiLl thong tien te C.Mac da tdng chi rang lilu thong la qua trinh long the cua trao doi va la qua trinh hinh va tich luy tien te Trong trao doi dien sU thay the" tru’c tiep, khong tach rdi san pham vdi san pham khac, qua trinh hinh va tich luy tien te chi dien cac hanh vi mua, ban tach ca ve khong gian , thdi gian va ca ngu’di thuc hien hanh vi LUu thong hang hoa gia dinh mua va ban tach ra, tien va hang tach cbc dbi lap nhau, nhbng khong the thieu tren thi trbdng - cbc lbu thong hang hoa va cbc lbu thong tien te Co nghia la hang hba khong tbc khac chuyen tien va tien hang hoa, vi the’ ban than sb trao dbi khong phai dbOng nhien thu’c hien dbdc Nham giai quyet nhbng kho khan mau thuan ay giba cac chu the san xuat - Lbu thong co nhbng quan he thi trbdng, de giai quyet tbOng quan giba gia ca va so lbdng hang hoa mua - ban Vay cd the hieu: Thi trbdng la mot qua trinh, ngbdi ban va ngbdi mua tac dong qua lai lan de xac dinh gia ca va so lbdng cua mot hay nhieu thb hang hoa khac (58) Sb hinh va phat trien thi trbdng la mot qua trinh lich sb lau dai gan lien vdi sb hinh va phat trien kinh te hang hoa, ma co sd kinh te cua chung chinh la sb phat trien phan cong lao dong xa hoi va xa hoi hoa nen san xuat Phan cong lao dong xa hoi phat trien thi nen kinh te hang hoa phat trien theo va qua trinh trao dbi san pham nen kinh te trd nen da dang phong phu ho'n Khi kinh te hang hoa va thi trbdng cang phat trien dbi hdi cac thu the tham gia vao thi trbdng phai giai quyet ba van de co ban: Mot la: Nhbng loai hang hoa va dich vu nai can dbdc san xuat? I lai la: Nhbng loai hang hoa va dich vu dbdc san xuat cho ai? Ba la : Khoi lbdng hang hoa va dich vu can dbdc tao la bao nhieu va tao nhb the nao? De tra ldi cau hdi dbi hdi cac ca nhan va doanh nghiep (ngbdi mua - ngbdi ban) phai thong qua thi trbdng, xam nhap va nghien cbu thi trbdng de tb tim kiem ldi fch cha chinh minh theo sb dan dat cua gia ca thi trbdng Nhb vay, thi trbdng la nOi phan hbi moi quan he kinh te giba ngu’di san xnat va lieu dung Thi tru’dng tac dong lid lai ddi vdi san xual, ihuc day chuyen dich cd can kinh te, dicu liet cung - cau lao nhu’ng dong li/c ihuc day nen kinh te phat Irion Phat trien kinh te ndng nghiep va ndng thon dude neu nhieu cac ly ihuyel kinh te Be cap den kinh te cac nu’dc dang phat trien co cac: Ly thuyet kinh te Nhi nguyen: Theo cac ly thuyet non kinh te dude chia hai khu vu’e: Khu vifc kinh te hien dai va khu vifc kinh te truyen thong Khu vitc kinh id hien dai bao gom he thong kinh te du nha p - la lie thong kinh te hien dai, co nang suat lao dong cao, kha nang tich luy va tai san xuat md rong ldn Khu vifc kinh te truyen thong, san xuat chit yen la ndng nghiep - lao dong gian ddn , nang suat thap mifc that nghiep cao Cac ly thuyet kinh te nhi nguyen ve lang tru’dng va phat trien lien quan den ITnh vu’e ndng nghiep dude chia hai nhom: Nhdrn ihi? nlial: Bal van de phat trien khu vifc kinh Id truyen thong (Ndng nghiep) phu tliudc vao sif phat trien khu vu’e kinh te hien dai Cac hoe thuyet kinh Id lieu bieu cho loai quan diem nhif md h'inh Arthur Lovvis, nid h'inh Pei ranis, md h'inh Herris tarada Cac md h'inh kinh te noi Iren luy mu’e plian lich cd su’ khac nliau nhu’ng cd mot quan diem chung la d did: Cac nu’dc dang phat trien can phai tap tiling dau lif vao khu vifc kinh te hien dai, Ihuc day su’ tang tu’dng cua Khu vu’e lam tang can ve lao dong cua khu vu’e, tao site hut lao dong ddi vdi khu vifc kinh te truyen thong Thu’e chat cua md h'inh la tap tiling pliai trien edng nghiep lit cong nghiep lac dong trd lai khu vu’e ndng nghiep Cac ly thuyet kinh te thuoc nhom thif ma lieu bieu la mb hinh cua nha Kinh te Nhat ban Harri Toshima Ong cho rang doi vdi nhu’ng nen Kinh te nong nghiep gib mua, tinh hinh du" thifa lao dong mang tinh chat thdi vu, nghla la chi du thifa nhu’ng thang nhan rbi, cac dinh cao cua thdi vu van thieu lao dong Vi vay Harri Toshima du’a mb hinh Kinh te