Hoàn thiện cơ chế chính sách quản lý ngoại hối trong điều kiện hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế ở việt nam

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO X , A/* A>Z A TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN * * * Nguyen Quang Thep S _ A , AZ s A _ HOAN THIEN CO CHE CHINH SACH QUAN LY NGOAI HOI TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE VIET NAM x A A A LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH tE Chuyen nganh Kinh te Chinh tri nguOi huOng dAn khoa hoc: ts nguyen an ninh TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN DAI HOC KTQD TRUNGTAM THONG TIN THUVIEN HA NOI, 2004 AZ MUC LUC Phan mb dau Chuang I: Nhung van de chung ve co che chinh sach QLNH 1.1 Vai tro cua ca che chinh sach QLNH nen kinh te thi trubng 1.1.1 Khai mem ngoai hoi, hoat dong ngoai hoi, cac doi titdng tham gia hoat dong ngoai hoi va cd che chinh sach QLNH 1.1.2 Vai tro cua cd che chinh sach QLNH phat trien kinh te 1.2 Noi dung cua ca che chinh sach QLNH 1.2.1 Muc tieu cua cd che chinh sach QLNH 1.2.2 Noi dung cua cd che chinh sach QLNH 1.2.3 QLNH mot so mo hinh kinh teva kinh nghiem cua mot so nwdc 1.3 Khai quat ly thuyet ve tir hoa hoat dong ngoai hoi 1.3.1 Tit hod hoat dong ngoai hoi 1.3.2 Ldi ich va bat Idi cua tu hod hoat dong ngoai hoi Chuong II: 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 Thue trang co che chinh sach QLNH hien Qua trinh doi mdi co che chinh sach QLNH Cd sdphap ly cua qua trinh doi mdi Qua trinh doi mdi cd che'chinh sach QLNH tit tritdc md cita den khung hoang tai chinh tien te khu vitc 2.1.3 Qua trinh doi mdi cd che chinh sach QLNH titsau khung hoang tai chinh tien te khu vitc den 2.2 Nhung bat cap QLNH b Viet nam hien 2.2.7 Nhitng bat cap 2.2.2 Nguyen nhan cua su bat cap Chuong III Phuong hudng va giai phap nhbm hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH b Viet nam nhung nam tori 3.1 Boi canh phat trien va nhung van de dat doi vdi cong tac doi mdi co che chinh sach QLNH cua VN thbi gian tdi 3.1.1 Sittiep tuc tang trddng cua cac giao dich kinh tequoc te MUC LUC Phan mo dau Chuong I: Nh&ng van de chung ve co che chinh sach QLNH 1.1 Vai tro ciia co che chinh sach QLNH nen kinh te thi trirdmg 1.1.1 Khai niem ngoai hoi, hoat dong ngoai hoi, cac doi tiCdng tham gia hoat dong ngoai hoi va cd che chinh sach QLNH 1.1.2 Vai tro ciia cd che chinh sach QLNH phat trien kinh te 1.2 Noi dung cua co che chinh sach QLNH 1.2.1 Muc tieu cua cor che chinh sach QLNH 1.2.2 Noi dung cua co che chinh sach QLNH 1.2.3 QLNH mot so mo hinh kinh teva kinh nghiem cua mot so nurdc 1.3 Khai quat ly thuyet ve tu hoa hoat dong ngoai hoi 1.3.1 Tic hod hoat dong ngoai hoi 1.3.2 Lcfi ich va ha't Idi cua tic hod hoat dong ngoai hoi Chuong II: Thue trang co che chinh sach QLNH hien 2.1 Qua trinh doi moi co che chinh sach QLNH 2.1.1 Cd sdphap ly cua qua trinh doi mdi 2.1.2 Qua trinh doi mdi cd che chinh sach QLNH tic triCdc md cica den killing hoang tai chinh tien te khu vice 2.1.3 Qua trinh doi mdi cd che chinh sach QLNH tic sau killing hoang tai chinh tien te khu vice den 2.2 Nhung bat cap QLNH o Viet nam hien 2.2.1 Nhiing bat cap 2.2.2 Nguyen nhan ciia sic bat cap Chuong III Phuong hudng va giai phap nhdin hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH o Viet nam nhiing nam toi 3.1 Boi canh phat trien va nhung van de dat doi voi cong tac doi mdi co che chinh sach QLNH cua VN then gian toi 3.1.1 Sic tiep tuc tang triCdng