Nâng cao hiệu quả kinh tế xã hội của xuất khẩu lao động việt nam trong điều kiện hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO • • • TRUONG DAI HQC KINH TE QUOC DAN LE HONG HUYEN DAI HOC KTQD TRUNGTAM TIN_ _THlf VIEN _THONG _ • NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG VIET • • NAM TRONG HIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • DAI HOC KTQD TRUNj^M/|; THONG _ _ _ _ _TIN THU VIEN • Ha Noi- Nam 2006 BO• GIAO DUC • VA DAO TAO • TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN LE HONG HUYEN NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG VIET NAM • • TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • Chuyen nganh Kinh te Chi'nh tri Ngudi hudng dan khoa hoc\ PGS.TS Phan Thanh Pho Ha Noi- Nam 2006 LO'I CAM DOAN Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien r r cwu cua ca nhan toi Cac so lieu, ket qua luqn van la trung thuc va co nguon goc ro rang Tac gid luan van LE HONG HUYEN MU• C LU• C TOM TAT LUAN VAN MO DAU Chuong CO SO KHOA HOC VE NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE - XA HOI TRONG • CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG • DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE 1.1- Khci niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem, hinh thuc va tam quan cua xuat khUu Iao dong 1.1.1- Khai niem, nguyen nhan, dieu kien, dac diem va hinh thuc •> r xuat khau lao dong r A r 1.1.2- Tam quan cua xuat khau lao dong doi vei Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 1.2- Khai niem, c hi tieu, nngyyn tac, nni duun vV cac nnan toanh hwffng den viec nnng cao hieu qun kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau Iao dong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 14 1.2.1- Khai niem va chi tieu phan anh hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi 14 cua xuat khau lao dong r r 1.2.2- Nguyen tac va noi dung nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi r 17 t cua xuat khau lao dong r r r 1.2.3- Cac nhan to anh hudng den hieu qqa kinh t e - xa hoi cua 2.1.2- Co che quan ly xuat khau lao dong o Viet Nam 34 2.2- Danh g ig h ieu qua kinh te - x a h hi c ua x uat khau lao dong 37 2.2.1- Nhung ket qua dat duoc 37 2.2.2- Nhung ton tai va han che 50 2.2.3- Nguyen nhan cua ton tai, han che 555 Chuong PHUONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP TIEP TUC NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG O VIET • • NAM 3.1- Phuong huong gang cxo hieu qua hint te - hoi cax xuat htuu lao dong < ^9 3.1.1- Du bao ve dac diem va xu huong xuat khau lao dong 59 59 59 thoi gian toi 3.1.2- Quan diem nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua xuat khau lao dong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 64 3.1.3- Dinh huong nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua r xuat khau lao dong f ^ •*?* i r 68 > iw A ■ • A q i • i r A A ã *1Aô t 3.2- Can gicn phhp nham nnng ccx htcju quu kicin te - xx hti cca xuat hhuu loo dong o Viet Nxm dieu hien hoi nhap high te quoc te A X > 72 3.2.1- Nhom giai phap ve nhan thuc va quan diem 72 3.2.2- Nhom cac giai phap ve luat phap va chinh sach kinh te 74 vi mo 3.2.3- Nhom giai phap ve to chuc, thuc hien xuat khau lao dong 80 KET LUAN 91 DANH MUC CAC CONG TRINH CUA TAC GIA TAI LIEU THAM KHAO BO• GIAO DUC • VA DAO TAO • TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN LE HONG HUYEN _ _ - ~ K f NANG CAO HIEU QUA KINH TE-XA HOI CUA XU AT KHAU LAO DONG VIET NAM • • TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH > X tE QUOC TE F CHUYEN NGANH KINH TE CHINH TRI TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • Ngu’d’i hiuong dan khoa hoc: PGS.TS Phan Thanh Pho Luan van dwoc bao ve tai hoi dong cham Luan van Thac si Truong Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan vao hoi thang nam 2006 Co the tim hieu luan van tai: Thu vien trudng Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Ha Noi- Nam 2006 DANH MUC CAC KY HIEU, CAC CHC VIET TAT BHXH Bao hiem xa hoi CNH Cong nghiep hoa CHDC Cong hoa dan chu CHND Cong hoa nhan dan HDH Hien dai hoa ILO To chuc lao dong the gidi LDTBXH Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa hoi LLLD Lire lircmg lao dong OECD To chuc Hop tac va Phat trien kinh te SNG Cong dong cac quoc gia doc lap UBND Uy ban nhan dan USD Do la My VND Dong Viet Nam XHCN Xa hoi chu nghTa XKLD Xuat khau lao dong va chuyen gia r 't -1 - MO DAU 1- Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Trong lich sur, xuat khau lao dong va di cu, mot hien tupng kinh te - xa hoi