Nâng cao hiệu quả kinh tế xã hội của xuất khẩu lao động việt nam trong điều kiện hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế

Xoay quanh chu de XKLD, d nude ta da co mot so cong trinh nghien moi quan ly tai chinh ve XKLD, md rong viec dua lao dong VietNam di lam khi nghien cuu chu de noi tren vdi tu each la mot

TRUONG DAI HQC KINH TE QUOC DAN

LE HONG HUYEN

DAI HOC KTQD

TRUNGTAM THONG TIN THlf VIEN

DAI HOC KTQD

TRUNj^M/|;

THONG TIN _ _ _ _ _ THU VIEN •

Ha Noi- Nam 2006

TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

LE HONG HUYEN

CUA XU AT KHAU LAO DONG • •VIET NAM

Chuyen nganh Kinh te Chi'nh tri

Ngudi hudng dan khoa hoc\

PGS.TS Phan Thanh Pho

Ha Noi- Nam 2006

Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien

TOM TAT LUAN VAN

Chuong 1 CO SO KHOA HOC VE NANG CAO HIEU QUA

1.1- Khci niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem, hinh thuc va

tam quan trong cua xuat khUu Iao dong

r •>

1.1.2- Tam quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong doi vei Viet Nam

trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

hwffng den viec nnng cao hieu qun kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau

Iao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

1 2.1- Khai niem va chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi

Iao dong ff mot so nudc

1.3.1- T o ng q uan kinh n ghiem xuat k hau ao dong d m o t s o nu de

cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong Viet Nam

Chuong 2 THUC TRANG HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA

2.1- Qua trinh hinh thanh moi trudng the che xuat khUu lao dong

Viet Nam

2.1.1- Chu trdong, chinh sach ve xuat khau lao dong

32

32

2.2- Danh g ig h ieu qua kinh e - x a h hi c ua x uat khau lao dong 37

Chuong 3 PHUONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP TIEP TUC

NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA XUAT KHAU

lao dong

3.1.2- Quan diem nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat

3.1.3- Dinh huong nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua

xuat hhuu loo dong o Viet Nxm trong dieu hien hoi nhap high te

A X

quoc te

3.2.2- Nhom cac giai phap ve luat phap va chinh sach kinh te

vi mo

3.2.3- Nhom giai phap ve to chuc, thuc hien xuat khau lao dong

KET LUAN

59 59

TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

LE HONG HUYEN

NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI

CUA XU AT KHAU LAO DONG VIET NAM • •

TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH t E QUOC TE

> X F

CHUYEN NGANH KINH TE CHINH TRI

TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC S • • I KINH TE

Luan van dwoc bao ve tai hoi dong cham Luan van Thac si

Truong Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan vao hoi ngay thang nam 2006.

BHXH Bao hiem xa hoi

MO DAU 1- Tinh cap thiet cua de tai

Trong lich sur, xuat khau lao dong va di cu, mot hien tupng kinh te - xa hoi xuat hien tir lau gan lien vdi thdi ky tich luy nguyen thuy tu ban va phat

trienmanh me tir sau chien tranh the gidi thuII den nay Toan cau hoa kinh te

yeu khach quan Mot so nude d chau Anhu: Han Quoc, Phi-li-pin, An Do, do-ne-xi-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Thai - lan, w dava dang thu dune hieuqua kinh te

dong theo Hiep dinh Chinh phu vdi cac nude XHCN da gop phan giai quyet

nhan dan nhat la trong dieu kien kho khan cua nude ta sau chien tranh Tir

dinh cd ngudi lao dong xuat khau dupe cai thien; co cau kinh te, co cau lao

-ngudi di XKLD noi rieng cd su thay ddi ro ret

hoi cua XKLD chua mang tarn chien lupc, chua phu hop vdi thi trudng lao

te, tac gia chon de tai: “ Nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet

Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te ” , de nghien cuu lam luan van

thac si cuaminh

2- Tinh hinh nghien cun:

Xoay quanh chu de XKLD, d nude ta da co mot so cong trinh nghien

moi quan ly tai chinh ve XKLD, md rong viec dua lao dong VietNam di lam

khi nghien cuu chu de noi tren vdi tu each la mot de tai doc lap mang tinh he

Muc dich cua luan van nay la van dung ly luan va kinh nghiem nham

3- Muc dich va nhiem vu nghien cihi

kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam tu do de xuat phuong huong va giaiphap tiep tuc nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD trong dieu kien

r r r

hoi nhap kinh te quoc te dnude ta trong thoi giantoi

X

+ Luan giai co can cu ly luan va kinh nghiem nham lam rd cac khai

r

+ Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi XKLD d

r

4- Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu

Ddi tuong nghien cuu: Nghien cuu su can thiet, noi dung, nguyen tac

\ r

Pham vi nghien cuu:

Nghien cuu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD gom ca xuat khiuchuyen gia; nhung khong nghien cuu XKLD tai cho, khong nghien curu

XKLD cuangudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai sang nude thu ba

