Mối quan hệ giữa sự phát triển thị trường thế giới với chính sách ngoại thương của việt nam

TRUING DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN Og BQ 80 DAI irung LY HOANG MAI MOI QUAN HE GIUA SO PHAT TRIEN THI TRUONG THE GION VOI CHINH SACH NGOAITHUONG CUA VIET NAM CHUYEN NGANH: KINH TE CHINH TRI LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE • • Nguoi hu'dng dan khoa hoc: PGS TS Dao Phuong Lien THS- 4333 HA NOI, 2006 MUC LUC • • Loi mo’ dau Chwong I: Nhung van de ly luan va thyc tien ve moi quan he giua sy phat trien thi trwung the gioi vol chinh sach ngoai thwong cua Viet Nam 1.1 Nhung van de co’ ban ve thi tru’dng the giffi va chinh sach ngoai thwo’ng 1.1.1 Nhung van de co ban ve thi truang the giffi 1.1.2 Chinh sach ngoai thuong 18 r r 1.2 Moi quan he giua thi tru ffng the giffi va chinh sach ngoai thuong 23 2.1 Tac dong qua lai giua liti truung the giffi vffi chlnn sach ngoai thuwn cua Viet Nam 223 1.2.2 Vai tro cua nha nuffc viec diea chinh moi quan he giua chinh sach ngoai thuong va thi trunng the giffi 27 1.2.2 Su can thiet khcch quan phai giai quyet moi quan he giua thi trunng the giffi va chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam 30 r r r 1.2 Kinh nghiem giai quyet moi quan he giua thi trunng the giffi va chinh sach ngoai thuong cua mnt so nuffc 34 2.1 Kinh nghiem cua Thai Lan 35 1.2 KinhngOiesn cuu Tann Quoc 88 Chwong 2: Thyc trang moi quan he giua sy phat trien thi trwong the gioi voi chinh sach ngoai thwong cua Viet Nam 42 2.1 Tilth hinh thi trunng the giffi tac Onng den chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam 42 2 Thue cto^ chmli s dchngoni ihuunn c cu Viet Nammronn moi q nunhc vffi su phat trien thi trunng the giffi 44 2.2.1 Qud frlnn Toi mffi chinhsdcC ng()nithu■o^og ¥12111010 44 2.2 Nhahg ket qua dat duoc doi mffi chinh sach ngoai thuong 59 2.2 Nhung van de ton tai 72 "> r r a r Chwong 3: Mot so quan diem va giai phap nham giai quyet moi quan he giua r thi trwong the gioi voi chinh sach ngoai thwong cua Viet Nam 74 r r r r 2.1 Hni nhap kinh te quoc te co hni va thach thuc doi vffi cac hoat dnng hgnai thuong Viet Nam- 28 1.1 Co hoi cua Viet Nam budc vao “san chai chung” cua thi trudng the gidi 78 1.2 Thach thicc ddi vdi Viet Nam 81 3.2 Quan diem dinh huong nham gidi quyet moi quan he giua thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sdch ngoqi thuong Viet Nam 88 3.2.1 Doi moi chinh sdch ngoqi thuong theo huong phii hop vdi xu the van dong cua thi trudng the gidi hoan thien thi trudng noi dia va nang cao sue canh tranh cua hang hod nude 89 2.2 Gidi quyet moi quan he giua thi trudng the gidi va chinh sdch ngoqi thuong theo huong da dang hoa hinh thuc kinh te ddi ngoqi va da phuang hoa quan he thi trudng 92 3.2.3 Gidi quyet tot moi quan he giua loi ich kinh te vdi loi ich chinh tri va r tang cudng an ninh qudc gia 94 3.3 Mot so gidi phap nham gidi quyet mot each co hieu qua moi quan he giua r thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sdch ngoqi thuong cua Viet Nam 97 3.3.1 Nhom gidi phap tao moi tritdng 97 3.3 Nhom gidi phap ve quan ly nha nude 102 3.3.3 Nhom cac gidi phap kinh te - ky thuat 105 Ket luan 110 BANG CAC CHU VIET TAT - — NghTa day du STT Chu viet tat APEC T6 chuc hop tac kinh te chau A Thai Binh Duong ASEAN Hiep hoi cac Quoc gia Dong Nam A AFTA Khu vuc mau dich tu Asean CACM Thi truong chung Trung My CSNT Chinh sach ngoai thuong CARICOM Thi truong chung Caribe CEFTA Khu vuc mau dich tir Trung Au EU Lien minh chau AU IMF Quy tien te quoc te 10 LAFTA Khu vuc mau dich tu My la tinh 11 MERCOSUR Thi truong chung Nam My 12 NAFTA Khu vuc mau dich tu Bae My 13 TDH Tu hoa 13 TCH Toan cau hoa 14 TBCN Tu ban chu nghTa 15 TTTG Thi truong the gidi 16 XHCN Xa hoi chu nghTa 17 WB Ngan hang the gidi 18 WTO To chuc thuong mai the gidi DANH MUC CAC BIEU, DO THI, PHU LUC •> Danh muc cac bieu Bieu 1.3: Mot so chi tieu kinh te cua Thai Lan 35 Bieu 2.1: Co cau xuat khau sang khu vuc XHCN va khu vuc ngoai XHCN 45 Bieu 2.3: Xuat nhap khau thoi ky 1986- 1990 51 Bieu 2.4 Xuat nhap khau thoi ky 1991- 2001 .53 Bieu 2.5 Kim ngach thuong mai hai chieu Viet- My (2000- 2004) 58 Bieu 2.6 Tang truong xuat khau giai doan 1996- 2004 58 Bieu 2.8 Tong ket nhung cai each cua CP linh vuc quan ly xuat nhap khau 61 Bieu 2.9 Tac dong cua hoi nhap doi voi nen kinh te Viet Nam 64 Bieu 2.10 Mat hang xuat khau chu yeu tir 1997- 2002 65 Bieu 2.11 Tri gia xuat nhap khau hang hoa phan theo loai hinh doanh nghiep tir 1995-2005 67 Bieu 2.12 Mat hang nhap khau chu yeu giai doan 1997- 2000 .69 Bieu 2.13 Ty thi truong xuat khau cua Viet Nam 71 Danh muc cac thi Do thi 1.2: Nhung thi truong xuat khau Ion nhat Viet Nam 