xuat hien tir lau gan lien vdi thdi ky tich luy nguyen thuy tu ban va phat trien manh me tir sau chien tranh the gidi thu II den Toan cau hoa kinh te va qua trinh phat trien cua phan cong lai lao dong quoc te da thuc day nhanh tu hoa thuong mai va lam cho xuat khau lao dong trd xu hudng tat A A A A X yeu khach quan Mot so nude d chau A nhu: Han Quoc, Phi-li-pin, An Do, Indo-ne-xi-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Thai - lan, w da va dang thu dune hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi to ldn tir XKLD O Viet Nam, nhung nam 80 cua the ky XX, hop tac quoc te ve lao dong theo Hiep dinh Chinh phu vdi cac nude XHCN da gop phan giai quyet , y y a viec lam, dao tao nguon nhan luc, tang nguon thu ngoai te, cai thien ddi song nhan dan nhat la dieu kien kho khan cua nude ta sau chien tranh Tir r r r nam 1991 den nay, XKLD dien theo co che thi trudng va hoi nhap kinh te quoc te da va dang thu dupe nhung ket qua quan trong: Moi nam da giai quyet viec lam cho hang chuc van lao dong, thu ve hang ty USD; ddi song cua gia A A A A dinh cd ngudi lao dong xuat khau dupe cai thien; co cau kinh te, co cau lao dong noi chung va co cau lao dong nong thon d nhung dia phuong cd nhieu ngudi di XKLD noi rieng cd su thay ddi ro ret y a Tuy nhien, nhan thuc ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD chua A A A thong nhat; viec xac dinh muc tieu va giai phap nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD chua mang tarn chien lupc, chua phu hop vdi thi trudng lao A y A A A dong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, nen hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi y a y y y cua XKLD thap, chua tuong xung vdi yeu cau va tiem nang ve nguon nhan luc hien cd d Viet Nam Vdi mong muon gop phan nang cao hieu qua kinh te- xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc y ' te, tac gia chon de tai: “Nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet a y A A A Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te ”, de nghien cuu lam luan van thac si cua minh 2- Tinh hinh nghien cun: -2Xoay quanh chu de XKLD, d nude ta da co mot so cong trinh nghien cuu va bai viet ve XKLD dupe cong bo nhu: quan ly nha nude ve XKLD, doi moi quan ly tai chinh ve XKLD, md rong viec dua lao dong Viet Nam di lam viec d nuoc ngoai, v v Nhung van de hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te chua dupe nghien cuu nhieu Nhat la nghien cuu chu de noi tren vdi tu each la mot de tai doc lap mang tinh he thong hien dang moi me 3- Muc dich va nhiem vu nghien cihi Muc dich cua luan van la van dung ly luan va kinh nghiem nham ' nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi de khao sat, danh gia thuc trang hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam tu de xuat phuong huong va giai phap tiep tuc nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD dieu kien r r r hoi nhap kinh te quoc te d nude ta thoi gian toi Luan van co nhiem vu: X + Luan giai co can cu ly luan va kinh nghiem nham lam rd cac khai mem, su can thiet, nhan to anh huong, noi dung va nguyen tac cua viec nang r cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam + Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi XKLD d nude ta thoi gian qua, nhung tuu, ton tai va nguyen nhan x r r \ + De xuat cac giai phap kha thi nham nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi XKLD Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te r 4- Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu Ddi tuong nghien cuu: Nghien cuu su can thiet, noi dung, nguyen tac r r r xac dinh va cac nhan to anh huong den hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD \ r noi chung va d Viet Nam tu de xuat phuong huong va cac giai phap nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD thoi gian toi Pham vi nghien cuu: Nghien cuu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam tu thuc x r r hien chuyen doi nen kinh te va XKLD theo co che thi trudng cd su quan ly cua nha nude, nhat la giai doan 1996 - 2004 -3- Nghien cuu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD gom ca xuat khiu chuyen gia; nhung khong nghien cuu XKLD tai cho, khong nghien curu XKLD cua ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai sang nude thu ba Cac chi tieu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi va giai phap duqc de cap luan van duqc nhin nhan tren giac kinh te chinh tri 5- Phuong phap nghien cun r r Luan van lay phuong phap luan vat bien chung ket hop vdi phuong phap vat lich su, phuong phap truru