ma sf tang tru’bng bat dan tif viec gin’ lai lao dong nong nghiep va dau tu tao them viec lam, bang cach tang vu, da dang hoa cay trbng, phat trien chan nubi, phat trien nhu’ng nganh cbng nghiep can nhieu lao dong va cac dich vu khac Sf phat trien lam tang thu nhap cua nong dan , co them viec lam, ti se mb rong thi trudng nudc cho cac nganh cbng nghiep hoa va dich vu; mat khac se tao tien de thuc day tien bo ky thuat nong nghiep, thay the lao dong thu cbng bang lao dong may moc, lam tang nang suat lao dong, lang tong san pham quoc dan Nhu vay theo Ila rri Torhima thi doi vdi cac nUdc Chau a co nen nong nghiep gio mua phai bat dau tif nong nghiep , coi nong nghiep la diem xuat phat, tif tac dong vao nbng nghiep de md rong sf tang trudng cua ca nen kinh te Quan diem ciia Le-Nin: ve quan diem nghien cu’u ve van de nbng dan, nbng nghiep khbi phuc va phat trien Kinh te thi trudng b Nbng thon dufc Le-Nin neu chinh sach kinh tb mdi (NEP) NLP dufc ap dung cho NuOc Nga tif mua xuan l92l, nudc Nga mdi (hoat khdi cuoc Noi chien ac liet, kinh te bi tan pha nghiem b cac da xuat hien nan doi thieu nguyen lieu, cac xi nghiep bi dong cii’a hang loat, hoac hoat dong cam cluing , lat dong cbng nhan bi that nghiep Viec thifc hien chinh sach tru’ng thu, trung mua luong thfc chinh sach Cong 10 san llidi cliien da lam cho nong dan kiet quo, san xuat nong nghiep sa sut nghiem Niidc Nga Xo viet lai van liep Inc nam vong vay cua cac liic lifting thu dich quec te Trong bo'i canh Le-Nin da de NEP nham khoi phnc kinh te, cong nghiep hoa dat niidc Quan diem xuat phat cua NEP la bat dau tii nong nghiep Lo nin da neu hang loat bien phap de phat trien kinh te cua nong dan, nong nghiep nhii: Thay the chinh sach trftng mua, tiling thu lifting thu’c thiia cua nong dan bang chinh sach time nong nghiep (Miic thue diftic xac dinh rat thap); cho Nong dan diftic lftu thong tu phan lifting thu’c lai, thuc day sU trao ddi hang hoa d nong thon, thuc day sU trao ddi san pham gii~ia nong nghiep va cong nghiep Tai Dai hdi X Dang Cong san Nga (thang 3.1921), Le Nin da noi rang :O mot niidc ma Nong dan chiem dai da so" va hien dang d tlnh trang het sic kho khan ve kinh te , phlc tap ve chinh tri nhft Niidc Nga thi khong co cd hdi nao de thu’c hien biidc chuyen triic tiep len CNXII vdi quan diem Ong khang dinh: “ Khong nghi ngd gl niia, d mot niidc ma ngftdi san xuat - Tieu nong chiem tuyet dai da so” dan cii, chi cd the thu’c hien cach mang XIICN bang mot loat cac bien phap qua dac biet.”(20) Nhing bien phap qua chia dung NEP, ma mot so" nhitng bien phap la thay the che tiling thu lifting thu’c thiia bang thue lifting thu’c va di kem theo la che" tii do, trao ddi hang hoa, tii buon ban kinh doanh Lo Nin da coi van de tii trao doi hang hoa, tii buon ban kinh doanh la van de can phai Dat len hang dau” la “Don xeo chu yen cua chac” gih’a hai giai cap vo san va Nong dan , la cai can thiet de nong dan md rong san xuat va cai (hien ddi song cua ho (21) Non Ong da yeu cau 1I Khu vi/c kinh te hien dai bao gom: He thong kinh te du nhap dd la he thong kinh te hien dai, cd nang suat lao dong cao, kha nang tich lay va tai san xuat md rong ldn Khu vt/c kinh te tiuyen thong san xufit chu yen la nong nghiep lao dong giau ddn, nang suat thap mii’c that nghiep cao Cac ly thuyet nhi nguyen ve tang trirdng va phat trien lien quan den ITnh vi/c nong nghiep difdc chia hai nhdm: Nhdm tint’ nhat: Dat van de phat trien khu vi/c tiuyen thong phu thuoc vao sd phat trien khu vi/c kinh te hien dai Thu’c chat vii cac quan diem mil nhdm dda la: Cac mrdc dang phat trien can dau tir vao khu vu'c kinh le hien dai thuc day sir tang tru'dng ciia khu vu’c lam lang can ve lao dong ciia khu vu’c, lao sii’c hut lao ddng ddi vdi khu vu'c kinh te tiuyen thong Cac ly thuyet thuoc nhdm thu' hai lieu bieu la md hinh ciia nha kinh le Nhat ban I lari i Toshima Ong cho rang ddi vdi nhu’ng nen kinh te nong nghiep gid mua, tinh hinh