ciia cac giao dich kinh tequoc te 3.1.2 Xu thetudo hod va toan cau hod thuong mai cang tang 3.1.3 Cuoc each mang cong nghe thong tin dien manh me 3.1.4 Xu the hoi nhap kinh tequoc te dang phat trien 3.2 Phuong hudng doi mdi co che chinh sach QLNH d Viet nam nhung nam tdi 3.2.1 Phuong hudng chung 3.2.2 Phuong hudng cu the 3.3 Giai phap nhdm hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH d VN dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te 3.3.1 Cac giai phap mang tinh vi mo 3.3.2 Cac giai phap lien quan true tiep den hoat dong ngoai hoi 3.3.3 Cac giai phap hd tro Ket luan chung Phu luc I Didn bien ty gia VND/USD binh quan LNH Phu luc II Tinh hlnh hoat dong cua TTNTLNH Phu luc III Tinh hinh chuyen tien nude ngoai (Vang lai) Phu luc IV Tinh hlnh chuyen tien kidu hoi Phu luc V Tinh hlnh vay no nude ngoai Phu luc VI Tinh hinh dau tu true tiep cua nude ngoai Tai lieu tham khao BANG DANH MUC VIET TAT 1) ADB : The Asian Develpoment Bank ( Ngan hang Phat trien Chau a) 2) ASEAN: The Asociation of Southeast Asian Nations ( Hiep hoi cac quo'c gia Dong Nam a) 3) APEC: The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperatoon ( Di6n dan kinh te cac nude Chau a-Thai binh duong 4) AFTA: The ASEAN Free Trade Area ( Khu tu thuong mai ASEAN) 5) CNH-HDH: Cong nghiep hoa- Hien dai hoa 6) DN: Doanh nghiep 7) DN FDI: Doanh nghiep co von dau tu nude ngoai 8) DNNN: Doanh nghiep Nha nude 9) DTNH: Du tru ngoai hoi 10) FDI: Dau tu true tiep cua nude ngoai 11) GATT: General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs ( Hiep dinh chung ve thue quan va thuong mai) 12) IMF: International Monetary Fund ( Quy Tien te quoc te') 13) KHDT: Ke hoach - Dau tu 14) LNH: Lien Ngan hang 15) NHNN: Ngan hang Nha nude 16) NHTM: Ngan hang thuong mai 17) NHTW: Ngan hang Trung uong 18) NAFTA: Northern America Free Trade Area ( Khu vuc tu thuong mai Bdc My) 19) NSNN: Ngan sach Nha nude 20) QLNH: Quan ly ngoai hoi 21) XHCN: Xa hoi Chu nghia 22) USD: Do-la My 23) VND: Dong Viet Nam 24) WB: World Bank Group ( Nhom Ngan hang The gidi) 25) WTO: World Trade Organization ( To chuc thuong mai quoc te) HOAN THIEN CO CHE CHINH SACH QLNH TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP KINH TE QUOC TE VIET NAM PHAN \IO DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Cong cuoc doi mdi co che quan ly kinh te tir menh lenh sang co che thi trudng theo dinh hudng XHCN duqc tiep tuc tien hanh didu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te doi hoi phai cd sir doi mdi toan dien, sau sdc tat ca cac linh vuc ma vai tro quan ly, dieu tiet cua Nha nude co vi tri dac biet quan Co che chinh sach QLNH la mot bo phan cua chinh sach quan ly vi mo Nd cd tac dong sau sdc den moi mat kinh te - xa hoi, dac biet la hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh cua to chtrc, ca nhan, la moi quan tarn khong chi cua DN, co quan quan ly Nha nude cua Viet Nam ma la moi quan tarn doi vdi cac nha dau tu, Chinh phu nude ngoai va cac to chdc kinh te, tai chinh tien te quoc te cd quan he vdi Viet Nam Co che chinh sach QLNH la mot nhung noi dung co ban va quan ma NHTW cua moi quoc gia phai quan tarn, phai cd trach nhiem hoach dinh va thuc thi de gop phan cimg cac co che chinh sach khac dat duqc muc tieu cuoi ciing cua chinh sach tien te la on dinh gia tri dong tien quoc gia, bao ve chu quyen quoc gia ve tien te va tang trudng kinh te ben vung Trong qua trinh doi mdi co che quan ly va hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, co che chinh sach QLNH cang phai thudng xuyen duqc doi mdi nham dap ling va phu hop vdi yeu cau cua thuc tidn cua Viet Nam va quan diem, chu truong, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nude Dai hoi lan thur IX cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam da khang dinh dudng loi phat trien kinh te thoi ky mdi la : “Phat huy cao noi life dong phat trien nhanh, co hieu qua va ben vdng Trong hon 15 nam doi mdi, nganh Ngan hang Viet Nam da thu dupe nhung tuu quan trong, dac biet la da dong gop dang ke vao viec huy dong nguon luc va ngoai nude Trong tuu do, co che chinh sach QLNH dong mot vai tro quan Tuy nhien, nhung doi mdi linh vuc mdi chi la budc dau Do do, co che chinh sach QLNH can phai tiep tuc dupe hoan thien, doi mdi hon nua Trong boi canh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, van de tu hoa cac hoat dong Ngan hang cd hoat dong ngoai hoi - hoat dong cd nhung anh hudng rat ldn den chii quyen quoc gia - dang dat cho cac nha lanh dao, cac nha hoach dinh co che chinh sach cd co che chinh sach QLNH nhung van de can cd giai phap Chinh vi vay, viec tiep tuc hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH la yeu cau khach quan cua tinh hinh mdi phu hop vdi chii truong, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nude Do tinh cap bach va tinh thuc ti6n cua van de nhay cam va quan nay, viec nghien cdu de tai : “Hoan thien cd che chinh sach QLNH dieu viec hoach dinh co che chinh sach QLNH d Viet nam nhung nam tdi Muc dich cua De tai - Khai quat nhung van de ly luan va kinh nghiem thuc ti£n ve co che chinh sach QLNH; - Lam ro qua trinh doi mdi va thuc trang co che chinh sach QLNH cua nude ta hien nay, nhung tuu, han che, bat cap va nguyen nhan; - Kien nghi phuong hudng va giai phap nhlm hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH theo chien lupc phat trien kinh te cua Dang va Nha nude di£u kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te nhung nam tdi 3 Doi tircmg va pham vi nghien cun a Doi tuong nghien cun cua De tai la: Cor che chinh sach QLNH qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc tedViet Nam b Thdi gian nghien cun chu yeu tap trung vao giai doan tir doi mdi den nay, dac biet la ttr sau cuoc khiing hoang tai chinh tien te khu vuc vira qua Phuong phap nghien cun Van dung tong hop cac phuong phap nghien cun khoa hoc: Phep bien churng vat, phan tich, doi chieu, so sanh, ket hop ly luan vdi thuc tidn, cd cac quan diem, chu truong, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nude; Tham khao kinh nghiem cua cac nude, nhat la cac nude cd dieu kien tuong dong vdi Viet Nam va ket hop vdi cac dot cong tac thuc te, cac buoi lam vide, hoi thao vdi cac nha kinh te, Coquan quan ly, DN, NHTM Ngoai ra, cd cac bang bieu de minh hoa Nhung dong gop khoa hoc ciia De tai - He thong hoa nhung van de ly luan ve co che chinh sach QLNH - De xuat phuong hudng va giai phap nhSm hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te d Viet Nam nhung nam tdi Ket cau cua De tai Ten de tai: “ Hoan thien co che chinh sach quan ly ngoai hoi dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc ted Viet Nam Ngoai phan md dau, ket luan, mot so phu luc, danh muc tai lieu tham khao, De tai gom ba chuong: Chuong I: Nhung van de chung vd co che chinh sach quan ly ngoai hoi Chuong II: Thuc trang cua co che chinh sach QLNH hien Chircmg III: Phuong hudng va giai phap nham hoan thien co che chinh