tuqng hoa cua kinh te chinh tri lam phuong phap luan chung nghien cuu Ngoai ra, luan van su dung cac phuong phap phan tich, tong hop, thong ke, so sanh, mo hinh hoa va du bao 6- Nhung dong gop moi va y nghia thyc tien cua de tai Nhimg dong gop: + Luan giai su can thiet, noi dung, nguyen tac xac dinh va cac nhan to anh hudng den hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD cua Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te + Thong qua khao sat XKLD cua mot so nude khu vuc de rut r \ t cac bai hoc kinh nghiem ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD co the van dung vao Viet Nam > r + Dua nhung danh gia ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD b Viet Nam then gian qua; tu de xuat cac giai phap kha thi nham nang cao r \ hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua hoat dong XKLD d nude ta dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te ke y nghia: Ket qua luan van cd the dung lam tai lieu tham khao de hoach dinh > chinh sach ve XKLD va cac chinh sach xa hoi khac d nude ta Nd cung cd the dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho viec giang day d cac nha trudng cd noi dung lien quan den XKLD a r z / dong Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te -82- cac hinh thuc vua dua duoc nhieu lao dong di lam viec nuoc ngoai, vua mang lai lpi nhuan cao cho doanh nghiep, vira thu dupe nhieu ngoai te Sau da ky ket cac hop dong cung ung lao dong, doanh nghiep can tim moi each de thuc hien dung va du cac cam ket Trong dieu kien hien nay, cac doanh nghiep XKLD can phai lien ket, hop tac voi dudi su dieu phoi cua Hiep hoi XKLD nham nang cao sue canh tranh tren thi trudng lao dong quoc te de chiem linh thi trudng; thuong xuyen bao cao cac vudng mac ve co Z che chinh sach vdi Nha nude de thao go kip thdi z r z \ Bon la, cham dut tinh trang lao dong bd tron va vi pham hop ddng Tinh trang lao dong bd tron vdi ty le cao la mot cac nguyen nhan thi trudng lao dong mot so nude ddng cua ddi vdi lao dong Viet Nam _ r r r r Nguyen nhan lao dong tron chu yeu vi ly kinh te va noi lo that nghiep sau ve nude Vi vay, ngoai viec tuyen truyen giao due, can phai tim moi each de nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi lao dong va cd chinh sach tao viec lam cho ngudi lao dong sau ve nude 3.2.3.2- Nang cao chat luong lao dong xuat khau Thu nhat, nang cao kha nang du bao nhu cau lao dong tren thi trudng quoc te, dau tu thoa dang cd diem cac co sd dao tao lao dong xuat khau Nha nude la ngudi du bao xu hudng su dung lao dong d thi trudng lao dong nude va thi trudng lao dong quoc te de xac dinh co cau va quy mo dao tao “thay - tho” mot each hop ly De lam tot cdng tac du bao, can phai dau tu kinh phi, trang thiet bi va dac biet can bo cd trinh tong hop va phan tich thi trudng De cd co sd dao tao lao dong xuat khau dat tieu chuan, Nha nude can Z \ Z A khuyen khich moi phan kinh te tham gia dao tao lao dong; ddng thdi Nha nude phai true tiep dau tu mot sd ca sd dao tao lao dong theo chuan r X quoc gia de lam tru cot cho viec tao ngudn lao dong xuat khau Z Thu hai, nang cao trinh tay nghe va ngoai ngu, ren luyen tac phong lao dong cdng nghiep va y thuc tuan thu phap luat cho ngudi lao dong -83- Muon nang cao trinh tay nghe, ngoai ngu, tac phong lao dong cong nghiep va y thuc tuan thu phap luat cho ngudi lao dong can phai xac dinh noi dung, chuong trinh dao tao phu hop; ban hanh cac bo tieu chuan chat luong A 7 r dao tao nghe va to chuc kiem dinh chat luong dao tao theo tieu chuan khu vuc Noi dung chuong trinh dao tao lao dong xuat khau can bam sat cac du a r a bao ve nhu cau su dung lao dong ngan han va dai han cua thi trudng lao r r dong qudc te; chu y ren luyen ky nang thuc hanh, trinh ngoai ngu, y thuc ky luat, tac phong lao dong cong nghiep va y thuc ton phap luat cho ngudi lao dong 77zzr ba, nang cao tinh doc lap va kha nang tu chiu trach nhiem cua p p r ngudi lao dong; han che tien tdi cham diet tinh trang lao dong vi pham hop A ddng • Pt Ngudi lao dong vira la doi tuong chu the cua XKLD Ngudi lao dong co the tu kiem viec lam tren thi trudng lao dong qudc te hoac qua cac doanh nghiep XKLD De co viec lam on dinh va thu nhap cao, ngudi lao dong phai khong ngung tu hoc tap va ren luyen nham nang cao nang lire tu chiu trach nhiem, doc lap lao dong tren thi trudng qudc te Dac biet la cham dut tinh p Ar trang vi pham hop ddng, bo tron cu tru bat hop phap d nude sd tai p r 3.2.3.3- Cung cd vd phat trien doanh nghiep xuat khau lao dong Mot la, cung cd cac doanh nghiep XKLD Sue canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep XKLD Viet Nam tren thi trudng r r r a lao dong qudc te nhin chung la yeu Do do, mot mat, Nha nude can trao toan A quyen tir chu kinh doanh cho doanh nghiep XKLD; mat khac, tang cudng p A quan ly bang phap luat va dinh hudng de thuc hien dung cac muc tieu kinh te e a r a - xa hoi cua Dang va Nha nude da de Trong boi canh toan cau hoa va hoi p p a nhap thi trudng lao dong qudc te, cac doanh nghiep can cd giai phap de tir -84vuon len du sue canh tranh tren thi trudng lao dong quoc te Muon vay, can thuc hien cac giai phap sau day: + Ve chien lucre kinh doanh: Doanh nghiep phai hoach dinh chien luge kinh doanh rd rang, co muc tieu va budc di cu the ddi vdi timg loai thi trudng; co chien luge va budc di thich hop de tao nguon lao dong xuat khau; co sach luge bao ve thi phan d nude ngoai ma trudc het la bao ve quyen Igi va quan ly lao dong d nude ngoai mot each tot nhat Giai quyet kip thdi va dut diem cac phat sinh cua ngudi lao dong qua trinh tham gia XKLD r r Tren cor sd chien luge va ke hoach kinh doanh cua minh, doanh nghiep chu dong tiep can va khai thac thi trudng; tuyen chgn va dao tao lao dong theo yeu cau cua cac cam ket hgp dong cung ung lao dong Trong dieu kien hien nay, cac doanh nghiep XKLD can biet khai thac toi da ket qua dao Z < tao cua cac sor sd dao tao, phoi hgp, lien ket vdi cac co sb dao tao de thuc hien noi dung, chuong trinh dao tao theo nhu cau cua phia su dung Thuc hien viec - 9 r r x r kiem tra, tuyen chgn lao dong xuat khau mot each khat khe nham cung cap r r r r nhung lao dong co chat lugng tot thi trudng lao dong quoc te + Ve tai chinh: Doanh nghiep phai tu nang cao uy tin cua minh bang each cong khai hoa cac khoan tien ma ngudi lao dong phai dong gop trudc di; phai minh bach cac khoan thu cua ngudi lao dong; thuc hien nghiem chinh che ke toan, cac chuan muc ke toan va che kiem toan A + Ve ngudi va cong nghe quan ly: r Trong cong nghe quan ly, ngudi va trang thiet bi quan ly la quan r a trgng nhat Doanh nghiep XKLD can co mot doi ngu can bo quan ly cd trinh -85- Hai la, phat trien cac doanh nghiep XKLD, cho phep doanh nghiep cd r von nucrc ngoai tham gia XKLD t r x Tiep tuc thuc hien chinh sach da dang hoa phan doanh nghiep r r r r XKLD Trude mat can thi diem cap Giay phep mot so cong ty cd von nude ngoai tham gia XKLD, trade het la nhung cong ty dang dau tu tai Viet Nam > r r Cac cong ty cd tiem luc tai chinh, cd kinh nghiem tren thi trudng qudc te; vien khac cua ho dang hoat ddng tai Viet Nam 3.2.3.4- Nang cao thu nhap va ho trey ngudi lao dong chuyen tien ve nude r Trude het, Nha nude sdm quy dinh khung phi mdi gidi sat vdi thi r \ r trudng; quy dinh dem gid tien luemg tdi thieu va cac dieu kien khac doi vdi ngudi lao dong phu hap vdi timg thi trudng va luat lao dong cua nude tiep nhan lao dong; giam thieu chi phi chuan bi di lam viec nude ngoai cho ngudi lao dong De nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi lao dong, cac van ban hudng dan thi Z X hanh phap luat can quy dinh ro muc phi mdi gidi tdi da phai tra cho phia nude A Z Z X ngoai; don gia tien luong tdi thieu, thdi gian lam viec, dieu kien lam viec va z x ? cac dieu kien khac lien quan den loi ich cua ngudi lao dong de cac doanh nghiep lam can cu thuong thao ky ket hop ddng cung ung lao dong Ddng vi pham chinh sach phat trien thi trudng nhu: nang phi mdi gidi, thap don X gia tien luong cua ngudi lao dong de gianh giat thi trudng, la tinh trang lao dong bo tron khoi hop ddng, khong chiu ve nude het han hop ddng lam ngung tre qua trinh XKLD Tiep tuc day manh cai each hanh chinh linh vuc XKLD nhu: stra X ' ' ' doi quy dinh ve thu tuc, trinh tu, thdi gian cap Ho chieu; phan cap manh me da khoa cap tinh Phat trien manh cac hinh thuc giao dich XKLD de -86ngudi lao dong tiep can duqc vdi XKLD, tu Ina chon va quyet dinh viec di lam viec d nude ngoai Xoa bd moi quy dinh “ngan song cam cho” cua chinh quyen cac cap lam can trd sir tiep xue true tiep cua ngudi lao dong vdi doanh X nghiep XKLD nham giam thieu cac chi phi hanh chinh ma ngudi lao dong phai tra trudc di 77?zr hai, ho trot ngudi lao ddng chuyen tien ve nude r \ x r Muon thu hut ngudn ngoai te cua lao dong chuyen ve nude, trudc het phai co mot he thong dich vu chuyen tien thuan tien va an toan De lam tot viec nay, Ngan hang Nha nude can dinh hudng cac Ngan hang thuong mai r x r cung cap dich vu d ca nude va ngoai nude O ngoai nude, can thiet r \ lap he thong chi nhanh tai cac nude cd nhieu lao dong Viet Nam lam viec, dac ft < r biet la lien ket