2005 27 Dd thi 2.2 Tinh hinh xuat nhap khau tir 1955- 1975 48 Do thi 2.7 Xuat nhap khau giai doan 1999- 2004 59 TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN Cg £□ 80 LY HOANG MAI MOI QUAN HE GIUA SU PHAT TRIEN THI TRUONG THE GICI VOTI CHINH SACH NGOAI THUONG CUA VIET NAM CHUYEN NGANH: KINH TE CHINH TRI LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE • • TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SI HA NOI, 2006 LOI MO DAU I Tinh cap thiet cua de tai - Bude sang the ky XXI qua trinh toan cau hoa kinh te va tu hoa thuong mai dang tac dong cang sau sac den nen kinh te the gidi noi chung va kinh te Viet Nam noi rieng - Moi quoc gia muon tang trudng kinh te cao va phat trien ben vung thi phai chu den chinh sach ngoai thuong va mo rong cac hoat dong xuat nhap khau thi trudng the gidi Viet Nam cung khong nam ngoai xu the hoi nhap kinh te va hudng cac hoat dong xuat nhap khau thi trudng the gidi la dudng tat yeu khach quan ma chung ta phai lira chon - Thue tien kinh te da chung minh rang Viet Nam thuc hien dupe nhung chinh sach ngoai thuong phu hop dupe vdi sir phat trien cua thi trudng the gidi Viet Nam da gat hai dupe nhieu cong linh vuc kinh te - Trong tien trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te nhat la dieu kien Viet Nam dang thuc day nhanh qua trinh nhap WTO, thirc tien kinh te doi hoi Nha nude phai tiep tuc doi moi va hoan thien cac chinh sach ngoai thuong Vi vay, viec tim hieu moi quan he bien chung giua su phat trien cua thi trudng the gidi va chinh sach ngoai thuong la mot nhung hudng di tot de tim nhung chinh sach phat trien phu hop Xuat phat tu yeu cau tren, em lira chon de tai: Mdi quan he giua su'phat trien thi truong the gio'i vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam lam de tai nghien cuu ■> r > II Muc dich nghien cuii - He thong hoa nhung van de ly luan co ban ve thi trudng the gidi va chinh sach ngoai thuong - Dua mot buc tranh tong the ve sir doi mdi cac chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam gan vdi sir phat trien cua thi trudng the gidi - Danh gia mdi quan he tac dong qua lai giua su phat trien cua thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam va phan tich nhung anh hudng cua mdi quan he tdi su phat trien kinh te - Phan cuoi cua luan van tim hieu nhung co hoi cung nhu nhung thach thuc cua Viet Nam hoi nhap cang sau rong vao thi trudng the gidi tir de xuat mot so phuong hudng va giai phap nham giai quyet tot mdi quan he giua sir phat trien thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam III Doi tuong nghien ciiu Mdi quan he giua sir phat trien thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam ii IV Pham vi nghien cuu Nghien cuu cac chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam moi quan he vdi su phat trien thi trudng the gidi tir trudc thdi ky ddi moi cho tdi giai doan hien V Phuong phap nghien cuu Luan van su dung cac phuong phap: Phuong phap vat bien chung, phuong phap trim tuong hoa, ket hop logic vdi lich su, phan tich vdi tong hop, so sanh Dong thdi su dung phuong phap ke thira vdi nhung nghien cuu da co cung nhu khao sat thuc nghiem thu thap thong tin, tai lieu phuc vu cho viec nghien cuu lam sang to chu de VLCac de tai da nghien cuu ve chu de Cho den da cd mot so cong trinh nghien cuu ve chinh sach ngoai thuong nhu: Quan he giua ngoai thirang vdi phat trien va tang trudng nen kinh te md (Tran Anh Phuong, Nxb KHXH 1991), Ddi mdi chinh sdch nham thuc day xuat khau hang hod cua Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te (Lai Thi Anh Van, Nxb Lao dong 2003) nhien chua cd mot cong trinh nao nghien cuu ve Moi quan he giua sir phat trien thi trirang the gidi vdi chinh sdch ngoqi thirang cua Viet Nam VII Dir kien nhung dong gop ciia luan van - He thong hoa nhung van de ly luan co ban ve thi trudng the gidi va chinh sach ngoai thuong - Dua mot birc tranh tong the ve su ddi moi cac chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam gan vdi su phat trien thi trudng the gidi - Nghien cuu mot each toan dien cac chinh sach, cac chu truong va nhung su ddi moi cua Dang va nha nude cac hoat dong ngoai thuong - Danh gia moi quan he tac dong qua lai giua su phat trien cua thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong va phan tich nhung anh huong cua moi quan he tdi su phat trien kinh te - Nghien cuu nhung co hoi cung nhu nhung thach thuc cua Viet Nam cang hoi nhap sau rong hon vao thi trudng the gidi tir de xuat mot so phuong hirdng va giai phap hieu qua cho tien trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cua Viet Nam VIII Ket cau cua luan van: Ngoai ldi md dau, ket luan phu luc va danh muc tai lieu tham