Cac chi tieu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi va giai phap duqc de cap trong

5- Phuong phap nghien cun

phap duy vat lich su, phuong phap truru tuqng hoa cua kinh te chinh tri lam

cac phuong phap phan tich, tong hop, thong ke, so sanh, mo hinh hoa va dubao

6- Nhung dong gop moi va y nghia thyc tien cua de tai

Nhimg dong gop:

+ Luan giai su can thiet, noi dung, nguyen tac xac dinh va cac nhan to

kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

+ Thong qua khao sat XKLD cua mot so nude trong khu vuc de rut ra

cac bai hoc kinh nghiem ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD co the van

+ Dua ra nhung danh gia ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cuaXKLD b Viet

ke y nghia:

Ket qua luan van cd the dung lam tai lieu tham khao de hoach dinh

dong Viet Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

Ien cac chuong:

Chuang 1; Co so khoa hoc ve nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua

xuat khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

trong thdi gian qua

Chuang 3: Phuong hudng va gidi phap nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam

Chuong 1

CO SO KHOA HOC VE NANG CAO HIEU QUA

KINH TE - XA HOI CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG • •

TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE

1.1- Khai niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem, hinh thuc va fam

quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong

1.1.1- Khai niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem va hinh thuc xuat khau lao dong

*Khai niem xuat khau lao dong

Tiep can lich su cho thay, su phat trien khong deu ve luc lupng san

thuat ngu lao dong la khac nhau, nhung trong luan van nay xin duqc dung

thong nhat la lao dong) dupe thuc hien thong qua XKLD giua cac quoc gia

quyet motphan dp luc viec lam trong nude

quoc gia, XKLD thubng dupe hoach dinh cung chien lupc phat trien kinh te

0 Viet Nam, “XKLD va chuyen gia la mot hoat dong kinh te - xa hoi

cao trinh do tay nghe cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon thu ngoai te cho dat

qua Hiep dinh Chinh phu, hoac cac to chuc dupe phep XKLD, hoac thong qua

ngudi lao dong tim kiem viec lam d nude ngoai theo hop dong canhan

/*>/ r r ?

* Nguyen nhan dan den xuat khau lao dong

lao dong

Hai la, su chenh lech ve thu nhap va muc song giua cac nude ngay

Ba la, chenhlech ve muc tang dan so tu nhien giua cac nude trd thanh

* Nhung dieu kien thuc hien xuat khau lao dong

Trong hoan canh xa hoi binh thudng, nhan to kinh te la nguyen nhan

chinh dan den di cu va cac nguyen nhan nhu: co hoi thang tien, phat trien ca

ngudi cong nhan phai bam theo” Luong di chuyen quoc te cua von quyet

Lich str di dan quoc te da chung minh dieu do, chang han, trudc nam

Due; 80% lupng ngudi di cu thdi ky nay la bam theo tu ban, con dau the ky

XX, hem 1/2 ngudi nhap cu vao My la nhung ngudi xuat cu tir nhung nude

Thu tu, sir hoan thien khong ngung cua cac phucmg tien giao thong van

* Dac diem cua xuat khau lao dong

Cac nude phat trien co trinh do khoa hoc ky thuatcong nghe cao, hien

da bo ra cung nhu tao dieu kien cho doi ngu lao dong nay kiem them viec

Cac nude dang phat trien trong do co Viet Nam, vdi dac diem noi bat

linh vuc bi thieu hut nhan cong de tang thu nhap va tich luy ngoai te, giam

sue ep ve giai quyet viec lam trong nude, dao tao nguon nhan luc

* Cac hinh thuc xuat khau lao dong

Hinh thuc XKLD la each thuc to chuc dua lao dong ra nude ngoai lam

r

+ Cd nhan ngudi lao dong tu tim viec lam d nude ngoai'.

cd bien gidi chung Thong qua cac kenh thong tin nhu Internet, ngudi than,

hoac qua cac kenh khac, ngudi lao dong tu tim hieu, thoa thuan va ky ket hop

dong lao dong vdi chu thue lao dong nude ngai Chang han nhu ngudi lao

+ Lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai thdng qua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau lao dong

tac, chu thue lao dong nude ngoai, ky ket cac hop dong cung ung lao dongtheo quy dinh cua phap luat nude tiep nhan va luat phap nude XKLD; sau do

cua ngudi lao dong cung dupe bao ve tot han. Thuc chat, hoat dong cua cac

doanh nghiep XKLD la hoat dong dich vu viec lam ngoai nude.