dir tliii'a lao dong mang tinh chat thdi vu, nghia la dir tliii’a nhu’ng thang roi, nhu’ng dinh cao ciia thdi vu van thieu lao ddng Vi vay Ong cho rang can phai gid lai lao ddng nong nghiep va dan Id tao viec lam, bang each tang vu, da dang hda cay Irdng, phat (lien chan nudi, phat trien nhu’ng nganh cdng nghiep can nhieu lao dong vii cac dich vu khac Su’ phat trien linn tang thu nhap ciia dan cu’ Nong nghiep, cd them viec linn lii’ dd se md rdng thi trirdng nu’dc Theo Haiti Toshima ddi vdi cac niidc Chau a cd nen Nong nghiep gid mini phai bat dau tir nong II nghiep va coi nong nghiep la diem xual phat, tif dd tac dong vao nong nghiep de md rong sif lang trifling ciia ca nen kinh te Quan diem ciia Le nin: Ve quail diem nghicn cii'u ve van de ndng dan, ndng nghiep Irong khdi phuc va phat trien kinh te thi tnfdng d ndng tlidn difdc Le Nin nen Irong clnnh sach kinh le mdi (NEP) Quan diem xual phat ciia NEP la bat dau tif Ndng nghiep Le Nin da lieu hang loai hien phap de phat trien kinh le ciia ndng dan nlnf: Thay the chinh sach trifng mua, trifng thu lifdng thifc thifa ciia ndng dan bring chinh sacli time ndng nghiep; cho ndng dan du’dc tif lifu thong plian lifdng thifc thifa lai, (hue day sif trao ddi hang hoa d nong thdn, thuc day sif trao ddi san pham gifi'a ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep Ong khang dinh: Khong nghi ngd gi m~fa d mdi nifdc mil ngudi san xual tieu ndng chiem tuyel dai bo phan dan cif chi cd the thifc hien each mang XIICN bang mot loai cac bien phap qua dac biet Le Nin coi van de tif trao ddi hang hoa, tif buon ban kinh doanh la van de can thiet Phai dill len hang dau” la NEP” lii cai can thiet de ndng dan md rdng sail xuat vii cai (hien ddi song ciia ho Xuat phat tif quan diem Le Nin yen can Nha nifdc ngoai viec thifc hien che tif trao ddi hang hoa, tif buon ban kinh doanh vii cho phep cii tif nhan lan ciic cd sd san xuat lap the difdc thuc ciic xi nghiep Nha nu’dc lie linn difdc dieu theo Le Nin phai ap dung co' che thi trifdng, si? dung quan lie hang hoa lien te, phai “ Nghien ci?u thi trifdng Mac dau cac ly thuyet ve phat trien nen kinh te thi trifdng nong Ilion da difdc nhieu nha kinh te de cap den tif xa xifa nhifng mi van mang tinh thdi sif Nd cho phep chung ta hieu them cbng cube xay difng CNXII gan lien vdi viec cai tao nen kinh te lieu nbng, plial trien thi trifdng nbng llibn d mot nifdc ma Nbng dan chieni dai da so nhif nifdc la la mot tat yen Cac ly thuyet plial trien nbng nghiep va thi trifdng nbng thon da gdp phan lam sang to cbng cube xay difng CNXII gan lien vdi viec cai lao nen kinh te tieu nbng nhif the nao va nhii'ng hien pliap nao phai difdc coi la thiet yen cho vice cai tao dd Nd cho phep cluing la hieu vi phai thii’c tinh y thii’c chii nhan ngifdi Nbng dan , vi sai phai quan lam den ldi fell kinh le , cac nhu can kinh te va kha nang budn ban va trao doi hang hda d ho Bdi le nao ngifdi Nbng dan difdc llida man ve mat kinh te , thi dd nidi cd the coi la da diil difdc mol nen mdng kinh te XI1CN Hdn nifa cho phep cluing la (hay chinh sach “Khoan 10” va clui trifling giao dal giao rifng cho ngu’di Nbng dan , cho plidp ho difdc tif kinh doanh vii md rong san xuat, plial trien kinh te hang hda nham muc dich tiing san pham cho xa hoi cluing nhifng cd y ngliTa ly luan mil cd ca cd sd thifc lien nifa (i nu’dc la cac chinh sach kinh te, vi tri ciia van de nbng llibn, nbng nghiep vii phat trien (hi tru’dng Nbng llibn thu’dng difdc xem xet dlfdi cac gdc nlnf: l)d lii ndi cung cap lifdng thu'c, thifc 13 pham cho xa hoi , cung cap nguyen lieu cho cdng nghiep die bien, cung cap lao dong de phai trien cac nganh kinh te khac, la (lii tru'dng cho cac nganh cdng nghiep , dich vu, la nguon tich lay vdn ban dan cho cdng nghiep hda lbdng qua vide xuat khau nong san ITt Dai hdi V Dang cdng san Viet nam, nong nghiep du’dc du’a len vi tri hang dau de gop phan thitc hien ba clutdng trinh kinh le ldn ciia dat