khao, luan van duoc trinh bay chuong: Chirang 1: Nhung van de ly luan va thuc tien ve moi quan he giua su phat trien thi trudng the gidi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam iii Chuang 2: Thue trang moi quan he giua su phat trien thi truong the gioi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam Chuang 3: Mot so quan diem va giai phap nham giai quyet moi quan he giua thi truong the gioi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong Viet Nam Chuong r ~ x r a t Nhung van de ly luan va thuc tien ve moi quan he giua su’ phat trien thi truong the gioi vdi chinh sach ngoai thuong cua Viet Nam 1.1 Nhung van de co’ ban ve thi truong the gioi va chinh sach ngoai thuong r r x x 1.1.1 Nhieng van de ca ban ve thi truong the gioi r x 1.1.1.1 Quan niem ve thi truang va thi truang the giai - Quan niem ve thi truang Mac du cd nhieu quan niem khac ve thi truong, nhung nhin chung cac quan niem deu thong nhat cho rang /7zz truang la linh vuc trao doi, mua va ban hang hod, thong qua cac chit the kinh te tac dong Ian nham xac dinh san luqng va gid cd hang hoa + Cau true cua thi truong: Can cu vao qua trinh tai san xuat, theo each chung nhat thi truong dupe phan loai: thi truong dau (khdi tac nhan phia cung) va thi truong dau vao (cac doi tac cau) ? \ - Quan niem ve thi truang the giai r r Theo Marx; Thi truang the giai la khdi niem chi nai chon hoac linh vuc ma r 7 r hang hoa duqc trao doi pham vi the giai, cung tire la tong the cua moi lien he kinh te mang tinh thuang nghiep giua thi truang cua cac nuac tren the giai r r + Cau true cua thi truang the giai Neu phan theo vi tri dia ly va xu the van dong cua thi truong the gioi, thi truong the gioi dupe phan thanh: thi truong cua cac quoc gia bao trum la to chuc Nguyen Hiru Quynh Dai tir dien kinh te thi truong Vien nghien cuu va bien tri there bach khoa Ha Noi 1998, tr 1322 thuong mai the gidi, thi trudng khu vuc, thi trudng cua cac to chuc kinh t£ va thi trudng noi bo cua ttrng quoc gia 1.1.1.2 Sir hinh va phat trien cua thi trudng the gio’i Hinh dieu kien khach quan va dieu kien chu quan Nhii’ng dieu kien khach quan bao gdm: Su phan cong lao dong xa hoi (tren - pham vi quoc gia va quoc te), che sd huu va cac hinh thuc sd huu khac ve tu lieu san xuat - Dieu kien chu quan La co che chinh sach cua nha nude, dieu kien chu quan (co che chinh sach cua nha nude) cd the day nhanh hoac can trd lam cham lai su xuat hien va phat trien cua thi trudng 1.1.1.3 Nhung xu hudng van dong cua thi trudng the gidi bdi canh hien - Thi trudng the gidi chiu tac dong manh me cua cuoc each mang khoa hoc cong nghe - Thi trudng the gidi cang trd nen quoc te hoa va khu vuc hoa - Su phat trien vuot bac ve kinh te cua vong cung chau A Thai Binh Duong - Thi trudng the gidi chuyen tu trang thai ludng ctrc sang trang thai da cue - Thuong mai quoc te cang tang trudng manh me - Thuong mai phat trien theo hudng tap doan hoa kinh te khu vuc 1.1.2 Chinh sach ngoai thuong 1.1.2.1 Quan niem ve ngoai thuong va chinh sach ngoai thuong Ngoai thuong la quan he trao doi hang hoa, dich vu (hang hoa him hinh va vd hinh) cua mot quoc gia vdi cac quoc gia khac thong qua xuat nhap khau Chinh sach ngoai thuong: Chinh sach ngoai thuong la mot he thong cac quan diem, muc tieu, nguyen tac, cong cu va bien phap thich hop ma Nha nude sir ■> y r \ dung de dieu chinh cac hoat dong ngoai thuong mot thdi ky nhat dinh nham dat duqc cac muc tieu chien lucrephat trien kinh te- xa hoi 1.1.2.2 Cdng cu, xu hudng va nguyen tac cua chinh sach ngoai thuong - Cong cu cua chinh sach ngoai thuong + Thue quan + Han ngach + Han che xuat khau tu nguyen + Nhung quy dinh ve tieu chuan ky thuat 102 xuat khau, giam thue xuat cho hang hoa xuat khau de tang sue canh tranh cua hang hoa Viet Nam tren thi truong the gidi Can co cac chinh sach phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep phu trp bang viec ' > r r khuyen khich cac phan kinh te, nhat la cac doanh nghiep vua va nho, dau tu san xuat linh kien, phu tung, vat tu de vua tao viec lam, nang cao gia tri gia tang san pham, vua gop phan noi dia hoa cac san pham o to, xe may, dien tu cung nhu dap ung yeu cau ve xuat xu hang hoa doi vdi cac san pham det, may, gia gi£y Can co cac chinh sach de tang ty le noi dia hoa, nang cao cong nghe san xuat, can co cac chinh sach de chong doc quyen nang gia cac san pham dau vao, dua luat chong doc quyen va luat chong ban pha gia nham giua cho gia cua hang hoa Viet Nam ngang bang vdi gia cac nudc khu vuc Doi vdi chat lupng tang trudng, Nha nudc can phai danh mot nguon ngan sach ldn de dau tu cho khoa hoc va cong nghe, dau tu cho khoa hoc cong nghe la hudng rut ngan cho giai doan phat