+ Lao dong di lam viec theo cong trinh thau khoan, lien doanh, lien

ket, hop tac true tiep, dau tu ra nude ngoai

tu, thau khoan cong trinh, lien doanh, lien ket, hap tac true tiep vdi nude

ngoai lam viec theo cac quy dinh cua luat phap Lao dong di theo loai hinh

+ Lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai thong qua cac Hiep dinh, thoa

r

thuan, cam ket cua Chinh phu

thong qua cac to chuc xuat khau lao dong phi lpi nhuan

+ Lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai thong qua cac hop dong thuc tap,

nang cao tay nghe

Ngudi lao dong Viet Nam lam viec trong cac doanh nghiep, hoc sinh

luong trong thoi gian thuc tap, tu nghiep

1.1.2- Tam quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te.

hoi lanthach thuc vangay cd nhieu nudetham gia

- San pham vira hup tac, vira dau tranh vdi nhau dien ~ ra d nhieu AZcap

cac luat le, chinh sach, co che tap quan kinh doanh, co cau kinh te cua moi

r r

Dang ta, cho rang “Hoi nhap kinh te quoc te la qua trinh md rong giao

van de dan so, tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve moi trudng song vv , la qua

viec di chuyen cac nhan to san xuat giua cac nudc.”[40, tr.100]

kinh te - xa hoi cua dat nude, vira khai thac cac yeu to ngoai luc do hoi nhap

1.1.2.2- Tam quan trong cua xuat khau lao dong doi vdi Viet Nam

trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

Trude het, XKLD cho phep phat huy loi the so sanh ve nhan cong, khai

thac toi da yeu to ngoai liretrong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

dong quoc te nham khai thac toi da yeu to ngoai luc, cho phep su dung loi the

kinh te; lam tang thu nhap va tich luy cua ngudi lao dong, lam tang GDP,

tien theo nguyen ly 3 “I” ( Imitation - Bat chudc, Initiative - Cai

tien-Innovation - Sang tao)

Hai la, XKLD gop phan tao viec lam cho ngudi lao dong, giam that

A

nghiep, gop phan xoa doi giam ngheo

nude ngoai, bao ve quyen loi va tang uy tin cua ngudi lao dong Viet Nam d

hoi, tong nhu cau giai quyet viec lam thdi ky 2006 - 2010 la khoang 8 trieu

quyet viec lam thong qua chuong trinh, dur an tao viec lam va dac biet la day

manh XKLD

Nguyen nhan cua su ngheo doi la nguon luc han che va ngheo nan;trinh do hoc van thap, viec lam thieu va khong on dinh; ngudi ngheo khong

co du dieu kien tiep can vdi phap luat; dan so tang nhanh vv Trong cacnguyen nhan do thi tinh trang nguon luc han che va ngheo nan, viec lamthieu

lam viec d nude ngoai khong doi hoi phai dau tu nhieu von nhung co thu

nhap cao hon lam viec trong nude, tao kha nang hien thuc de giam ngheo

Ba la, XKLD gop phan nang cao chat lupng nguonnhan luc

Chat lupng nguon nhan luc la nang luc sinh the, van hoa, dao due, tu

nang luc lao dong d mot nude, mot dia phuong Sau thdi gian lam viec 2-3

X

nam d nude ngoai, trinh do tay nghe cua ngudi lao dong dupe nang cao, tu

nhung nong dan hoac thp mdi vao nghe, ho trd thanh nhung ngudi thp co tay

nghe, hoac thp lanh nghe Mat khac, do ngudi lao dong lam viec trong mdi

trudng cong nghiep hien dai, buoc ho phai tuan thu nghiem ngat ky luat cong

trinh ren luyen tac phong cho ngudi lao dong theo tieu chuan cua ngudi cong

nhan hien dai

Bon la, XKLD tao thu nhap cao cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon thu

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thon, sau khi ve nude cd the thanh lap cac doanh nghiep, huy dong von cua