sach QLNH cua Viet Nam nhung nam tdi CHlTONG I NHUNG VAN DE CHUNG VE CO CHE CHINH SACH QUAN LY NGOAI HOI 1.1 VAI TRO CUA CO CHE CHINH SACH QLNH TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRUONG 1.1.1 Khai niem ngoai hoi, hoat dong ngoai hoi, cac doi tirong tham gia hoat dong ngoai hoi va co che chinh sach QLNH 1.1.1.1 Ngoai hoi va hoat dong ngoai hoi - Ngoai hoi: Ngoai hoi bao gom tien nude ngoai (ngoai te) nhn tien giay, tien kim loai; Cong cu toan bang tien nude ngoai nhu sec, the toan, hoi phieu, chung chi tidn gui Ngan hang, chtrng chi tien gui buu dien va cac cong cu toan khac; Cac loai giay td co gia bang tien nude ngoai nhu Trai phieu Chinh phu, trai phieu cong ty, ky phieu, co phieu va cac loai giay td cd gia khac; Quyen rut von dac biet (SDR) cua IMF ; Dong tien chung chau Au (EUR), cac dong tien chung khac duqc sir dung toan quoc te va khu vuc;Vang tieu chuan quoc te; Tidn dong Viet Nam (VND) dang luu hanh cua nude Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghia Viet Nam trudng hop chuyen vao va chuyen khdi lanh tho Viet Nam hoac duqc su dung toan quoc te cung duqc coi la ngoai hoi - Hoat dong ngoai hoi: Hoat dong ngoai hoi la cac hoat dong dau tu, vay, cho vay, bao lanh, mua, ban va cac giao dich khac ve ngoai hoi ma cac cau phan cua ngoai hoi noi tren tham gia vdi tu each la khach the 1.1.1.2 Doi tu'o'ng tham gia hoat dong ngoai hoi Tuy theo co che va chinh sach QLNH d mdi quoc gia ma Chinh phu cac nude quy dinh cac doi tuqng tham gia hoat dong ngoai hoi bi dieu chinh bdi Luat, Phap lenh hoac Nghi dinh ve QLNH Theo thong le quoc te, cong 96 loi hon so huu, nam gin USD Tren co so do, ngudi dan se ban ngoai te han cho NHTM, ndm gin VND va sft dung VND toan - Khuyen khfch toan qua NHTM thong qua viec toan bu tru, toan dien tu, phat trien the de toan hang hoa, dich vu; The che hoa cac quy dinh toan o khu vuc bien gidi theo hudng khuyen khfch su dung VND va toan chuyen khoan thong qua cac Ngan hang dai ly cua hai nudc hoac nudc thU ba - Tang cudng khau kiem soat va che tai xu phat cac hoat dong lien quan den ngoai te khong duoc phep nudc, dac biet la cac ban thu doi ngoai te, cac cua hang kinh doanh vang bac, cac ban mua ban ngoai te tai cac vung bien gidi 33.2.2 Tiep tuc tiv hoa cac giao dich vang lai, tien tot cac giao dich se dtfoa ho dc CcO hcan hcan sau nam 2006 - Chuyen tien cho muc dich hoc tap, chua benh, du lich, tro cap : Xet ve nguon thu - chi ngoai te cua khu vuc tu nhan, theo so lieu thong ke cua NHNN, hang nam luong kieu hoi gui ve Viet Nam th ngudi Viet Nam sinh song, lao dong o nudc ngoai len tdi tren ty USD nhu cau chuyen tien nudc ngoai cho cac giao dich vang lai chi o muc cao nhat la 70 trieu USD Do vay, NHNN nen nghien cuu de nam 2004 va 2005, trinh Chinh phu sua doi, bo sung cac Nghi dinh, Quyet dinh nham ndi long hon nua va tien tdi tu hoa viec chuyen tien nudc ngoai cua dan cu Viet Nam, cho phep Ngudi cu tru duoc tu chuyen tien nudc ngoai khong han che' cho cac muc dich tren mien la co cac giay td chung minh su hop thUc, hop phap cua cac giao dich nay; Dong thdi, giao cho NHTM xem xet ban cho ngudi co nhu cau chuyen tien nudc ngoai co du giay td hop thuc chung minh viec chuyen tien la hop phap - Thue' danh vao viec chuyen loi nhuan ve nudc cua cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai: 97 Theo danh gia cua IMF, viec ap dung 5% thue danh vao lpi nhuan cua nha dau tu nudc ngoai chuyen v6 nudc sau hoan cac nghia vu thue doi vdi