nitdc: Lu’dng thu’c thu’c pham - hang lieu dung va hang xuat khau Cac quan diem van de Nong nghiep va (hi iru’dng Nong thon ditdc dill mdi quan lie lutu cd vdi sit phat trien ciia cac nganh, cac khu vitc khac Cac clni tritdng phat trien cd sd tang nong thon, phat trien cdng nghiep che bien, thu’c hien phan cdng lao ddng lai cho dang titng bitdc bao dam sit phat trien manh me vu'ng chac ciia thi Iru’dng nong thon nitdc ta 1.2 Thi trn'd'ng nong thon (pin trinh cdng nghiep hdn i ;i hien dpi hdn dnt nn'd'c 1: 1.2- Nen kinh te thi tru’dng md vii xu the qudc te hda ddi song kinh le xa hdi: I lien theo xu the khach quail ciia thdi dai lii qudc le boa ddi song kinh le gan lien vdi su’ phat trien cac quan lie kinh le qudc te Dang vii Nliii nu’dc la da thu’c hien chinh sach md cii’a vdi ben ngoiii de cimg tham gia vao phan cdng lao ddng Quoc le Trong nen kinh te md, bat ky nu’dc niio cung plnii Ill’ll lam den san xuat liiing hda mil cac yen 14 to nu’dc lifting doi doi dao va hien qua nhat Ddi vdi nifdc ta la mot nifdc ndng nghiep, gian lai nguyen illicit nhien, vi lit dia ly tliuan ldi nhan life ddi dao dd la nhfiiig ldi (lie ma khong pliai miifc nao cling cd difdc Vdi dicu kicn non kinh le nluf hien trifde mat Viet nam van phai cd cac chinh sacli xuat khau cac san pham ciia nen ndng nghiep (Ndng - Lam - Tlniy san) Cac chinh sach xuat khau se cd tac dung kich thfch thi trirdng noi dia pliat trien, chuyen dicli cd can kinh te, da dang hoa cay trdng vat nudi, hinh cac vung san xual hang hoa tap trung, lao lien de tich luy von cho Cdng nghiep hoa 2: 1.2- Cac nguyen nhan dan den (hue day sif pliat trien thi tnfdng Ndng thdn: Nyuyen nlidii Irony nift'fc: nen kinh te nhieu phan dtfa Iron da dang hoa hinh thu’e sd liii'u llai la ddi mdi cd che kinh le chuyen tif (rang Ilia i Nha nifdc chi huy non kinh le cliii yen bang mciili lenli hanh chinh bang ke hoach hda luyel ddi tap tiling cao sang cd che Ihi tnfdng cd sif quail ly ciia Nha nifdc theo dinh hifdng XIICN Ba la lifng bifdc chuyen nen kinh le san xual tif cung tif cap, nil lien cdng nghiep nang sang nen kinh te hang hda vii hinh lie thong kinh le nidi tren cd sd phan cong lai lao ddng xa hoi, da dag hda cay trdng vat nudi va pliat trien nganh nghe 15 Nguyen nhan (June te: Chiu sd anh hddng cua xn hddng loan cau hoa kinh te va khu vdc hoa dang dien gay gat tac ddng den nen kinh te nddc ta 1.2-3: Thi li • ddng nong thon qua trinh cong nghiep hoa va hien da i hoa nen kinh le: Mo hinh cong nghiep hoa thay the nhap khau: Lich su’ phat trien kinh le the gidi da xnat hien nhieu mo hinh khac nhan ve chien hide cong nghiep hoa rd net nhat la mo hinh: Chien lifdc cong nghiep hoa thay the nhap khau; xuat khau san pham tho va st cho; chien lddc cong nghiep hoa hddng ve xuat khau Ngoai co chien lddc phai trien hdn hdp ma thdc chat la sd kel hdp ctia hai hay ca loai chien lifdc tren, van de dat la can co sd lifa chon mdt chien lddc cong nghiep hoa phu hdp vdi hoan canh thdc lien Viet nam dang qua trinh md cUa, hoa nhap vao phan cong lao ddng va hop tac Quoc te De cap tien ndi dung cd han ctia cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa nhu’ng nam lai cua thap ky 90 bao cao Chinh tri cua Ban chap hanh Trung ddng Dang khoa VII tai Dai hdi dai hieu toan quoc lan thd VIII nhan manh “ Dac hiet coi cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep va nong thon, phat trien toan dien Nong - Lam - Ngd nghiep gan vdi cong nghiep che bien Nong - Lam - Thuy san, phat trien cong nghiep stin xuat hang tieu dung va xuat khau Doi vdi Viet nam sd lda chon chien lddc nao de thdc hien cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dat nddc la ca mdt van de doi hdi phai nghien cdu mdt cach nghiem tic, van dung mdt cach sang lao tranh 16 dap khuon may moc Thuc hien cong cudc doi mdi nhu’ng nam qua Viet Nam da chu tru’ong md ciia kinh te thu’c hien " Da dang hoa cac quan he kinh te ddi ngoai, da phu’ong hoa thi