trien theo chieu sau Ben canh Nha nudc cung can co cac chinh sach khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep dau tu doi mdi cong nghe De toc tang trudng cao ben vung thi nhung chinh sach tai cau truc lai nen kinh te la rat quan Nen co nhung hudng di tap trung phat trien mot so nganh nhom san pham chu luc mang ham lupng khoa hoc cao 3.3.2 Nhom yidi phap ve quan ly nhd metre Hoi nhap vdi thi trudng the gidi la mot qua trinh phuc tap, no la mot qua trinh tac dong hai chieu: tac dong cua nhung yeu to ben ngoai (thi trudng the gidi) va tac dong cua nhung yeu to ben (thi trudng noi dia) Khi thi trudng cang phat trien thi dong hanh vdi nhung uu diem la rat nhieu “khuyet tat” mdi sinh, vi vay rat can co “ban tay” cua Nha nudc de dieu chinh Nha nudc vdi quyen luc kinh te cua minh tac dong vao thi trudng theo ba hudng: - Khac phuc cac khuyet tat cua thi trudng nham nang cao hieu qua cua nen kinh te - Dam bao cong bang - Tang trudng va on dinh kinh te vi mo 103 Nhu da de cap a chuang I, xu the phat trien cua thi truong the gidi nhu hien Nha nuffc co nhieu vai tro mai viec dieu chinh mdi quan he giua chinh sach va thi trudng Doi vdi Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te va gia nhap to chuc thuang mai the gidi ( WTO) co dien nhanh hay khong phu thuoc chu yeu vao vai tro dieu tiet cua Nha nudc Nha nudc van la ngudi quyet dinh muc tham gia vao qua trinh toan cau hoa va tu hoa, la ngudi dua nhung quy che dieu tiet thi trudng va xac dinh muc hoi nhap quoc te cua quoc gia minh Ben canh thi Nha nudc cung chiu su tac dong lai cua cac luc luqng thi trudng (thi trudng nudc va thi trudng noi dia) Muon Viet Nam dat duqc cac muc tieu dat qua trinh hoi nhap, nhu van kien Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quoc lan thu IX da neu: “Dua GDP nam 2010 len it nhat gap doi nam 2000,, nhip tang xuat khau gap tren hai lan nhip tang GDP Gia tri xuat khau cong nghiep chiem khoang 70- 75%/ tong kim ngach xuat khau Toan bo cac hoat dong dich vu tinh theo gia tri gia tang dat nhip tang trudng binh quan 7- 8%/nam va den nam 2010 chiem 42- 43%o ”6 Thuc hien quan ly “mot cua” cho cac hoat dong ngoai thuang, khac phuc su chong cheo, phien dun day cac thu tuc hanh chinh Sau tao dung duac moi trudng phap ly va ca che chinh sach thong thoang, hap dan, van de then chot co tinh chat quyet dinh la viec chi dao, dieu hanh tap trung, thong nhat va kien quyet cua Chinh phu, viec nghiem tuc thuc hien cua cac bo, nganh va dia phuang Xay dung quy che phoi hqp chat che giua cac ca quan a Trung uang va dia phuang Cac Bo phoi hqp vdi cac nganh, Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh viec quan ly hoat dong ngoai thuang theo dung tham quyen, trach nhiem cua tung ca quan quan ly nha nudc Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu quan ly nha nudc ve dau tu nudc ngoai, Bo Thuang mai quan ly nha nudc ve xuat nhap khau, Bo Tai chinh quan ly nha nudc ve thue, Bo Khoa hoc va Cong nghe quan ly nha nudc ve hqp tac va chuyen giao cong nghe, Bo Lao dong- Thuang binh va Xa hoi quan ly nha nudc ve xuat khau lao dong va chuyen gia giup Chinh Phu thong nhat quan ly cac hoat dong kinh te doi ngoai Dong thdi can co su phoi hqp chat che giua cac bo, nganh vdi cac dia phuang giai quyet nhung van de phat sinh hoat dong ngoai thuang.63 63 V3n kien Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thu IX Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia nam 2001 104 Cac bo, nganh va dia phuong thuc hien quan ly nha nuoc ve ngoai thuong theo dung chuc nang, tham quyen va theo luat dinh Uy ban nhan dan cac tinh, va cac ban quan ly khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat duqc phan cap, uy quyen quan ly cac hoat dong ngoai thuong tren co so bao dam nguyen tac tap trung, thong nhat ve quy hoach, co cau, chinh sach, co che quan ly, tang cuong su huong dan va kiem tra cua cac bo, nganh trung uong, nang cao ky cuong va ky luat thuc hien de vua phat huy suc manh dan chu, sang tao cua dia phuong va co so, vua tranh pha vo quy hoach, tranh moi so ho Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh, chiu trach nhiem ve quan ly nha nuoc doi voi cac doanh nghiep nuoc thuc hien cac hoat dong xuat nhap khau cung nhu cac doanh nghiep lien doanh, khu che xuat, cac dich vu co thu ngoai te tren dia ban, tap trung giai quyet cac van de phat sinh, giup doanh nghiep giai quyet nhung kho khan va xu ly kip thoi cac vi pham phap luat Dong thoi thuc hien viec giam sat, kiem tra cac can bo thua hanh, thuc hien nghiem tuc cac quy dinh cua luat phap, chinh sach, chu truong cua Nha nuoc, kip thoi xu ly cac can bo co hanh vi tham nhung, sach nhieu, tieu cuc Can quy dinh cu