Nha nudc Viet Nam vita la mot han che do'i vdi giao dich vang lai vita tao che da ty gia Do vay, thdi gian tdi, Bo Tai chinh can trinh Chinh phu bai bo quy dinh Thay vao dd, Bo Tai chinh nen dieu chinh muc thue kinh doanh ap dung chung cho DN Viet Nam va DN FDI Nhu vay, se vita tao nen su binh ding cho moi phan kinh te vura thuc hien duqc yeu cau cua IMF lien quan den tu hoa giao dich vang lai; Cu the: Trong nam 2005 hoac cham nhat la 2006, Bo Tai chinh can trinh Uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hoi xoa bo thue 5% danh vao lqi nhuan chuyen ve nudc cua nha dau tu nudc ngoai 3.3.2.3 Noi long, tien tdi tit hod mot phan giao dich von, trildc het la cac giao dich lien quan FDI, vay nff nude ngoai dai han va dial tit gian tiep nam 2006 Kiem soat hay tu hoa cac giao dich von la mot van de duqc tranh cai nhieu nhat, dac biet la sau xay cac cuoc khung hoang tien te, tai chinh Chau a, Nam My va Nga Kinh nghiem rut tir cac nudc vira trai qua cac cuoc khung hoang chi rang: Viec tu hoa cac giao dich von d nudc ta phai tien hanh rat than trong, timg budc vung chac theo cac nguyen tac va trinh tu nhu trinh bay d phan tren Tuy nhien, de cd the hoi nhap vdi khu vuc va quoc te linh vuc Tai chinh - Ngan hang, Chinh phu can chi dao NHNN pho'i hqp vdi Bo Tai chinh va cac Bo nganh huu quan khac tien hanh cac bien phap de tu hoa phan ldn cac giao dich von nhung nam tdi ; Cu the: -Ve FDI, Bo KHDT, Bo Tai chinh va NHNN can trinh Chinh phu cho phep cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai duqc tu hon nua viec chuyen von FDI vao Viet Nam va chuyen von nudc ngoai ket thuc hqp dong, giai the 98 - Ve dau tu gian tiep: Bo Tai chinh, NHNN va Bo KHDT nen nghien curu trinh Chinh phu cho phep cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai mua co phieu cua cac DN Viet Nam khong thuoc DN kinh doanh linh vuc quan ma Nha nudc can co co phan chi phoi len tdi muc toi da 49% thay cho 30% hien - Ve vay nq nudc ngoai: +NHNN can tiep tuc phan cap quan ly nq DN cho cac Chi nhanh NHNN tinh, pho' truc thuoc Trung Uong tren co sd ke hoach vay tra nq hang nam va chien luqc vay nq nam duqc Chinh phu phe duyet + NHNN can nghien cum ndi long, tien tdi tu hoa viec vay von dai han Trudc mat NHNN nen dua mot han muc von dai han ( duoi 15 trieu USD, chang han) co the cho phep DN ( ke ca DNNN ) duqc tu vay nudc ngoai va chi can dang ky vdi NHNN sau ky Hqp dong tin dung 3.3.2.4 Nang cao g the cua VND, tung baton bien VND bhang dong tien chuyen doi sau cam 2010 ca tie) toi tham gia dong tien thung ChOu a sau cam 2015 De thuc hien muc tieu tren lanh tho Viet Nam chi su dung VND, Nha nudc can co cac chinh sach va bien phap de tao kha nang chuyen doi tung phan cho VND Cu the: - Chinh phu phai co mot chinh sach kinh te vi mo lanh manh can co su ket hqp hai hoa giua chinh sach tai khoa va chinh sach tien te nham dam bao su tang trudng kinh te ben vung va cai thien can can thuong mai - Tang cudng kha nang canh tranh cua hang xuat khau Viet Nam va kha nang canh tranh cua DN Viet Nam: De co nguon thu ngoai te dap Ung nhu cau nhap khau may moc, thiet bi, hang hoa va dich vu phu vu muc tieu phat trien kinh te-xa hoi, thuc hien cong cuoc HDH-CNH, Chinh phu va Bo thuong mai, Bo cong nghiep va cac Bo nganh hum quan khac phai co nhung giai phap 99 de nang cao chat luqng hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam va vi the doi ngoai cua DN Viet Nam dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te