trudng, tir hoa thirong mai" Nhu' vay chien lirqc cdng nghiep hoa d Viet Nam la mot loai chien lirqc phat trien hdn hop co sir ket hop ddng bo ca chien luoc phat trien hirdng ndi va chien luoc phat trien hudng ngoai Sir lira chon md hinh chien luoc cdng nghiep hoa hien dai hoa nhir vay cho phep chung ta khai thac triet de cac iru the va khac phuc tdi da nhu’ng han che von cd tirng loai chien lirqc rieng biet sir ket hop cac chien lirqc cdng nghiep hoa ndi tren cd tac dung kich thich thi trirdng nong thon mot thi trirdng vdi nhidu tiem nang va loi the so sanh ciia ndn nong nghiep nhiet ddi Chien lirqc cdng nghiep hoa hu’dng vd xuat khau bu’dc ddu da lam cho bo mat kinh te nong nghiep nong thon nhu’ng nam qua phat trien on dinh va viing chac the hien cu the: chuyen dich co’ can kinh te, da dang hoa cay vat nudi va phat trien manh nganh nghd, thu’c hien phan cdng lao dong xa hoi tren dia ban nong thon didn nganh cang sail sftc lion Vdi chien lirqc thi trudng nong nghidp nong thon thu’c sir cd vai tio to Ion gop phan tich luy vdn ban dftu cho cdng nghiep hoa va hien daihoa nen kinh te theo mot phu’ong hudng: hu’dng manh vd xuat khau va tirng bu’dc hoa nhap vao ndn kinh te khu virc va the gidi 1.3 Didu kidn phat trien thi trirdng ndng thon co sir quan ly ciia nha mrdc: Mot la : l ir hoa thirong mai va gia ca 17 Hai la: Tich luy von ban dfiu de to clitic san xuat Ba la: Chuyen sii’c lao dong hang hoa va phat trien thi truong sii'c lao dong Bon la: Day nianh plian cong lao dong xa hoi, pliat trien nianh nganh nghe, dicli vu va da dang hoa cay trdng, vat nudi, chuyen dicli co can kinh te Nani la: Phat trien nianh cac phan kinh te, da dang hoa cac hinh tlui'c SO 11 fl’ll Sail la: Xay dung co so’ tdng cho thi trudng ndng thdn Bay la: Tang cu'dng vai trd quan ly ciia Nha nu’dc Trong nhung nam gfin day non ndng nghiep nu’dc ta da duoc doi nidi; irong ndng nghiep nliidu clni truong chinh sach mdi da ddi, tao dong luc thuc day nen ndng nghiep hang hoa va Ihi tru’dng ndng thdn pliat trien Tai dai hoi Dang loan quoc lan thii’ V da chi rd: "Trong nam 1981 - 1985 va nhung nam 80 edn tap trung sue pliat trien ndng nghiep, coi nong nghiep la mat tian hang dfiu, dua ndng nghiep mdl bu’dc len san xuat ldn xa hoi clni nghTa " Cd the noi rdng Dai hoi Dang loan quoc ldn thii V da danh dau moc lich sii su nghiep phat trien ndn ndng nghiep nu’dc ta theo co che thi truong cd su’ quan ly ciia nha nu’dc Tiep dd dai hoi VII chi ro:" Trude mdt ke hoach nam (1986 - 1990) pliai that su’ lap trung sii’c ngu’di sii'c ciia vao viec thuc hien cho dupe cliuong trinh muc tieu ve luong tlui’c - thu’e plid’m, hang tieu diing va hang xuat khau " 18 Bu'dc sang giai doan (1991 - 1995) san nam nam Ihu’c hien cbng cube doi mdi.Dai hoi VII da vach Plial Irien nbng - lam - ngu' nghiep gan vdi cbng V\c\\, \AvM \\\ew Kovw\ d'viw VA\A\ Vi \K\ K'ivj WbW^ V\d\\ mdi la nliiem vu quan hang dau de on dinh tlnli I1I11I1 kinh te xa hoi ", Duong ldi ciia Dang dirqc the hien qua cac chinh sach kinh le irong lifng thdi ky mil cu (lie: Chinh sach khoan san pham Irong IITX nbng nghiep nam 1981 vdi noi dung chii yen lii: Khoan san pham cu the dbu nhom vii ngu'di lao dong Co the ndi chi ihi 100 nam 1981 ciia Ban bi lliir Trung u'o’ng Dang duoc coi la khau doi pha de cac giai pliap llnli the da chan du’ng da su sin irong nong nghiep ciia nhung nam cubi thap ky 70 Cling vdi chinh sach khoan san plia’m ; Irong giai doan 1981 - 1985 ban hanh mol so chinh sach khac nlui’ichinh sach bn dinh ngliia vu ban nbng san doi vdi nbng dan Chinh such ruong dal, chinh sach dfiu lu’, cung ling cac chinh sach Iren luy mdi thay doi mol bu’dc, lhao go- nhung can ltd, tri Ire ciia co’ che quan ly tlico mb hinh ke hoach hoa lap Irung, lao dieu kien bu’dc dfiu du’u nen kinh te liep can voi qu\ luat gia li i Irong trao ddi nha nu’dc vdi nbng dan theo co’ che Ihi tru’dng Tong kei Ihu’c tibn nil nliung biii hoc cbng chua (hanh