the che kiem tra cua cac co quan quan ly nha nuoc de cham dut su kiem tra tien, giam sat va ap dung cac che tai doi voi su vi pham phap luat cua cac doanh nghiep Can triet de va kien quyet hon viec quy dinh ro rang, minh bach cac thu tuc hanh chinh o moi khau, moi cap, cong khai cac quy trinh, thoi han, trach nhiem xu ly cac thu tuc hanh chinh nham tao len su chuyen bien can ban, manh me ve cai cach hanh chinh cac hoat dong ngoai thuong Can phai bai bo cach thuc xay dung phap luat theo huong moi Bo co mot luat va Bo phu trach nganh nao thi giao cho soan thao luat ve nganh Thay vao doi voi moi du an luat nen lap mot ban soan thao doc lap gom cac chuyen gia co trinh va kinh nghiem ve linh vuc phu hop voi du an luat De cao hon nua vai tro cua Hoi luat gia, cac Doan luat su, cac hoi nghe nghiep khac viec soan thao cac du an luat Xem xet lai he thong cac giay phep, danh gia va co cau lai he thong giay phep ap dung doi voi san xuat kinh doanh Tren co so bai bo cac loai giay phep 105 khong can thiet, hop ly hoa cac giay phep khac, tung budc thay the cach quan ly bang giay phep, bang he thong dang ky tren co sd cac dieu kien luat dinh 3.3.3 Nhom cac giai phap kinh te- ky thuat 3.3.3.1 Xay dung ca sa tang Xay dung co sd tang tot la tien de de phat trien cac hoat dong kinh te doi ngoai noi chung va hoat dong ngoai thuong noi rieng Nen kinh te Viet Nam co xu£t phat diem thap co sd vat chat ky thuat cdn rat yeu kem Chinh vi vay viec ddu tu xay dung co sd tang chinh la nhung phuong tien “don bay” khai thong cac thi trudng va cac luong hang nudc va la nhung chien luoc “md dudng” de cac hoat dong ngoai thuong phat trien Trong ket cau tang co co sd tang kinh te- ky thuat gom: nang luong, san bay, ben cang, he thong dudng giao thong, he thdng thong tin lien lac, co sd tang cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat Nha nudc nen co cac chinh sach uu tien dau tu xay dung he thong giao thong van tai, thong tin lien lac va cho trung tam thuong mai Bao dam co sd tang tot cho luu thong hang hoa thong suot, thuan loi va nhanh chong Chinh dieu se gop phan chuyen bien co cau san xuat hang hoa theo hudng nang dong, hieu qua De phat trien ket cau tang phai co chinh sach hop ly de thu hut ca dau tu ca nudc va ngoai nudc Phat trien co sd tang van hoa- xa hoi cung la mot nhan to quan thuc day cac hoat dong thuong mai phat trien Chung ta tao dieu kien thuan loi cho ngudi nudc ngoai sinh song cung la mot nhung bien phap de thu hut dau tu Khi cac co sd vat chat duoc trang bi tot( cac trung tam y te cong nghe cao, trung tam hoc tap cho em ngudi nudc ngoai, trung tam vui choi giai tri, cac trung tam thuong mai) thi cac chuyen gia va cac doanh nhan nudc ngoai se yen tam lam viec va hop tac vdi chung ta mot cach tot nhat 3.3.3.2 Chu cong tac dao tao va phat trien nguon nhan luc Day la mot khau rat quan de cho cac hoat dong ngoai thuong phat trien thi viec dao tao nguon nhan luc nen duoc coi la mot nhung quyet sach hang dau Bdi vi nen kinh te tri thuc, kien thuc cua ngudi se la yeu to chu chot Chi co ngudi vdi kien thuc va kinh nghiem cua minh mdi tao mot nen kinh te ma qua trinh sang tao va khai thac kien thuc se trd thanh phan chu 106 yeu qua trinh tao cua cai vat chat Cho nen, dau tu cho ngudi la dau tu co lqi nhat, co ban de phat trien ben vung va hoi nhap cong Kinh nghiem ve sir phat trien va cong cua NIEs la d cho da su dung co hieu qua nguon nhan luc, coi no la yeu to trung tarn chien luqc cong nghiep hoa cua ho Theo Danny M Leipziger va Vinor- Thomas, chuyen gia cua Ngan hang The gidi: “Mot dac diem chung sir cong cua Ddng A la cac chinh sach deu nham on dinh kinh te vi md, dau tu nguon nhan luc va hudng ngoai- hoan toan khac vdi nhung dieu xay \ r ■> d hau het cac khu vuc phat trien khac Mat khac cac hoat dong ngoai thuong, chinh sach can bo dac biet quan vi can bo vira tham gia hoat dong chinh sach, vira la ngudi van dung luat phap, chinh sach de xu ly tac nghiep hang lien quan den moi hoat dong ngoai thuang Can bo quan ly Viet Nam cac lien doanh ddng vai trd quan trong viec bao ve lqi ich cua Nha nudc Viet Nam, cua ngudi lao dong, dam bao cho doanh nghiep hoat dong theo dung phap luat Trong tien trinh hoi nhap, lire luqng lao dong tre ddi dao nhung lai thieu lao dong ky thuat va lao dong co tay nghe cao dap ung duqc nhu cau cua ngudi su dung lao dong nhu: trinh ngoai ngtr, tac phong cong nghiep, tinh chuyen nghiep, nang dong, sang tao Mot thirc trang chung cho thay nhu cau tuyen dung khong phai la it nhung ty le that nghiep van d muc cao mot luqng ldn lao dong khong co viec lam song chi co so it lao dong dap ung doi hoi ve tuyen dung Cong ty stra foremost (Binh Duong) phat 500 phieu (ngudi dir tuyen), chon duqc 10 ngudi, mot lien doanh khu cong nghiep va khu che xuat can tuyen 60 cong nhan, co 120 ho so dang ky du tuyen va ket qua la khong mot trung tuyen Mot nhung dieu dang lo ngai nhat la ty le di hoc cua nien tu 21- 24 tuoi thap hon cac lira tudi khac Trong co tdi 91,3% tre em lua tuoi 6- 15 di hoc thi chi co 41,4% nien tudi 16- 20 di hoc va chi co 7,2% nien tudi 21- 24 di hoc64 65 Ngay tren dia ban Ha Noi mot nhung dia ban nang dong nhat tren ca nudc, nhung giam doc co bang tien si, thac si va dai hoc chua phai la mot ty le da sd Doanh nghiep nha nudc tren dia ban Ha noi tinh den nam 2001 co 774 giam doc 64 Ky yeu hoi thao qudc td sir dung tri thuc phuc vu phat trien doi vdi Viet Nam NXB VSn hoa thong tin 2001, tr 112 65 Tap chi Nghien cuu ngudi so 3(18) 2005, tr49 107 co 57 tien si, 29 thac si, 672 nguoi trinh cao dang va dai hoc, cong nhan ky thuat la nguoi66 Voi mot nuoc ngheo, 3/4 dan so song nong thon nhu Viet Nam muon su dung tri thuc de phat trien thi viec dao tao nguon nhan luc la mot nhung quyet sach hang dau Bdi vi day moi chinh la giai phap co vai tro quyet dinh nhat den su thuc thi cong toan bo nhung muc tieu phat trien cua chien luqc ngoai thuong Viet Nam tuong lai De phat trien nhan luc, nhung nam tdi, nudc ta cfin chu vao may van de sau: - Cai tien he thdng dao tao dai hoc va day nghe dap ung yeu cau cua hoi nhap va cua qua trinh cong nghiep hda hien dai hda Cac chuong trinh giao due nen cai each theo hudng thuc hanh nhieu hon la day nhung md ly thuyet suong hoc sinh trudng khdng dap ung duoc yeu cau tuyen dung - Md rong quan he vdi nudc ngoai viec hop tac dao tao cac chuyen gia ky thuat, cac nha phat minh sang che, tham chi ca lao dong lanh nghe cac linh vuc cong nghe mui nhon - Tang cudng dau tu cho hoat dong nghien cuu va trien khai, phat trien tiem luc khoa hoc va cong nghe de co the tiep thu tot cac tuu khoa hoc cong nghe hien dai, dong thdi co the don dau va sang tao nhung cong nghe mdi cua Viet Nam Nudc ta chi co the phat trien khoa hoc- cong nghe thi mdi co dieu kien de tiep thu chuyen giao cong nghe va su dung no mot each co hieu qua nhat - Doi ngu cac nha quan ly doanh nghiep cung nhu cac nhan vien cua doanh nghiep can phai dupe nang cao cac kien thuc ve kinh doanh, co kha nang nam bat thi trudng, giao dich true tiep duoc vdi doi tac nudc ngoai, biet kinh doanh, nhan thtre dung dan ve co hoi va thach thuc cua qua trinh hoi nhap, co y chi vuon len, khdng chd y lai vao sir bao ve va tro giup cua Nha nudc 3.3.3.3 Khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep da dang hda cac mat hang xuat khau Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nen da dang cac mat hang xuat khau va tang cudng thdng tin ve cac linh vuc kinh te, phap luat tien hanh cac hoat dong thuong mai vdi thi trudng nudc ngoai 66 Nien giam thong ke 2001, Cue thSng ke Ha Noi, tr 221, 2002 108 Chang han nhu- doi vod thi trudng My, nhieu chuyen gia kinh te My cho rang hang Viet Nam vao My khdng nen phu thuoc chi d thuy san, det may hay go Tiem nang xuat khau cua Viet Nam tap trung d nhieu linh vuc khac nhu: san pham thu cong, my nghe, san pham du lich va tham chi ca dien tu va phan mem tuong lai Theo Giao su kinh te James Riedel (Dai hoc John Hopskin) doanh nghiep Viet Nam nen da dang va chuyen mon hoa nhung mat hang tiem nang va the manh cua minh khdng nen tap trung qua nhieu vao mot vai nhom hang de bi rui ro va de bi cac rao can phi thue quan Trong mot cuoc hoi thao chuyen de quan he thuong mai Viet My to chuc tai Ha Noi ong Bill Yarmy Chu tich Usa Ties Asia cung cho rang cac bien phap han che thuong mai tu My khdng phai la yeu to nhat quyet dinh Quan hon la budc di cua cac doanh nghiep nhu the nao Do la su cam ket luon duqc dam bao, tinh canh tranh cua hang quan la viec tiep can vdi he thong thong tin toan cau va trinh ngoai ngu Nhu Dai su Raymond Burrghardt da noi: “ My la mot thi trudng rong Ion va phuc tap nen cd r a the gay choang ngap cho cac nha xuat khau Viet Nam Ho can phai duac trang bi day du thong tin lam an vdi ddi tdc My Mot trd ngai la chung tdi lam cac nghien cau thi trudng va giao dich qua Internet thi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam lai gap nhieu bdt lai viec tiep can vdi he thong thong tin toan cau cudc phi trd cao va trinh tieng Anh han che Tuy nhien d Viet Nam cd mot sd to chuc thuang mai dang hd tra doanh nghiep nhu VCCI va Bo thuong mai Tdi tin rang tinh hinh se duac cai thien dang ke trongmot vdinam taf1” Cac doanh nghiep nen dua vao loi the so sanh de lua chon nhung nganh hang mui nhon va cac san pham xuat khau chu luc, thuc hien chien luge phat trien tong hop cd su ket hop dong bo ca chien