va canh tranh gay gat hien can sdm xoa bo nhung hinh thUc bao ho, tro gia, bao cap (dac biet la bao cap qua tin dung) cua Nha nudc doi vdi DNNN 3.3.2.5 Tap trung va tang DTNH Nhd nu'dc De thuc hien duoc phan ldn cac giai phap nham ndi long hoac tu hoa cac hoat dong lien quan den ngoai hoi thi, trudc het, Chinh phu, NHNN va cac Bo nganh huu quan can co cac chinh sach kinh te vi mo va vi mo nham thuc day tang trudng kinh te ben vung, dac biet la tang xuat khau, han che" tang nhap khau, giam bdt nhap sieu tien tdi can bang can can thuong mai, boi chi can can toan de’ tang DTNH Nha nudc Can ap dung cac bien phap kinh te phu hop de Bo Tai chinh, DN co nguon thu ngoai te thi ban cho NHNN va can thi mua lai NHNN qua cac NHTM Can tap trung ngoai te ve mot dau moi quan ly va co bien phap tang DTNH Nha nudc d mUc du manh, toi thieu tuong duong vdi 12 tuan nhap khau Co nhu vay mdi dam bao Nha nudc du suc can thiep can thiet Tren thuc te, viec ban ngoai te cua Bo Tai chinh theo Quyet dinh cua Chinh phu cho NHNN nhieu chua kip thdi ( so' du ngoai te cua NSNN tai NHNN va NHTM rat ldn) nen NHNN phai su dung DTNH Nha nudc de dap ting nhu cau nhap khau xang dau, thuoc trd sau va mot so' vat tu thiet bi thiet yeu khac Do vay, Chinh phu can chi dao Bo Tai chinh ban het toan bo nguon thu ngoai te td ban dau tho va cac nguon thu khac td ODA, thue, phi bang ngoai te cho NHNN quan ly va Bo Tai chinh can ngoai te thi NHNN co trach nhiem dap Ung day du, tranh tinh trang DTNH Nha nudc bi quan ly phan tan, lam tac thi trudng ngoai te nhu hien nay; Dong thdi, han che' toi da viec tam Ung ngoai te td DTNH Nha nudc cua NSNN, thuc hien nghiem chinh nguyen tac hoan tra nam neu vi ly dac biet ma NSNN phai vay tam thdi td DTNH Nha nudc 100 33.2.6 Tudo hoa hoat dong kinh doanh vang Trong boi canh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, toan cau hoa, vai tro tien te cua vang cang giam va muc anh hudng cua vang den viec dieu hanh chinh sach tien te cang it nhu hien nay, thi hoat dong kinh doanh vang bi dieu chinh bdi mot co che rieng va NHNN quan ly la khong phu hop Theo Nghi dinh 63/1998/NDD-CP va Nghi dinh 52/2003/ND-CP thi NHNN van duoc giao nhiem vu quan ly hoat dong kinh doanh vang Hien nay, NHNN cap giay phep doi vdi viec xuat khau vang my nghe, trang suc tren kg, giay phep nhap khau vang nguyen lieu va hoat dong san xuat vang mieng (Vang mieng van duoc coi la mot loai vang de dang su dung toan, ke ca toan hang nhap lau qua bien gidi) Thuc te thi trudng vang doi hoi phai co su thay doi ve co che quan ly, phai coi tat ca cac hoat dong kinh doanh vang, trang sue, my nghe la hoat dong kinh doanh hang hoa thong thudng Do vay, can phai co nhung budc di tien tdi tu hoa hoan toan hoat dong kinh doanh vang Trong mot vai nam tdi, co the la trudc nam 2006, NHNN can trinh Chinh phu bo sung, sua doi Nghi dinh 63/1998/ND-CP va Nghi dinh 52/2003/ND-CP de NHNN chi quan ly viec san xuat vang mieng va viec nhap khau vang nguyen lieu vi nhung hoat dong co anh hudng ft nhieu den viec dieu hanh chinh sach tien te Cu the: - Nghien cuu dieu chinh thue suat nhap khau: Viet Nam la nudc nhap khau vang tdi tren 40 tan/ nam tuong duong 400 trieu USD Tuy nhien, thue nhap khau van cao ( Gan day, Chinh phu da giam thue nhap khau vang nguyen lieu) nen thi trudng vang Viet Nam luon thieu nguyen lieu de’ san xuat hang trang suc my nghe dap Ung nhu cau tieu dung nudc va xuat khau Do thue nhap khau cao nhap lau vang thi gia re hon