khai thac the manh cua mot so to chuc tai chinh da cd thuong hieu tren thi trudng nhu western union, xoom, travelex; d nude can chu X y dich vu giao tien tan nha cho cac gia dinh > X Ngoai can hinh va phat trien cac hinh thuc dau tu cd lqi cho F X f ngudi lao dong de ddng ngoai te tiep tuc duqc su dung vao muc tieu phat trien chung cua dat nude vua mang lai lqi nhuan cao cho ngudi lao dong 3.2.3.5- Ho tragia dinh va ngudi lao dong Trudc di lam viec d nude ngoai, ngudi lao dong phai bd mot x f yr khoan chi phi gom: chi phi lam Ho chieu, kham sue khoe, ho so thu tuc xuat canh, dao tao-giao due dinh hudng, hoc ngoai ngu, bd tuc tay nghe, tien ve may bay, le phi san bay, phi dich vu cho doanh nghiep XKLD va phi mdi gidi tra cho nude ngoai Tuy theo vi tri dia ly va noi dung hqp ddng da ky vdi phia nude ngoai, chi phi trudc di cua ngudi lao dong co khac Theo Tu lieu tai Cue Quan ly lao dong ngoai nude, Bo LDTBXH, cac khoan phi ngudi lao dong phai nop trudc di d mot sd nude nhu tren bieu 3.1 o r r So lieu tren bieu 3.1 cho thay, khoan chi phi trudc di cua lao dong r r r x la rat ldn; nhat la ddi vdi nhung lao dong ngheo Do do, Nha nude can co cac -87chi'nh sach ho tro hoac cho cac doi tuong chinh sach xa hoi va ngudi ngheo vay von phu hop vdi tung thi trudng ma lao dong den lam viec Bieu 3.1- Chi phi trudc di lam viec d nu de ngoai cua mot lao dong Don vi: USD Nude Khoan phi l Ve may bay Le phi visa Le phi san bay Kham sue khoe Dao tao Ho chieu Mdi gidi Dat coc Phi dich vu 10 Tong cong Quy VND TT gid Han Quoc 320 50 14 40 70 15 l.000 5.000 800 7.309 Nhat Ban 500 50 14 40 70 15 l.500 5.000 1.000 8.189 Dai Loan 300 66 14 40 70 15 3.000 1.000 980 5.485 Ma-laixia 260 30 14 40 70 15 400 250 300 1.379 Li-bi 840 40 14 40 70 15 500 1.000 400 2.919 115.920.740 129.877.540 86.992.100 21.870.940 46.295.340 15.860 15.860 15.860 15.860 15.860 Nguon [35] * Ho tro hoac cho vay von trudc di lam viec o nude ngoai + Ho tro kinh phi: Nha nude trich ngan sach tir Quy Xoa doi giam ngheo, Quy Ho tro XKLD, Quy giai quyet viec lam tir Chuong trinh viec lam quoc gia de cap mot phan hoac toan bo chi phi hoc ngoai ngu, hoc nghe, giao due dinh hudng hoac tra khoan lai tien vay cho ngudi lao dong thuoc ddi \ r tuong chinh sach, ngudi ngheo hoac lao dong d vimg kho khan ve kinh te Muc ho tro tir 50-100% hoc phi phai tra theo quy dinh cho tirng doi tuong chinh sach + Cho vay von: Theo Chinh sach hien hanh, ngudi lao dong sau ky hop dong di lam viec d nude ngoai deu duoc vay von theo cac Quyet dinh so 440/2001/QD-NHNN, so 373/2003/QD-NHNN, sd 365/2004/QD-NHNN cua Ngan hang Nha nude Viet Nam tai cac Ngan hang thuong mai, ngoai r r cac ddi tuong chinh sach va ngudi ngheo dupe vay von tai Ngan hang - 88 ngudi lao dong gap nhieu kho khan; de nghi Nha nude cho phep ap dung r mot so giai phap dudi day: Mot la, cho ngudi lao dong vay 100% khoan tien ma ngudi lao dong phai nop theo xac nhan cua doanh nghiep XKLD Vi ngudi lao dong den vay r r von cua Ngan hang la nhung ngudi ngheo hoac co thu nhap thap Hai la, bo tri du nguon von cho ngudi lao dong vay; uu tien nhung ngudi lao dong md tai khoan ca nhan va gui thu nhap ve tai khoan da md tai ngan hang; Xac dinh thdi han vay phu hop vdi mure thu nhap va thdi han hop ddng cua ngudi lao dong Ba la, da dang hoa cac nguon von vay Ngudi lao dong dupe vay von khong chi bo hep he thdng Ngan hang ma dupe vay tai cac quy tap trung cua Nha nude thdng qua Chuong trinh muc tieu Qudc gia ve viec lam, Chuong trinh muc tieu Qudc gia ve Xoa doi giam ngheo, Quy Ho trp XKLD hoac thdng qua he thdng quy cua cac to chuc chinh tri xa hoi khac r > Bon la, su dung ddng bo bien phap dam bao kha nang tra no cua ngudi lao dong, han che phat sinh no kho doi bang each rang buoc trach nhiem vat chat giua ngan hang vdi ngudi lao dong, gia dinh, chinh quyen dia phuong va doanh nghiep XKLD Nam la, don gian hoa thu tuc vay von, giam thieu sd luong cac giay to, r rut ngan thdi gian tham dinh va giai ngan Sau la, tang cudng tuyen truyen chinh sach, phap luat cua Nha nude ve chinh sach cho ngudi lao dong xuat khau vay von doi vdi gia dinh co ngudi lao dong xuat khau de ho dong vien than nhan thuc hien nghTa vu tra no dung ky han * Ho trot gia dinh nguvi lao dong xuat khau Ho trp gia dinh ngudi lao dong la mot bien phap nham tao su yen A tam ve gia dinh cua ngudi lao dong xa nha Bien phap ho trp huu hieu la tri thudng xuyen mdi lien lac giua gia dinh va ngudi lao dong xuat khau, mdi lien he giua cac gia dinh cd ngudi di XKLD tai cung mot mot thi trudng vdi doanh nghiep XKLD Thdng