nhung ngudi cung di de dau tu phat trien cac trang trai nudi trong thuy dac

XKLD, tien ban ve may bay, cac khoan dich vu khac phuc vu ngudi lao dong

va lam tang thu nhap yeu to thuan thong qua khoan thu nhap cua lao dong

xuat khau gui ve nude XKLD con gop phan lam tang nguon thu ngoai te va

trudng va phattrien

Nam la, XKLD gop phan lam chuyen dich co cau kinh te va co cau lao

trudng

Tren goc do cct cau nganh, XKLD tao ra viec lam moi cho ngudi lao

r

ban nong thon; thong qua dau tu phat trien, cac nganh moi ra doi lam cho co

cau kinh te nganh chuyen dich tu nong nghiep sang cong nghiep, thuong mai

Tren goc do co cau thanh phan kinh te, nang cao hieu qua XKLD lam

Xet ve co cau viing kinh te, XKLD lam cho nong dan va nong thon giau

len nhanh chong Nhd tich luy dupe von va kinh nghiem tu XKLD, ngudi

nong dan dau tu phat trien kinh te nong thon, lam xuat hien cac trung tarn

qua trinhdo thi hoa dien ra nhanh chong

Co cau lao dong xa hoi la ty le phan bo va tac dong qua lai cua lao

dong d cac nganh kinh te quoc dan Nd dupe the hien qua ty trong cua lao

lao dong xa hoi Qua trinh chuyen dich co cau lao dong chiu tac dong va lay

dich theo hudng giam dan nong, lam, ngunghiep, tang dan cong nghiep - xay

lam chuyen dich co cau kinh te va do do lam chuyen dich cocau lao dong

Sau la, XKLD gop phan tiep can, kham pha va thuc day ung dung cong

Lao dong Viet Nam chu yeu di lam viec d cac nude phat trien, qua lao

dong ho true tiep su dung va tiep thu cong nghe tien tien theo phuong phap 3

“I” de dua nhanh cong nghe moi vao Viet Nam, thuc hienchien luge di tat don

viec ung dung cong nghe hien dai do du thira lao dong; ma con thuc day sir

nghiep CNH, HDH nude ta phat trien theocon dudng rut nganhien dai

Bay la, tang cudng hoi nhap, md rong giao liru quoc te va hinh thanh

X

Dieu dac biet quan trgng la gia ca sue lao dong (tien luong) cua ngudi lao

do do, thu nhap cua ngudi lao dong cao gap nhieu lan so vdi lao dong trong

Viet Nam vdi cac nude khac cang them ben chat Ngay nay, congdong ngudi

trinh CNH, HDH va phat trien kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN d nude ta

1.2.1- Khai niem va chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat

khau lao dong

1.2.1.1- Khai niem hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong

Theo Tir dien bach khoa Viet Nam, '‘‘ 'Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi la chi

tieu bieu hien quan he giua ket qua cua nen san xuat xa hoi (xet ca hai mat

kinh te va xa hoi) va cac nguon phuang tien tao ra nd; dupe danh gid thdng

qua thudc do thuc hien muc tieu cua mot phuang thuc san xuat nhat dinh va

nhung nhiem vu kinh te va xa hoi cua timg thdi ky, timg ke hoach dai han va

ke hoach hang nam Vdi quan niem nhu vay, co the hieu hieu qua kinh te

-Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD la chi tieu phan anh mdi quan he bien chung giua hieu qua kinh te va hieu qua xa hoi cua XKLD vdi cac nguon

luc de tao ra nd nham thuc hien muc tieu: giai quyet viec lam, tao thu nhap

va nang cao trinh do tay nghe cho ngudi lao dong; tang nguon thu va du trie

ngoai te; phat trien nguon nhan luc, kham pha va tiep nhan cac bi quyet cong

r r

nghe; tang cudng quan he hpp tac quoc te giua nude ta vdi cac nude.

Dinh hudng phat trien cac linh vuc chu yeu cuadat nude dupe Dang ta

phuongan phat trien, lua chon du andau tu va cong nghe.”[13, tr 85]

ket hop loi ich cua ca nhan va gia dinh ngudi lao dong vdi loi ich cua Nhanude, trong viec giai quyet loi ich giua ngudi di XKLD vdi doanh nghiep

vdi loi ich Nha nude, trong viec giai quyet loi ich cua XKLD Viet Nam vdi

1.2.1.1- Chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao

dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te qudc te

them viec lam, giam that nghiep, xoa doi giam ngheo, tang cudng an ninh

xen lan nhau, tham chi van dong ngupc chieu nhau Hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD thudng duoc phan anh qua cac chi tieu sau:

Thu nhat, chi tieu hieu qua kinh te cua xuat khau lao dong

Hieu qua kinh te cua XKLD la chi tieu bieu hien hieu qua hoat dong

* Hieu qua kinh te tuyet doi cua XKLD

Hieu qua kinh te tuyet doi cua XKLD la hieu so giua tong thu tic XKLD trie di tong chi phi dau tu ra cho XKLD trong mot thoi ky nhat dinh.

Bieu thuc xac dinh hieu qua tuong doi cua XKLD nhu sau:

+Er: la hieu qua kinh te tuong doi tinhbang % ;

XKLD van dong ty le nghich vdi hieu qua kinh te cua XKLD Dieu do co

Thu hai, chi tieu hieu qua xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong

Hieu qua xa hoi cua XKLD la chi tieu phan anh su bien ddi ngay cang tang ve so luong va chat luong trong cac van de xa hoi nhu: giam that

nghiep, xoa doi giam ngheo, nang cao muc song cua dan cu,dam bao su cong

bangxa hoi,vv do XKLD mang lai trong timg thdi ky nhat dinh.

Mot la, tao themviec lam, giam that nghiep

yr

Cd viec lamnhung vdi thu nhap thap thi cung khong the thoat canh doi

r r

Bon la, nang cao thu nhap va doi song cho ca nhan va gia dinh ngudi

XKLD mang lai thu nhap cao cho ngudi lao dong, nang cao muc song

Nam la, hinh thanh va phat trien cong dong ngudi Viet nam d nudengoai

Dudi goc do kinh te chinh tri, viec nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi

tieu cuoi cung la muc tieu xa hoi khi dat nd trong mdi quan he vdi muc tieu xa

hoi Chu tich Ho Chi Minh chi ro: “Chinh sach cua Dang va Chinh phu la

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XKLD

Ba la, ket hop hai hoa giua lpi ich ngudi di XKLD vdi doanh nghiep

XKLD va co sd dao tao lao dong cho xuat khau

Thong thudng, ngudi lao dong lua chon hinh thurc di XKLD thong quadoanh nghiep XKLD va chap nhan tra mot khoan phi dich vu cho doanh

r

Bon la, giai quyet dung dan giua lai ich doanh nghiep vdi lai ich Nha

Thong qua doanh nghiep XKLD, Nha nude thuc hien cac muc tieu xa

hoi cua minh nhu giai quyet viec lam, xoa doi giam ngheo; tang tong san pham trong nude, tang thu nhap quoc gia, tang thu va du tru ngoai te, caithien can can thuong mai quoc te va md rong quan he quoc te Doanh nghiep

XKLD dupe phep thu cac khoan phi : phi XKLD, tien ban ve may bay, tien

nhieu viec lam moi cho doanhnghiep va cho xa hoi

Nam la, giai quyet hap ly ve lai ich cua nude XKLD vdi nude tiep nhan lao dong

nude trong khu vuc, day la lpi the so sanh khi tham gia thi trudng lao dong

A

dong tao viec lam dua tren chi phi dau tu cua nude ngoai, d nude ngoai; khai

thac va sir dung cac nguon lire khac cua nude tiep nhan lao dong nham tao ra thu nhap cao, tang tich luy va xoa doi giam ngheo hieu qua Ve mat dao tao

va dao tao lai nguon nhan lire, XKLD la hoat dong dao tao nghe cho ngudi

dinh, tang dau tu tu nhan va xa hoi nhanh nhat so vdi cac hoat dong san xuat

Thu nhat, nang cao hieu qua kinh te thu duoc tieXKLD

A

- Nang cao gia ca sue lao dong (tien luong) va cac khoan thu nhap khaccho ngudi lao dong the hientrenhop dong lao dong

(Cac noi dung nay se dupe phan tich cu the d phuong hudng va giai

- Giam thieu tong chi phi dau tu cho XKLDtuong ung vdi ket qua thu

dupe cuaXKLD

Thu hai, nang cao hieu qua xa hoi thu duac tie XKLD

- Lay XKLD lam mot trong cac cong cu xoa ddi, giam ngheo, tao cho

ngudi ngheo nhung co hoi tiep can vdi cac nguon luc de phat trien;

- Coi XKLD la mot hinh thuc dao tao va dao tao lai nguon nhan luc,

1.2.3- Cac nhan to anh hudng den hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi

khau lao dong trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te

1.2.3.1- Nhan to trong nude

* Cac nhan to thuoc ve thi trudng lao dong

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cua xuat

Theo Dai tu dien kinh te thi trudng, “thi trudng lao dong la noi mua,

r r

quoc te (ILO), thi trudng lao dong la thi trudng trong do cd cac dich vu lao

I

dong dupe mua va ban thong qua qua trinh de xac dinh muc do cd viec lam

Tu do, cd the hieu: Thi trudng lao dong la nhung quan he trao ddi,

mua ban sue lao dong giua ngudi su dung lao dong va ngudi lao dong dudi hinh thuc thoa thuan hoac hop dong lao dong theo quy dinh cua phap luat

dien ra trong nude va quoc te.

Trong do, cac nhan to nhu tong cung, tong cau; co cau cung, cau, gia ca sue lao dong (tien luong), chat lupng lao dong, so lupng va chat lupng doanhnghiep XKLD co tac dong true tiep den XKLD Mat khac, canh tranh giua

nhung ngudi lao dong trong tim viec lam, canh tranh giua cac doanh nghiep

XKLD va chat lugng nguon lao dong cung tac dong manh me den hieu qua

* Cac nhan to thuoc ve vai tro cua Nha nude

+ Chinh sach XKLD la tong the cac quan diem, tu tuong, cac muc tieu

A

ngudi lao dong; Chinh sach khuyen khich ngudi lao dong chuyen tien ve

buoc cac chu the tham gia XKLD deu phai chap hanh He thong luat phap

chat che, dong bo, du manh, du sue dieu chinh moi hanh vi lien quan den

XKLD thi hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD se cao Nguoc lai, he thong

Nha nude len toan bo hoat dong XKLD nham su dung cd hieu qua nhat cac

trinh va cac nguon luc de thuc hien XKLD bao gom tren cac khau: Phat trien

1.2.3.2- Nhan to quoc te

* Thi triedng lao dong quoc te

“Thi trudng lao dong quoc te la ncri quan he mua ban sue lao dong tren

lao dong quoc te la mot bo phan cau thanh cua he thong thi trudng thegidi”[38; tr 1063] Nhu vay, tren thi trudng lao dong quoc te, cac chu the

tham gia thi trudng mang quoc tich khac nhau Thi trudng lao dong quoc te

r r

phu thuoc cac yeu to nhu:

nhieu viec lam mdi va do do lam cho tong cau ve lao dong tang len Day la co hoi de day manh XKLD va cung la dieu kien de nang cao thu nhap cho ngudilao dong nude ngoai Khi nen kinh te toan cau trong giai doan khung hoang,

luong va thu nhap cua lao dong nude ngoai giam

cua moi quoc gia co tac dong true tiep den so lupng va co cau cua lao dong

thdi ky Theo do, chinh sach ve nhap khau lao dong ca ve so lupng va co cau

nude khac nhau va canh tranh giua ngudi lao dong vdi chu thue lao dong

- Canh tranh giua cac cong ty moi gidi lao dong ngoai nurdc: Cac cong

cap lao dong cho chu thue bang each nang cao chat lupng dich vu cung cap

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cong ty mdi gidi lao dong cac nude XKLD vdi muc cao nham toi da hoa lpi

nhuan Dieu nay giai thich tai sao cac cong ty XKLD Viet Nam muon gianhdupe hpp dong cung ung lao dong phai nang phi mdi gidi len cao lam giam

A

cuong vi cong tac tot va thu nhap cao hon bang each tangnang suat lao dong,

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lao dong lua chon muc thue nhan cong sao cho chi phi can bien cho don vi

sue lao dong cuoi cung ngang bang doanh thu can bien kiem dupe tir don vi

dupe gidi chu thue lao dong danh gia cao ve mat tay nghe, nhung chua hai

A

long ve tac phong cong nghiep va ngoai ngu

* Uy tin cua nude XKLD tren trudng quoc te va co quan he ngoai giao

than thiet vdi cac nude tiep nhan lao dong

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Khi cac quan he doi ngoai dupe khai thong, con dudng dua lao dong

nude nay sang nude kia dupe thuc hien thuan lpi Ngupc lai, cac nude tiep

1.3- Kinh nghiem nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi XKLD 6’

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mot so nu’d’c

voi tong so xap xi 120 trieungudi, trong do cac nude chau A chiem hon 50%

nghiep moi (NICs); trong do khoang 1/3 d chau Au, 20% 6 Bac My, 15% d

Trong khuon kho luan van nay, xin chi trinh bay kinh nghiem nang cao

hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD cua ba nude dien hinh d Dong A, Dong

Nam A va Tay A, co nude da tro thanh nuoc cong nghiep moi (NICs), co

nude dangphat trien nhu Viet Nam

1.3.1-Tdng quan kinh nghiem XKLD o’ mot so niroc

1.3.1.1- Kinh nghiem Han Qudc

Luat "Day manh cong tac xay dung b nude ngoai" quy dinh, cong dan

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Han Qudc dupe phep ra nude ngoai lam viec, sau khi dupe Bo Lao dong Han

trinh XKLD thong qua Van phong An ninh lam thue Van phong An ninh lam

nude, tuyen chon lao dong, kiem tra tay nghe, ho so ly lich, sure khoe, giao

cho lao dongxuat khau

Lao dong Han Qudc ra nude ngoai lam viec chu yeu theo hinh thuc

thuc hien cac cong trinh nhan thau Chinh phu chi dao chuongtrinh day manh

A

hoat dong nhan thau d nude ngoai co su phan nhiem rd rang: Bo Xay dung

dupe giao nhiem vu phoi hpp tham gia dau thau d nude ngoai va huong dan

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dien d nuoc ngoai tim kiem va khai thac thi trudng; Bo Lao dong dam bao

nguon nhan lire theo tieu chuan cac hop dong thau khoan da ky ket, giup cac

ngoai Moi cong dan muon di lam viec nude ngoai phai dang ky tai co quan

Chinh phu xac dinh danh muc nganh nghe can dao tao va quy dinh

dong trong nude Sau do, yeu cau cac Cong ty thang thau phai thue lao dong

da qua dao tao nghe Cac chu su dung nude ngoai chi duoc phep tuyentrue

tiep toi da la 10% so lao dong ma ho can, nhung phai thong qua Dai su quan

Han Quoc va dupe Bo Lao dong cho phep; 90% nhu cau con lai phai dupe

tuyen dung qua To hop phat trien d nude ngoai (KODCO) hoac cac Cong ty

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tu nhan cd giay phep hoat dong XKLD Chinh phu quy dinh ngudi lao dong xin di lam viec d nude ngoai phai nop 50% le phi sap xep viec lam, 50% conlai do chu thue lao dong nop Cac cong ty muon dupe cap giay phep hoat

XKLD cua Chinh phu va tien hanh cap giay phep thuc hien Hop dong cungung lao dong vdi nude ngoai cho cac Cong ty XKLD neu dam bao cac dieu

cac dieu kien phuc lpi, dieu kien va muc den bu, trach nhiem cua cong nhan

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Ngudi lao dong Han Quoc trong thdi gian lam viec d nude ngoai dupe

hudng cac uu dai cua Chinh phu nhu : Thue suat thue thu nhap thap hon trong

cong nhan lam viec d nude ngoai tai cac co so y te d cac quan, huyen, tinh

dirih moi cong nhan khi di lam viec d nude ngoai deu phai dang ky chuyen it

trung binh la 90% Bang phuong phap "tron goi" cua Chinh phu doi vdi

dung true tiep di lam theo cac du an Xay dung tai Trung Dong dupe bo tri d

khoan xay dung, va cac hang da gui mot so lupng ldn tien luong cua cong

1.3.1.2- Kinh nghiem Phi-li-pin

“Phi-li-pin la mot trong nhung nude XKLD ldn nhat trong khu vuc

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ty le dang ngac nhien bang 1/10 dan so, thudng tai trp cho gia dinh Theo