nen cac DN buoc phai tim cach nhap lau vang Dieu vua gay buon lau va that thu thue cho Nha nudc Do vay, Bo Tai chinh can trinh Chinh phu tiep tuc giam 101 thue nhap khau vang phu hop vdi lo trinh cat giam thue quan ma Viet Nam da cam ket theo AFTA, tao cho thi trudng vang nudc thong thuong vdi thi trudng vang quoc te - Th nam 2007 trd di, hoat dong kinh doanh vang, trang suc my nghe, san xuat vang miemg va nhap vang nguyen lieu nen duoc tu hoa hoan toan 33.2.7 Hoan thien ca cli echinh sach QLNH doi voiviec s ic du ng ngoai td a nu’d's bao gom sa khu cus bien gidi -Doi vdi viec su dung ngoai te noi dia Viet Nam : Muc tieu lau dai cua QLNH la “ Tren lanh tho Viet nam chi su dung VND” Tuy vay, nhung nam qua, nham muc dich thu hut kieu ho'i, tao thuan loi cho cac giao dich vang lai de thu hut cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai dua von vao Viet Nam va khach du lich nudc ngoai den Viet Nam chi tieu mot cach thuan loi cho cac hoat dong thudng ngay, tranh phien cho khach nudc ngoai viec toan tien tai cac khach san, nha hang va diem du lich, Chinh phu va NHNN da dua nhung quy dinh, chinh sach mang tinh chat bien phap tinh the chua thuc su theo muc tieu dinh hudng Do vay, trudc mat, NHNN can trinh Chinh phu xem xet lai cac bien phap chinh sach tinh the hien hanh Tren co sd danh gia lai nhung mat tich cuc va nhung han che cua cac chinh sach bien phap tinh the da va dang ap dung va tren co sd mang ludi thu doi ngoai te cua cac NHTM hoac cac dai ly thu doi ngoai te va viec trien khai cac phuong thuc toan khong dung tien mat, NHNN trinh Chinh phu chinh sua, bo sung cac quy dinh hien hanh theo hudng cam mot cach triet de viec su dung ngoai te toan, mua - ban; Dong thdi, tang cudng viec kiem tra, xu phat cac hanh vi quang cao, dinh gia hang hoa bang ngoai te theo noi dung va tinh than cua Nghi dinh so' 63/1998/CP-ND va Thong tu so 01/1999/TT-NHNN7 16/4/1999 cua NHNN 102 Doi vdi viec su dung ngoai te ( bao gom USD, tien cua cac nudc co chung bien gidi vdi Viet Nam ) tai khu vuc bien gidi: Trong thdi gian qua, de khuyen khfch viec buon ban, kinh doanh hang hoa va dich vu giua Viet Nam va cac nudc co chung bien gidi vdi Viet Nam ( Trung quoc, CHDCND Lao, Vuong quoc Campuchia ) va de budc dau lam cho VND co the chuyen doiduoc tai khu vuc bien gidi, Chinh phu va NHNN da co chinh sach cho phep cu dan bien gidi va cac DN hoat dong kinh doanh hang hoa, dich vu tai khu vuc bien gidi ( Ke ca cac khu vuc kinh te md, khu thuong mai tu do, dac khu kinh te ) duoc su dung USD, tien cua nudc co chung bien gidi ( Khu vuc bien gidi vdi Trung quoc: Dong Nhan dan te va USD, khu vuc bien gidi vdi CHDCND Lao: Dong kip Lao va USD, khu vuc bien gidi vdi Vuong quoc Campuchia: Dong Riel Campuchia va USD ) toan, mua ban hang hoa va dich vu Tuy vay, thdi gian tdi, NHNN can trinh Chinh phu cac giai phap, bien phap de tiing budc giam, han che va cuoi cung la cam viec su dung ngoai te mat tren co sd md rong viec toan qua he thong Ngan hang cua hai nudc lien quan ( Md tai khoan doi ting, toan theo thong le quoc te ); Trudc mat, cho phep tu nhan hoat dong doi ngoai te co to chu'c tai khu vuc bien gidi tren co sd dang ky va duoc Chi nhanh NHNN tinh, cap phep va quan ly Trong vong 3- nam tdi, co the giam bdt va cham dtit viec doi tien tu nhan 3.3.3 Cac giai phap ho tiro 3.3.3.1 Chinh sach ty gia Chinh sach ty gia la mot nhung chinh sach kinh te vi mo cua Nha nudc duoc hoach dinh va thuc thi nham thuc hien cac muc tieu