cbng, cimg voi tham khao kinh nghieni lol ciia cac nu’dc Dimg ta da di den quyel dinh phai ddi moi loan dien kinh le dal nu’dc Trong liiili vu’e nbng nghiep ngiiy thang nam 1988 Bq liii chinh bun chap hanh Irung u’o’ng Dimg cong san Vici Num nghi quyel so 10 ve doi moi quan ly kinh le nbng nghiep va nhieu van him khac \oi noi dung co' biin: Doi mdi quanly nbng nghiep nbng Ilion lii liep luc giai phong sue san xual, chuyen mon nbng nghiep dang tir cung lu’ cap sang sim xuat hang hoii nhieu llianhh plain, chuyen dich co can kinh le, da dang hoii sim xuiit vii phat trien nong Ilion loan dien Time hien dieu chinh mol bu’dc qnan lie so liuii, giao da, giao rung, killing dinh vai lib In’ chu cua kinh le ho Khang dinh sir ton lai hop pliap vii klmyen khich plial Irien kinh le lu' nhan, ca the nbng nghiep, khuyen khich plial trien rqng rai cac hinh Ihu’c lien doanh, lien ket giua ciic phan kinh te Nhd cbng cube doi moi mil Dang ta da klibi xudiig d;i dem lai bile tranh nen kinh le nude la plial Irien bn dinh vung chac Dieu duoc the hien nbi bat b lang trudng kinh le cao vii bbn vung, blnli quail num 1990 - 1995 ldc lang Irubng lii 8,2%/nam T iT nhu’ng van db phan tich Iren cd the nil mol sd ket lean sum Plial irien kinh te -xa hoi nbng llibn, xay dung nbng thon mdi vii phai irien ihi triidng cliiem mot vi tn het sue quan Irong chien lii’qc phat trien kinh le xa hoi lb nude la Tru'dc hel Ihi Irubng la Irong lain la no’i phan hdi cac quan lie kinh le hang hoa Sir phai Irien ihi Inrbng nong Ilion luy thuoc vao 16c phai trien hang hoa Mat khac thong qua tin (ruong mil lac dong den san xual thuc da\ phan cong lao dong san xuat, chuyen dich co' can kinh le, giai quyet vice lam, thuc day nen kinh Id hang hoa phai Irien Trong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa dal nude, thi Iruong nong thon cd vai lib hel sue quan la noi cung cap luong thuc lime pham, cung cap sire lao dong va nguyen lieu cho cac nganh cong nghiep che hien, lao von licli luy ban dau de lien hanh cong nghiep hoa phat Irien Ihi Iruong nong Ilion se lao dieu kien phat liny cac nguon lire loi (lie so sanh, khai lliacvii liny dong moi tiem nang cua cac phfin kinh Id o nong Ilion lhani gia vao qua ninh cong nghiep hoa Thue hien chien lirqc cong nghiep hoa thay lhe nhap khau hirdng vd xual khau Bai hoc va kinh nghidin xAy dirng cac chinh slick kinh tb tac ddng giau liep len san xuat nong nghiep va phai Iridn Ihi Irubng nong Ilion b mol so nude (rong khu virc va Ihbi gian Trong ndn kinh Id Ihi Irifd'ng mb ciia, chinh sach xual kliaii cd vai ltd lai quan doi vdi san xual Irong nude I lac bicl cac nude dang phai irien xuai khau nong san chiem vi tri nil lhe Irong long gia tri xual khau va la noi lao nhidu cong an vice lam Ihu nhap cho ngudi lao dong b nong ihon Chinh pliii cd tiuyen llidng xuat khau nhidu vii irong llio'i giau dai cac mai hang nong san khac nluf My , Braxin, An dac bicl lii cac nude lang gidng nliir Thai Ian, Malaysia, hidonexia den phai sir dung (riel de sir ho tro kinh Id ciia nha mrdc vii cac bien phap phap Infit nham tri vii gia tang sail xuai vii xuat khau, Irong dieu kien lien Hie dien sir lliay doi ciia nong san lien ihi Irubng the gidi * Chinh pliii Thai Lain riil licli cue irong vide (ini kiein Ihi irubng giup nong dan lieu thu san pliiim vii dac biet lii dii lim duoc thi irubng Ihi chinh pliii ilm moi each gii'r viing, phai Irien vii mb rong ihi trirdng quyet khong de mat, ke ca bien phap liii irq cho cac nha xual khau Cac iiu'dc Thai I.an, Malaysia, Dili loan deu cd cac chinh sach dau nr manh cho vice phai Irien co sb lang nham lao didu kien phai Irien kinh le bang hoa v;i Ihi Irubng nong thon :|: Khuyen khfch phai trien kinh te tif nhan luili vuc ndng nghiep nong tlidn, phat trien nganh nghe vii dicli vu I'll' mdl vai kinh ngliiem cdng cung nhu' chu'a cdng cua cac nude cd (lie rut mol so hai hoc sau: - Coi pliat trien san xuat, thu'e hien plian cdng lai