14 den 21 ty USD, mot khoan tien ldn vupt hon han ca so tien dau tu truetiep

san pham quoc dan (GNP) nude nay.”[27; tr.18] Luatve Di dan va ngudi

ngoai nude (POEA) la co quan duy nhat cua Chinh phu thuc hien chuc nang

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XKLD Cue Quan ly viec lam ngoai nude soan thao Chuong trinh tiep thi va

chien lupc tiep thi vdi su tham gia cua cac Trung tarn khu vuc va cac Tuy

vien lao dong de thudng xuyen cap nhat thong tin ve thi trudng lao dong

XKLD dinh hudng hoat dong va quang cao tren thi trudng lao dong quoc te

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Chinh phu da ky ket 56 Hiep udc song phuong vdi cac nude thue nhan cong

Ngudi di lao dong d nude ngoai phai dupe dao tao trudc khi di bang cacchuong trinh dac biet cua Chinh phu va dupe Chinh phu ho trp kinh phi dao

tao Chinh phu cung khong han che XKLD thuoc cac nganh nghe dac biet

hoac co tay nghe cao Chinh phu quy dinh cac cong ty XKLD duoc phep thu

Chinh phu khuyen khich cac cong ty tao nguon lao dong xuat khau

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dong hoi huong, khen thudng lao dong xuat sac, cap hoc bong cho con cai

lao dong d nude ngoai cua Phi-li-pin cung dupe hudng che do BHXH nhu

trp giup nhom; thong qua Cue phat trien thuong nghiep vira va nhd tu vankinh doanh hoac dao tao kinh doanh cho nhung ngudi du von va muon md

1.3.1.3- Kinh nghiem An Do

XKLD ky thuat cao lan lao dong pho thong Cd hon 20 trieu ngudi An Do

song d nude ngoai, trong do lao dong cd nghe va chuyen gia chiem khoang

- 2000 dat khoang 97 ty USD, tinh trung binh dat tir 1,5 - 2% GDP trongnhung nam 1990 Thi trudng XKLD chu yeu cua An Do la cac nude viing

Nganh cong nghe thong tin cua An Do cung cap nhieu lao dong xuat

khau nhat Trong tong thu nhap va xuat khau la 35 ty USD thi thu ve xuat

khau phan mem chiem khoang 17%, dat khoang 6,2 ty USD trong 2 nam

Chinh phu An Do ho trp true tiep va gian tiep cho hoat dong xuat khau

phap ho trp dau tu, ho trp thong qua dam phan, thuong thuyet, va ca su van

dong hanh lang cho hoat dong nay trong quan he song phuong va da phuong

lao dong lam viec tai nude ngoai, don gian hoa va tien hanh nhanh hon cac

thu tuc cap giay phep lam viec, cap visa va yeu cau chung nhan lao dong, huy

Chinh phu da ban hanh mot he thong cac giai phap khuyen khich

XKLD da gop phan thuc day su phat trien nguon nhan luc bao gom: dau tu xay dung co so vat chat, dao tao chuyen gia trong linh vuc cong nghe thong tin de dam bao nguon nhan luc gidi chuyen mon, tay nghe Ho trpviec thanh

to chuc va ca nhan dinh tuyen de dua ra nude ngoai lam viec, day la khoan

tao ra co che va mang ludi thuan loi de viec dau tu phat trien nhan luc va taichinh cua ho cd hieu qua hon Cac khoan thu nhap ngoai te va nguon tien

chuyen ve nude tir hoat dong XKLD da gop phan can bang can can thanh

toan, tang dir tru ngoai te quoc gia thong qua he thong cong trai phat trien cua

dinh nen tai chinh, tien te quoc gia Tong so kieu hoi chuyen ve nude nam

1998 la 52,4 ty USD tuong duong vdi tong so vien trp phat trien trong nam

Chinh phu da huy dong tiem luc tai chinh, quan he buon ban va uy tin

cua cong dong ngudi lao dong An Do dnude ngoai theo timg ddi tirong, theo

vi tri edng viec Chang han, ben canh su dong gop ve tai chinh, cac chuyen

nghiem kinh doanh, quan ly, mua sam trang thiet bi trong cac nganh y te,

quoc gia, hoac cong ty cua An kieu tai An Do, phat trien cong nghe phan

quan he buon ban tren thi trudng quoc te, ho trp cac du an su dung nguon

1.3.2- Bai hoc kinh nghiem co the tham khao va ap dung de nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam

1.3.2.1- To chirc quart ly XKLD

Mot la, tao lap mdi trudng phap ly, quan ly XKLD bang luat phap

Cac nude deu ban hanh cac dao luat ve XKLD nham tao mdi trudng

phap ly cho hoat dong XKLD Trong do quy dinh ro cac dieu kien dua ngudi

ra nude ngoai lam viec, cac to chuc dupe phep hoat dong XKLD, quy dinh

Chinh phu cac nude deu co chien lupc, chuong trinh tiep thi ngoai

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phan nhiem giua cac Bo Co quan dai dien d nude ngoai la noi cung cap

thong tin va dinh huong thi trudng cho cac doanh nghiep Chinh phu quy dinh

nganh nghe, muc luong toi thieu, thoi han lam viec, so gio lam viec/ngay,bao

Ba la, phat trien ngudn nhan luc, khai thac toi da loi the de XKLD

Bon la, ho tro gia dinh va ngudi lao dong trudc khi di, trong khi lam viec d nude ngoai va sau khi hoan thanh hop dong ve nude.

Chinh phu cac nude thanh lap cac to chuc tu van, giup gia dinh ngudi lao dong su dung hpp ly, hieu qua khoan tien lao dong gui ve nude; giup

tarn ly va tinh cam cho ca hai phia Chinh phu quan tarn bo tri sap xep viec

tao, boi dubng cho ngubi lao dong hoi huong tro thanh cac chu doanh nghiep

1.3.2.2- Chinh sach tai chinh doi vdi XKLD

Thicnhat, chinh sach ho tro tai chinh cho lao dong xuat khau

Chinh phu cac nude deu ho trp toan bo chi phi tiep thi, khai thac thitrudng ngoai nude; khoan chi phi nay Chinh phu chi ra cho tuy vien lao dong

trach nhiem thubng xuyen thong tin dinh huong cho cac doanh nghiep trong

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Chinh phu ho trp mot phan hay toan bo chi phi cho “chuong trinh dao tao lao dong xuatkhau” cho ngubi lao dong Co nude ho trp toan bo chi phi

di lai cho ngubi lao dong trudc khi di; mot so nude cho ngubi lao dong vay

Neu ngudi lao dong hoi huong dung han theo hop dong Chinh phu co

Chinh phu cho phep thanh lap quy ho trp XKLD de phat trien thi

Thu hai, chinh sach tai chinh - tien te mem deo de thu hut ngoai te va

X

dau tu

lao dong co nhieu co hoi dau tu nham thu them lpi nhuan Chinh phu cac

hoac bo thue thu nhap tu kieu hoi, bao ho khoan thu nhap chuyen ve nude

Chirong 2 THIC TRANG HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI

CUA XKLD VIET NAM

2.1- Qua trinh hinh thanh moi trirdug the che xuat khau lao dong o’ Viet Nam

2.1.1- Chu truong, chinh sach ve xuat khau lao dong

Nam 1975, sau khi cuoc khang chien chong My cuu nude thang loi;

ngoai giao Do la, toe do kinh te tang trudng kinh te thap (khoang 2,3%/nam),

ngudi lao dong de phattrien kinh te, xay dung lai dat nude het sue cap bach

Ngay 29/11/1980, Chinh phu ra Nghi quyet so 362/CP ve viec dua mot

dong cd tay nghe vung, dap ung yeu cau phat trien kinh te nude ta sau

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lao dong ra mot sd nude phi XHCN “cu chuyen gia sang giup cac nude dang

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nudc, ky ket Hiep dinh ve Hop tac lao dong vdi Chinh phu cac nude Lien

Xo, CHDC Due, CHND Bun-ga-ri va Tiep Khac dua lao dong Viet Nam

thanh nien va nang cao trinh do cho chuyen gia; chon lua ngudi dung tieu

chuan; bo tri co cau nganh nghe thich hop; quan ly chat che ve to chuc va tutuong Cung vdi nude so tai cham soc ddi song vat chat, van hoa cua nhung

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Cudi nhung nam 80 the ky trudc, Lien Xo va cac nude XHCN Dong

den su sup do cua he thong XHCN, cuoc chien Vung Vinh 1991-1992 lam

dung lao dongnude ngoai giam sut, thi trudng lao dong bi thu hep Chinh Phu

Viet Nam tarn thdi ngimg dua lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai dong thdinghien cun tim toi mot giai phap XKLD moi, phuhop vdi thi trudng lao dong

trien mot so nganh va dia ban trong diem, tao dupe nhieu viec lam xay dung

ket cauhatang, mdmang cac nganh dich vu, XKLD.”[12; tr.32]

Ngay 09/11/1991, Hoi dong Bo trudng ra Nghi dinh 370/HDBT ban

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hanh Quy che ve dua ngudi lao dong Viet Nam di lam viec co thdi han d

han d nude ngoai la mot hudng giai quyet viec lam, tao thu nhap cho ngudi