luoc phat trien hudng noi va chien luge hudng ngoai, theo mgi trinh tir thap den cao, tir tuan tu den nhay vgt Trong uu tien phat trien manh hudng ngoai de hgp tac vdi ben ngoai de tranh thu don bat thdi co, ung dung khoa hgc cong nghe hien dai cho viec san xuat cac san pham xuat khau Su phan tich budc dau cua cac chuyen gia kinh te ve sue canh tranh cua 40 san pham va dich vu vdi nhom nganh hang cu the cho thaymhom co kha nang canh tranh nhu ca phe, dieu, lua gao, tieu, mot so trai 67 Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam s6 81 8/7/2002 109 cay dac san (vai, budi), thuy san, may mac giay dep, dong co diezen nhd, du lich, dich vu xay dung Nhom co kha nang canh tranh co dieu kien la che, cao su, rau, thuc pham che bien (chan nudi), lap rap dien tu, co khi, hoa chat, xi mang, dong tau, thit heo, ngan hang, vien thong, van tai hang hai, van tai hang khong, kiem toan, cong nghe phan mem, dich vu bao hiem, dich vu tu van phap luat, dich vu y te Nhom co kha nang canh tranh thap gom mia dudng, bong, cay co dau, tuong, ngo, qua co mui, hoa, sua bo, ga, thep Trong do, nhom cac san pham va dich vu co kha nang canh tranh thuoc cac nganh co loi the so sanh dua tren tai nguyen thien nhien nhu dieu kien dia ly, hau, dat dai, mat nuoc, khoang san va nguon lao dong doi dao co chi phi thap can duoc tap trung phat trien Nhom cac san pham co kha nang canh tranh co dieu kien, da so la cac nganh nam danh muc cat giam thue quan thuc hien AFTA, can phai co nhung phap bao ve phi thue quan Trong tuong lai, de dung vung duoc tien trinh hoi nhap cac doanh nghiep can chu dau tu phat trien mot so nganh cong nghe cao: cong nghe thong tin (chu yeu la cong nghe phan mem), cong nghe sinh hoc, cong nghe vat lieu moi, cong nghe bao ve moi trudng la nhung nganh ma sue canh tranh phu thuoc vao ham luong khoa hoc va cong nghe, it phu thuoc vao lao dong va dat dai Nhung nganh cho phep tiet kiem tai nguyen, su dung loai tai nguyen mdi va phat huy the manh tri luc cua ngudi tren co sd tiep thu ky thuat dupe chuyen giao cua nudc ngoai 110 KET LUAN Trong xu the phat trien cua thi truong the gioi nhu giai doan hien md cua va hoi nhap la duong tat yeu khach quan ma chung ta phai lua chon Thuc tien da chung minh Viet Nam da lua chon duoc duong phat trien phu hop cho minh va buoc dau da gat hai duoc nhung cong Toan bo su nghien cuu ve moi quan he giua su phat trien cua thi truong the gioi voi chinh sach ngoai thuong Viet Nam co the dua den mot so ket luat sau day: Thu nhat, thi truong the gioi tu thap ky 90 tro lai day da co nhung bien doi rat sau sac Su phat trien manh me cua cuoc cach mang khoa hoc cong nghe, xu the toan cau hoa va khu vuc hoa, tu hoa thuong mai da mang lai nhieu thoi co va van hoi moi cho cac nuoc dang phat trien co Viet Nam Di kem voi nhung thoi co la nhung thach thuc dat khong nho, neu chung ta khong buoc vao “san choi chung” cua thi truong the gioi thi chung ta se gap rat nhieu thua thiet va se bi can tro nhieu , r t r e qua trinh phat trien kinh te va doi moi dat nuoc Chinh vi vay mo cua va hoi nhap la duong tat yeu khach quan ma chung ta phai lua chon Thu- hai, cac chinh sach ngoai thuong da khong ngung duoc doi moi ke tu sau Dai hoi Dang VI Chinh nhung dieu da dan den su chuyen bien ca ve luong lan ve chat cac hoat dong xuat nhap khau Nguyen tac Nha nuoc doc quyen ngoai thuong bi xoa bo, khong cdn chinh sach thu bu chenh lech ngoai thuong, Nha nuoc cham dut viec bao cap ca dau vao lan dau cho cac hoat dong xuat nhap khau Chinh sach phat trien mot nen ngoai thuong nhieu phan da thuc su mang den mot luong gio moi, khoi thong moi “ach tac” cua co che cu, cac doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau phai tu di bang chinh doi chan cua minh cac hoat dong xuat nhap khau da tro ve dung nghia cua no, cac doanh nghiep da nang dong hon viec tim kiem cac thi truong xuat khau Tu hoa thuong mai da phuong hoa quan he da dang hoa thi truong da khien cho cac nguon luc nuoc duoc “hoi sinh” va cang phat trien Ngoai thuong da tro mot nhung dong luc chinh lam tang GDP, thuc day nhanh qua trinh chuyen dich co cau kinh te theo huong cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, gop phan cai thien can can toan quoc te, kiem che lam phat, on dinh kinh te vi mo va mo rong cac quan he kinh te doi ngoai Su tac dong phu hop cua chinh sach ngoai thuong voi thuc tien kinh te da khien cho kinh te nuoc Ill phat trien nang dong horn, cac mat hang xuat nhap khau da dap ung duoc phan nao nhu cau tieu thu cua thi truong noi dia, trang bi co so vat chat cho cac nganh san xuat, tao viec lam, nang cao thu nhap cho nguoi lao dong, phat huy duoc loi the so sanh cua cac vung ca nuoc Cac