qua cac A moi lien he do, doanh nghiep XKLD cd the giup gia dinh ngudi lao dong -89- gap om dau, hoan nan, tao tam ly yen tam cho ngudi lao dong xa nha, r xa dat nuoc * //d tro tdi tao viec lam va su dung hop ly ngudn lao dong xuat khau ve nuoc + Ho tro tdi tao viec lam va phat trien san xuat kinh doanh e A A Nguoi lao dong ve nuoc nam mot hai trudng hop: hoan hop A A A ~ dong ve nuoc dung han va ve nuoc trudc thdi han Do do, viec ho tro cung dupe phan theo doi tuong nhu sau: A Z - Ddi vdi ngudi ve nude trudc thdi han: Ngudi lao dong phai ve nuoc trudc thdi han thuong nguyen nhan khach quan va nguyen nhan chu quan Do nguyen nhan khach quan va rui ro: Nguyen tac chung la khong de ngudi lao dong bi thiet hai ve tai chinh Muc ho tro dupe xac dinh bang tong so khoan chi ngudi lao dong da tra trudc di trir khoan thu nhap kiem dupe thdi gian lam viec d nude ngoai cong vdi khoan tro cap thang tim viec moi Do nguyen nhan chu quan (tu ngudi lao dong gay ra): Muc ho tro r dupe xac dinh bang tong so khoan chi ngudi lao dong da tra trudc di tru e a khoan thu nhap kiem dupe thdi gian lam viec d nude ngoai - Hoan hop ddng ve nude: Ngudi lao dong hoan hop dong ve nude co lpi the ve thu nhap, ky nang nghe nghiep, tac phong lao dong cong nghiep, nam bat dupe mot so bi quyet cong nghe De giup ngudi lao dong tai tao viec lam, can thuc thi mot so cong viec sau day: Hudng dan phat trien san xuat kinh doanh: r Ngudi lao dong ve nude da tich luy dupe mot luong von kha vdi kinh a A Z A nghiem va trinh tay nghe tich luy dupe la the manh co the dau tu phat trien san xuat kinh doanh tao viec lam cho chinh ho va cho xa hoi De phat huy r dupe lpi the nay, Nha nude can dinh hudng va cd chinh sach ho tro ho dau tu a a phat trien thong qua cac Chuong trinh, Du an; chang han nhu Chuong trinh phat trien san xuat kinh doanh: -90Muc tieu cua chuong trinh la tao viec lam phu hgp vdi kha nang cho o A nguoi lao dong ve nude va tao viec lam mdi cho xa hoi Bien phap thuc hien la hudng dan va ho tro ngudi lao dong lap cac doanh nghiep san xuat kinh doanh dudi cac loai hinh doanh nghiep tu nhan, cong ty co phan, hop tac xa theo quy dinh cua phap luat Nha nude ho tro dao tao lai thong qua Chuong trinh dao tao dinh hudng nghe nghiep; Chucmg trinh dao tao, boi dudng kien thuc ve quan tri kinh doanh doanh nghiep vua va nhd Nha nude cd the ho tro thong qua viec cho vay von, mien giam thue, < r a r a cho thue dat va mat bang san xuat,vv nham khuyen khich ngudi lao dong A ’ r A dau tu phat trien san xuat kinh doanh theo nhu cau va kha nang cua ngudi lao dong Ho tro tim kiem viec lam phu hop: Thanh lap Website ve Thong tin lao r •> r a r r dong xuat khau ve nude Thong ke chinh xac so luong, co cau, trinh tay A nghe, kha nang ca nhan, vv cua tung ngudi lao dong va dua vao du lieu m F A nguon cung lao dong nude Cung cap du lieu tren mien phi cho cac co so san xuat kinh doanh nude, cac giao dich tren thi trudng lao dong va cho cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung Thanh lap cac trung tarn ho trp lao \ a fv r dong ve nude lam dau mdi ho tro ngudi lao dong tim viec lam phu hop * Huy dong va su dung cac bi quyet edng nghe ma ngudi lao dong A mang ve nude • f r jl \ Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc, An Do, Ixa-ra-en cho thay, bang viec dua lao dong cd trinh hoc van kha den lam viec d mot sd nganh, linh vuc ma ho can cong nghe de phat trien; sau thdi gian lam viec d nude ngoai, sd lao dong da mang ve cho dat nude nhung bi quyet cong nghe quy bau ma ' A • f f \ a neu nude dau tu nghien cuu thi rat ton kern ve thdi gian va tien bac Nhung lao dong nay, duoc Nha nude su dung vao viec trien khai thuc hien f e f cac cong nghe tai cac co sd thuc nghiem va cac nude da tien kip mot sd f f nude tien tien mot sd nganh va linh vuc -91 - Doi vdi nude ta, can sdm cd chinh sach va to chuc thuc hien thi diem viec dua lao ddng di khai thac bi quyet cong nghe va sur dung ho mot each hieu qua ve nude KET LUAN De tai “Nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te qudc te” da gop phan lam rd them ly luan va tong ket thuc tien tren nhung mat sau: XKLD va nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD la tat yeu khach quan qua trinh toan cau hoa va hoi nhap kinh te qudc te Tham gia mot each day du va manh me vao thi trudng lao dong qudc te bang each nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD se gop phan day nhanh qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, tao them viec lam va thu nhap cao cho ngudi lao dong gop phan thuc day ung dung