lao dong xa hoi, lao co' so' dam bao nguon luong thu'e cho chinh dan cu' ndng thdn vii loan xa hoi Su nang iru dai lii efin thiet, dac diet lii Irong giai doan dfiu pliat trien kinh le dat nude, ndng nghiep vii ndng thdn yen kem, tro gitip ndng dim nglieo d ndng Ilion dupe xcm lii III-luong chung nhat chinh sacli ddi vdi ndng nghiep ndng thdn - Cimg vdi khuyen kliicli pliat trien ndng nghiep chinh sacli pliai hu’dng vao lai tao cac nguon luc dfiu vao vii bao ve mdi Irifdng sinh thdi, bao dam sif phat trien lau ben - Cac chinh sacli pliai phu hop vdi liing giai doan pliat trien ddi vdi tii'ng khu vuc ndng thdn khac - Cai each va ddi mdi chinh sacli kinh Id ddi vdi ndng nghiep ndng thdn lii qua trinh lien luc khong cd khuon infill - Tat ca cac chinh sacli mil chinh phu cd the ap dung dcu quan trong, can thiet Song sif nd life thuong tap (rung nhieu vao cac chinh sacli: lid tro ky thuat, lid tip von, chinh sacli gia ca, thi tru'dng, pliat trien co sd (dng, bao no san xual ClllKiNG II Thifc trang vii giai phap pliat trien thi trudng ndng nghiep - ndng thdn d tinh Klianh I loii 2.1 Vi tri dia ly vii didu kien nhien anil hifdng den san xuat hang hoa d tinh Klianh I loii: Klianh I loii lii mot tinh thupc vung kinh Id diiycn hili mien Trung vdi dicu tich (if nhien tren dat lien lii 4626 km dan so 95 van ngudi vii lii mot tinh cd \ i tri dac bicl ihufui loi ve pliai n ien kinh le Ve mat giao (hong Khanh I loii cd nhidu tliuan loi ca vd dirdng sal dirdng bo dirdng bien va dirdng hang khong Vc dieu kicn tu nhien Khanh lloa da dang va phong phii chu'a an nhieu liem nang lo ld'n cho lien phan khai thac chu'a cd hao nhieu 2.2 Nhnng'dieu kiun pliat trien kinh le himg hoa nong nghiep ndng tlion d Iinh Khnnh I loh + Chuyen dich quan he sd hTi'u - Giai Cityel moi quan he giTa lao dong voi lu lieu san xual, ke ca dal dai - Ckil quyel lol phan phol itiu nhap hau hnl troop cnc Io clui'c nonp nphlcp - Doi moi he thong lo chuc quan ly hong nong nghiep +Cac noi dung chuyen dich quan he so luTii Tinh da giao khoan sd dung dal lau dai cho cac ho xa vien (15 nam doi voi cay hang nam va 50 nam doi voi cay lau nam), voi quy mo thich hop, indv khoan on dinli nam Ngu’di dan lliuc su lam chu ruong dai, trim hO nong cu, yen lam bo vein dau lu' khai hoang pliat trien san xuat - Cac hop lac xa nong nghiep Iru'dc day chuyen sang hlnh thuc moi la lam dich vui dim vao va dau - Nlm vay su' chuyen dich quan he so hTu da gan ket ngudi lao dong vdi lu' lieu san xuat da dem lai linh hieu qua cao sd dung va khai thac cac ngubii ligc nong llidn Khanh I loa, lao da phai h 'ien kinh tc himg hoa va thi trudng nong thon + Phan cong lai lao dong nong nghiep nong thon - Chuyen nen nong nghiep doc canh tu cung tu cap sang nCn nong nghiep himg hoa, tinh Khanh Iloa da lung buoc chuyen dich co' cau kinh lo, da dang hoa cay vat nuoi, phat trie'll nganh nghe, xay dung cac co' so chO bien, buoc dan hlnh cac viing san xual hang hoa tap trung, phai trien manh cac trang trai san xuat himg hoa - Tinh chu truong phat trien kinh te ho kinh te trang trai gia dinh va coi la van de quan doi vdi su thay dbi co' can kinh le viing - Sir phan cong lai lao ddng ITnh vu’c nong nghiep nong thdn da thuc day chuyen dich co cau kinh te noi bo nganh trot, chan nuoi va tao nhieu nganh nglid dich vu khac - De phat Irien kinh te hang hoa va mb long thi tru’dng nong thon tinh cAn dau lir xay dung cac vung nguyen lieu tap (rung phat trien kinh te trang trai theo hirdng kinh te ho - kinh td trang trai - cac vung nguyen lieu tap tiling quy mo Ion - gan san xuat, che bien va lieu thu 2.3 Ihi trirdng nong thdn Khanh Hoa thdi ky doi mdi Thuc hien nghi quyet cua Tiling irong va cac nghi quyet ciia tinh vd doi mdi co che quan ly co can kinh te nong nghiep nong thon, vi vay ndn nong nghiep Khanh Hoa da cd sir chuyen bieii theo hu'dng tich cue: Tinh chat doc canh, thuAn nong dang dAn dAn han che, ndn san xuat nong nghiep da cd bu’dc