mat hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam da mot vuon xa hon thi truong the gioi va “chinh phuc” duoc nhieu thi truong kho tinh nhu: My, Nhat, EU Thu ba, cac hoat dong ngoai thuong thoi gian vua qua da gat hai duoc nhung cong khong nhd ben canh nhieu kho khan vuong mac va nhung thach thuc dang dat nhat la chung ta cang hoi nhap sau rong hon vao nen kinh te the gioi Viec cai cach bo may hanh chinh, sua doi cac van ban phap luat cho phu hop voi thong le quoc te cung la mot nhung “rao can” cua hoi nhap ma > A r cac van ban phap luat cua chung co qua nhieu su chong cheo va bat cap Sap toi Viet Nam se nhap WTO, mac du da dat duoc nhung tien bo quan ve kinh te 20 nam doi moi, voi muc GDP binh quan dau nguoi khoang gan 600 USD, Viet Nam van la mot nhung nuoc ngheo nhat the gioi Sau gia nhap WTO, hang nhap khau se o at tran vao Theo quy luat chung cua thuong mai the gioi la phai “xuat khau de doi lay hang nhap khau”, Viet Nam buoc phai xuat khau nhieu hon Mat hang xuat khau chinh cua Viet Nam thoi gian qua van la nong san che bien don gian va cac nguyen lieu tho Thuc te de dan den hau qua bat loi lam can kiet cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khai thac qua muc, tan pha moi tru­ ong sinh thai, hoac la tham hut can can toan quoc te tram bang nhung mon no nuoc ngoai khong lo Hang ngoai tran vao se chen ep hang noi dia va nen kinh te nuoc Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam se phai no luc rat nhieu de co mot “thuong hieu san pham vung chac” canh tranh voi hang ngoai nhap Mat khac, cac chinh sach ngoai thuong cung phai thay doi de lam cho vua phu hop voi thong le quoc te vua bao ve duoc cac mat hang noi dia Nhung thach thuc doi hoi phai co nhimg chinh sach phu hop de giai quyet tot moi quan he giua chinh sach va thi fruomg -Tren phuong dien vi mo nganh ngoai thuong can co chinh sach huong vao cac mat hang xuat khau chu luc Xay dung mot loat cac chinh sach “don bay” thuc day xuat khau nhu: chinh sach ty gia linh hoat, chinh sach phap luat phu hop voi nhung cam ket quoc te, chinh sach phap luat bao dam duoc quyen va nghia vu cua cac chu the tham 112 gia vao quan he xuat nhap khau, chinh sach bao ho va xay dung thuong hieu cho cac mat hang noi dia, chinh sach thue quan Cong tac giam sat quan ly hoat dong xuat nhap khau can phai thuc hien chat che voi nhung thiet che phap luat nghiem minh de ngan chan cac hoat dong buon ban gian lan thuong mai quoc te Co cac chinh sach khuyen khich dau tu ve ky thuat va cong nghe cho cac doanh nghiep lam hang xuat khau - Tren phuong dien vi mo cac doanh nghiep thuc hien xuat nhap khau phai co cac bien phap dong bo de “tu hoan thien” chinh minh la viec xay dung cac chien lupc quang cao, hpp tac vdi cac doi tac nudc ngoai, xay dung thuong hieu, nang cao chat lupng va gia san pham TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Cong bao 1989, tr 256 Cong bao 1992, tr 207 Cong bao 1998, tr 18 Nguyen Thanh Binh Thi truong EU cac quy dinh phap ly lien quan den chinh sach san pham marketting xuat khau Nha xuat ban lao dong xa hoi 2005, tr 43 Le Thanh Cuong Quan he bo ba hoat dong xuat khau Tap chi kinh te doi ngoai so 10 (thang 1/2005), tr Hoc vien quan he quoc te Quan he cua My vdi cac nudc ldn d khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong Nha xuat ban Chinh tri qudc gia 2003, tr 153 Do Due Dinh Kinh te ddi ngoai Viet Nam trudc va sau nam 1986 Nhung van de kinh te the gidi, sd nam 1992 Do Due Dinh Kinh te ddi ngoai xu hudng dieu chinh chinh sach d mot sd nudc Chau A boi canh tu hda va toan cau hda Nha xuat ban The gidi, Ha Noi nam 2003 tr 44 Pham Huy Hoang Dau tu true tiep nudc ngoai d Viet Nam- tong quan va trien vong Tap chi Nghien cuu kinh te thang /2005, tr 38-39 10 Due Huu Buc tranh toan canh ngoai thuong Viet nam 15 nam qua ddi mdi Giao trinh Kinh te chinh tri hoc, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Noi 1993, tr 64 11 Nien giam thdng ke 2001, Cue thdng ke Ha Noi, tr 221, 2002 12 C.Mac va Ph Angghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 1997, tap 37, tr 678 13 Vu Chi Loe Giai phap day manh xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng chau Au Nha xuat ban ly luan Chinh tri 2004, tr 74 14 Ly Hoang Mai Co che ngoai thuong trudc va sau thdi ky ddi mdi Tap chi Nghien cuu kinh te thang 12/2004 15 Ly Hoang Mai Lo trinh quan he thuang mai Viet- My Tap chi Nghien cuu kinh te so thang 7/2005 16 Tap chi Thuong mai so 2,3 nam 2001, tr 17 Luat Thuang Mai (1997) Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc Gia Ha Noi nam 1999 18 Tuan bao thuang mai so 13, 26/3- 1/4/1992, tr 19 V.I Le 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