tuu khoa hoc cong nghe hien dai, gop phan thuc hien muc tieu “dan giau nude manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu, van minh” d nude ta 2- Tren co sd lam rd khai niem va chi tieu hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD, luan van da xac dinh noi dung, nguyen tac va nhan to anh hudng den viec nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD lam co sd cho viec danh X r r gia va de xuat cac giai phap nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD d Viet Nam cho thdi gian tdi X X 3- Vdi tinh than “gan due khoi trong”, luan van cho rang viec tong quan kinh nghiem nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD d cac nude dung thdi gian tdi d Viet Nam 4- Thdng qua viec khai quat qua trinh tao mdi trudng the che lien quan den viec nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD ma Dang va Nha nude ta da ban hanh lam co sd cho viec phan tich danh gia thuc trang hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi thdi gian qua tren ca mat ket qua va han che cua viec nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi -92- Co the noi, hieu qua kinh te - hoi cua XKLD lao ddng d nude ta thdi gian qua duqc the hien tren nhieu mat Ve kinh te la lam tang thu nhap cho ngudi lao dong va gia dinh, tang GDP, GNI, tang du tru ngoai te, tang tich luy de dau tu phat trien; ve xa hoi la giai quyet viec lam, xoa doi giam ngheo,vv ; ve dao tao la nang cao chat luong ngudn nhan luc; ve cdng nghe A z la tiep nhan va khai thac cdng nghe mdi; vv Tuy nhien, nhan thuc ve hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi khac nen cac chinh sach va he thong luat phap chua dap ung yeu cau mdi de nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 5- Tren co sd du bao xu hudng phat trien kinh te, xa hoi nude va r r e r t quoc te lien quan den XKLD, luan van dua nhung quan diem va dinh hudng XKLD va nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD thdi gian tdi t r \ 6- De nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD, luan van da de • z z xuat nhom giai phap chu yeu: Nhom nhan thuc, quan diem; nhom chinh sach kinh te vi mo va luat phap va nhom to chuc thuc hien Trong mdi nhom giai phap, luan van tiep tuc de xuat nhung giai phap cu the theo tung ddi \ r tuong, tung linh vuc nham muc tieu nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD; noi bat la cac giai phap Nha nude phai ddng vai tro quyet dinh viec phat trien thi trudng lao dong ngoai nude, cho phep cac doanh nghiep cd Z Z von nude ngoai tham gia hoat dong XKLD, quy dinh muc luong tdi thieu va z phi mdi gidi tdi da de nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi lao dong, nang cao kha nang tu chiu trach nhiem cua ngudi lao dong, binh dang giua cac chu the Nha nude, doanh nghiep, ngudi lao dong XKLD Tinh kha thi cua nhung dinh hudng nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi cua XKLD phu thuoc rat ldn vao viec thuc hien kien quyet va ddng bo cac giai phap tren thdi gian tdi _ r r r y 7- Mac du tac gia da cd gang thu thap sd lieu, dieu tra, phan tich; gap go va trao ddi vdi cac nha khoa hoc, cac nha quan ly, cac doanh nghiep, ngudi lao dong di lam viec d nude ngoai, cac ddi tac d nude ngoai nham danh gia A Z dung thuc trang, de xuat cac giai phap sat thuc, kha thi Tuy nhien, kha -93- nhan duoc su gop y cua Hoi dong cham luan van, cac thay (co), cac dong chi va cac ban./ DANH MUC CAC CONG TRINH CUA TAC GIA Le Hong Huyen(2000), Tuyen chon dung, dao tao ky - Nhan to quyet r dinh xuat khau lao dong cdng, Tap chi Thong tin thi trudng lao lao dong, Bo Lao dong -Thuong binh va Xa hoi, so 2/2000 Le Hong Huyen (2001), Mot so van de hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi va rui ro tai chinh xuat khau lao dong, Tap chi Thi trudng - Gia ca, Ban Vat gia Chinh phu, so 3/2001 Le Hong Huyen (2001), Nhung dac trimg co ban cua Marketing r linh viec xuat khau lao dong,Typ chi Thi trudng - Gia ca, Ban Vat gia Chinh phu, so 4/2001 A ' x Le Hong Huyen (2005), Van de lao dong Viet Nam lam viec a nuoc ngoai tupha vd hop dong, Top chi Viec lam ngoai nude, Bo Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi, so 3/2005 Le Hong Huyen (2005), Nang cao hieu qua xuat khau nhan luc, Tap _ < chi Viec lam ngoai nude, Bo Lao dong - Thuong binh va xa hoi, so nam 2005 -94- TAI LIEU THAM KHAO TIENG VIET [1] - Bao cao Nghien cuu chinh sach cua Ngan hang the gidi(2002), Toan cau hod, tang trudng va ngheo doi, Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin [2] - Bo Chinh tri Dang cong san Viet Nam(1998), Chi