phat trien da dang cac loai hinh san xuAi hang hoa - Tong doanh so thu mua hang nong san thu’c pham tang Ian, ti suat hang hoa nong san hien la 40% tding san pliAin nong nghiep San xuat nong nghiep tir cho cliiein 56,8% GDP vao nam 1990 xudiig 50% nam 1995 Ti gia tri san lirqng nganh trot da giam tir 76% nam 1990 xudiig 60% nam 1995 - Nhin chung ti le nong san hang hoa tren dia ban nong thdn Khanh Hoa thap chat luong hang hoa cliu’a cao la nhu’ng nguyen nliAn sau dAy : san xuAi manh miin, trinh pliAn cdng lao dong va chuyen mon hoa thA'p, Cac co sb che bieii may moc tho so va lac hau - Lu’u chuyen hang hoa nong nghiep da co nhidu tieii bo: Qua ket qua didu tra ve kha nang luu llidng hang hoa b Ihi trudng nong thdn tinh nam 1992 23 - l uy nhien luu chuyen hang hoa' o' K/ianh Hoa han che san xuat nong nghiep mang nang I inh manh num, phan lan, san pham hang hoa chai lu’o'ng chua cao nen ihi trudng lieu Ihu kho on dinh San pham chua nhieu nhung da cd hien lu'o'ng (if dong) Dieu gay man lliuAn giu'a viec dau lu md' rong san xual lieu ihu san pham nhieu lid len gay gal, co iigii} co kim ham ldc plial Irien san xuiil - d inh da chu Iru'ong Ihu’c hien chu'ong Hanh lam dub’iig giao llibng nong Ilion noi lii' huyen den xa va lien Ilion cho den ve co' ban 100% so xa da cd difdng dal dam bao cho cac loai xc co' gidi di lai blnli thifd'iig + Cac phan kinh le lliam gia vao ihi irifong Nam (rong dac biel ngan lid nghiep I Odd linli da cap giay phep kinh doanh cho 264 doanh nghiep Ion kinh le nha nude 52, kinh le hdn hop 22, khu vu’e dau lu' nu'o'c ngoai 7, lii Ihu'ong nghiep lu' nhan 183 doanh nghiep, chua ke bang Ham himg kinh doanh budn ban nhd hoal dong khap noi irong linli vu’e ihu'ong + Tac dong ciia lu'do hoa Ihi Iru'o’ng: - Nhung ciii each Ihi Iru’d’ng lii' nam 1989 da coliic dong lam lliay ddi lie tlidng luu llibng vai lu' vii nong sim, lie llibng ban le vii ban buon vat lu' cung nhu' mang lu’o’i thu mua nong sim duoc mi)' long ldi lan xa - Kinh le nong llibn nhieu vimg linli da bat dim llioiil klidi linli Hang khep kin, tu' liic de Imbng thi irubng mil Inn loi - Viec ihu'c hien chinh sach Hi' hoii gia ca da cho lliay nil rd sir tac dong ciia quan lie li gia canh keo giu’a nbng san vii himg cong nghiep dich vu tlico hifdng it cd loi cho ngu’di nbng dim 2.4 Cac giai pliap co ban de (line day sir phat trien thi irubng nong Ilion Kliiuih I loii * Dieu kien Iien de: - Cac chinh sach ciia Dimg vii Nha nu'o'c ve plial Irien nbng nghiep nbng llibn - Tac dong ciia xu the quoc le hoa vii khu vu’e hoii :|: Dinh hirdng chien luoc phai irien thi trudng nong thdn Khanh Hoa thdi giau ldi: -I C'o’ sd lira chon chien luoc: - Vi Irf dia ly, tai nguyen Ihien nhien va ngudi d tinh Khanh Hoa (loi the so sanh) * Chien luoc hien lai: - Phan cdng vii phan cdng lai lao dong xa hoi tren dia ban nong thdn - Thuc hien chuyen dich cac quan lie sd hu’u, sir dung va khai Iliac lot cac pliAn kinh te - Chuyen dich co' cau cay irong vat nudi, da dang hoa nganh nghe * C’hien luoc luong lai: - Phai Irien kinh le trang trai - Xay dung va hinh cac vung san xual hang hoa tap (rung - Cian san xuat- che bien - lieu llm * Cac giai phap: Mol la, nghien ciTn va nang cao trinh dir bao cac nhu edit cua ihi trudng id chuc vii dam bao nidi lie llidng llidng tin gia ca, thi tru'dng tlnidng xuyen chinh xac, dac bicl la du' bao tiling va dai han Hai la, khuyen kliicli phat trie’ll san xual nong nghiep, gan san xual vdi die bien dich vu Ihu'o'ng mai Ba la, xay dung cac viing nguyen lieu lap tiling, phai Irien manh cac nong sail che bien, lay nliii may che bien lam hai nhan Bon la, Tao moi Irubng vii dieu kien (Iman loi cho sir chuyen dich co can kinh te Irong viing llieo hirdng san xual hang hoa Nam lii, lang cirdng dim nr xay dung co' sd vai chai ky thuat cho ihi trirdng nong Ilion Sail lii, lioiin ihien vii xay dung cac chinh sach vii co' che quail ly doi vdi ihi hirdng nong (lion Ket luan 25