thi so 41/CT-TW 22/9/1998 ve xuat khau lao dong va chuyen gia [3] - Bo Lao dong -Thuong binh va Xa hoi(2001), Bao cao tai Hoi nghi toan r \ r ■> qudc ve xuat khau lao dong, thang nam 2001 [4] - Bo Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi(2003), Bao cao tai Hoi nghi toan qudc ve XKLD, thang nam 2003 [5] - Bo Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi(2004), Lao dong-viec lam d Viet Nam 1996-2003, Nxb Lao dong- Xa hoi, Ha Noi [6] - Bo lao dong-Thuong binh va Xa hoi(2005), Cac chi tieu chu yeu cua nganh Lao dong-Thucmg binh va Xa hoi nam 2006-2010 [7] - Chinh phu (1995) Nghi dinh 07/CP 20/1/1995 [8] - Chu tich Hoi dong Bo trudng(1984), Quyet dinh 263/CT, 24/7/1984 [9] - Dai su quan nude CHXHCN Viet Nam tai Han Quoc(2005), Bao cao gui Bo Lao dong -Thucrng binh va Xa hoi, 01/4/2005 [10] - Dai su quan nude CHXHCN Viet Nam tai Ma-lai-xi-a(2005), Bao cao gui Bo Ngoai giao, Bo Lao dong -Thuong binh vd Xa hoi, 28/1/2005 [11] - Dang cong san Viet Nam(1987), Van kien Dai hoi Dai Bieu toan qudc lan thu VI, Nxb Su that, Ha Noi [12] - Dang cong san Viet Nam(1991), Van kien Dai hoi Dai Bieu toan qudc lan thu VII, Nxb Su that, Ha Noi [13] - Dang cong san Viet Nam(1996), Van kien Dai hoi Dai Bieu toan qudc lan thu VIII, Nxb Su that, Ha Noi -95[14] - Dang cong san Viet Nam (1998), Van kien Hoi nghi lan thu tu BCH Trung r uong khoa VIII, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi [15] - Dang cong san Viet Nam (2001), Van kien Dai hoi IX cua Dang, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi [16] - Dang cong san Viet Nam(2005), Du thao cac van kien trinh Dai hoi X cua Dang, thang 9/2005 [17] - Ho Chi Minh toan tqp(1995), Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha noi, tap7 [ 18]- Ho Chi Minh toan tap(2QQ0), Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha noi, tap [19] - Hoi dong Chinh phu (1980), Nghi quyet so 362/CP, 29/11/1980 [20] - Hoi dong Bo trudng( 1991), Nghi dinh 370/HDBT, 09/11/1991, dieu [21] - Phan Thanh Pho(2004), Viet Nam vdi tien trinh gia nhap ITTQNxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha noi [22] - Tap chi Viec lam ngoai nude so 6/1999 va Bo Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi (2005), Bao cao tinh hinh thuc hien Chi thi 41/CT-TW ve xuat khau lao dong va chuyen gia, thang nam 2005 [23] - Tap chi Viec lam ngoai nude, nam 2000,2001,2002,2003,2004 [24] - Tap chi Viec lam ngoai nude so nam 2003 [25] - Tap chi Viec lam ngoai nude, so nam 2004 [26] - Tap chi Viec lam ngoai nude, so nam 2004 [27] - Thong tan xa Viet Nam(2004), Tai lieu tham khao dac biet, 24/11/2004 [28] - To Xuan Dan, Vu Chi Loc(7997), Quan he Kinh te Qudc te- Ly thuyet va thuc tien, Nxb Ha Noi [29] - Tong cue Thong ke (2003-2004), Nien giam thong ke nam 2003,Nxb Thong ke, Ha Noi; Nien giam thong ke nam 2004 [30] - Tong cue Thong ke (2004) Nien giam thong ke nam 2004, Nxb Thong ke, Ha Noi [31] - Tong cue Thong ke (2004), Nien giam thong ke 2004, Nxb Thong ke, Ha Noi va Bo Lao dong -Thuong binh va Xa hoi, Bao cao tai Hoi nghi toan quoc vexuat khau lao dong, 2000,2001,2003 [32] - Tong cue thong ke (2005), Thuc trang doanh nghiep qua ket qua dieu tra -96- nam 200,2002,2003; Nxb Thong ke, Ha Noi va (2)(5)(8) la Tu lieu Cue quan ly lao dong ngoai nude Ty gia binh quan: phong ty gid NHNN cung cap [33] - Tong cue Thong ke(2004), Nien giam thong ke 2004, Nxb Thong ke, Ha Noi; Tu lieu Cue Quan ly lao dong ngoai nude Ty gid binh quan phong Ty gid NHNN cung cap [34] - Tran Van Hang(1994), Nhung dieu can biet ve thi trudng lao dong Han Quoc, Thong tin khoa hoc chon loc, 9/1994 [35] - Tu lieu Cue quan ly lao ddng ngoai nude 1990-2004 [36] - Van phong kinh te-van hoa CHXHCN Viet Nam tai Dai Loan (2005), Bao cao gui Bo Lao dong -Thucmg binh va Xa hoi, 23/5/2005 [37] - Vien nghien cuu va bien tri thuc bach khoa (1998), Dai tu dien kinh te thi trudng, Ha noi [38] - Vien nghien cuu va bien tri thuc bach khoa (1998), Dai tu dien kinh te thi trudng, Ha noi Z r [39] - Vien nghien cuu va bien tri thuc bach khoa (1998), Dai tu dien kinh te thi trudng, Ha noi [40] - Vu Huu Ngoan (cb), Ngo Van Du, Pham Huu Tien, Pham Anh Tuan (2001), r Tim hieu mot so khai niem van kien Dai hoi IX cua Ddng, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi [41 ]- Xu ly so lieu tren Bieu 1.1 va Nien giam thong ke nam 2004 TIENG ANH [42]- Rupa Chandra (2003), “ Movement of Seervice Suply and India: A case Srudy of the IT and Health Sector” prepared for the UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Intiative, 2003