phat trien kinh te-xa hoi cua moi quoc gia Trong nam 2004 va cac nam tiep theo, can tiep tuc dieu hanh mot cach linh hoat hon ty gia giao dich cua NHTM nham phan anh hop ly hon gia tri 103 cua VND so vdi USD va cac ngoai te tham gia rd tien te cua Viet Nam Cac bien phap chu yeu gom : - Md rong bien ty gia vdi ca hai chieu: Trong dieu kien tham hut can can vang lai chua duoc cai thien ben vung, dong tidn vao qua dau tu chua phuc hoi thi viec khong che bien ty gia se lam cho tin hieu thi trudng khong phan anh dung quan he cung cau ngoai te V'l the cang tao tarn ly VND se tiep tuc mat gia khien DN cung nhu dan chung gam giu ngoai te Tuy nhien, neu xoa bien ty gia thi Nha nudc phai cd du DTNH Nha nudc de can thiep cd nhung bien dong ldn Do vay, thdi gian tdi ( Den nam 2006) can md rong bien cua ty gia ve ca hai chieu vdi muc ldn hon va nhung nam tiep theo se nghien cuu tien tdi xoa bo bien ty gia luqng DTNH Nha nudc tang len dang ke du sue can thiep cd bien dong Cu the la: Ndi rong bien kinh doanh ngoai te cua cac NHTM dao dong pham vi hien la +/- 0,25% len +/- 2% ( nam 2004 ) va +/- 5% (trudc nam 2006) de cho phep cac NHTM duqc linh hoat hon nua viec an dinh ty gia muaban vdi khach hang, tao dieu kien cho cac NHTN kinh doanh tien te thuc su theo co che thi trudng - Su dung ty gia lam cong cu dieu tiet quan he cung cau ngoai te: Ty gia duqc dieu chinh tren co so can nhlc cac yeu to thi trudng va ngoai nudc; Dong thdi, ket hqp vdi du bao ve cung cau ngoai te tren thi trudng va di£n bien mdi tuong quan giua cac loai ngoai te manh vdi ( USD, EURO, JPY) va mot so ngoai te ciia cac nudc khu vuc cd quan he dau tu, thuong mai va vay tra nq vdi Viet Nam - Trong giai doan tir nam 2007 den nam 2010, tren co so ndi long bien ndi tren, NHNN md rong hon nua bien ty gia, tien tdi xoa bo viec khong che bien giao dich, xac dinh vung can thiep va tha noi hoan toan ty gia de cho cac yeu to thi trudng hoan toan quyet dinh ty gia NHNN chi can thiep gia roi vao vung can thiep va NHNN dong vai tro la ngudi mua ban 104 ngoai te cudi cung tren thi trudng ngoai te LNH hoac chi can thiep thuc su co su xao tron tren thi trudng, de doa gay su khung hoang tai chmh tien te va co nguy co dan den khung hoang kinh te - chinh tri - xa hoi 3.3.3.2 Hoan thien va phat trien thi trudng ngoai hoi tai Viet Nam De thi trudng ngoai te LNH dupe hoan thien va phat trien trudc doi hoi ciia qua trinh hoi nhap quoc te va de thi trudng thuc hien dupe vai trd cua minh nham hd trp cho qua trinh tu hoa co che chinh sach QLNH, nhung nam tdi, NHNN can: - Hoan thien khuon kho phap ly va xay dung the che cua thi trudng ngoai hoi vdi noi dung chu yeu la bo sung hoan thien cac cong cu ciia thi trudng + Hoan thien cd sd phap ly ciia thi trudng ngoai te LNH Trudc mat, la phai hoan thien quy che quan ly trang thai ngoai te, quy che quy dinh ve cac nghiep vu giao ngay, ky han, hoan doi, quydn chon + Xay dung va phat trien the che ciia thi trudng bang each da dang hoa nghiep vu kinh doanh ngoai te; Cai tien cac nghiep vu hien cd; Thi diem va dua vao ap dung sdm cac nghiep vu mdi; Khan truong dua cac quy dinh ve nghiep vu quyen chon, ky han va hoan doi; Sdm cho phep tat ca cac NHTM thuc hien giao dich quyen chon va mot so' nghiep vu ngoai ho'i phai sinh + Da dang hoa cac loai ngoai te dupe phep kinh doanh tren thi trudng ngoai te LNH: Hien hau het cac NHTM va DN xuat nhap khau ciia Viet Nam chu yeu sir dung USD mua ban, huy dong, cho vay va toan quo'c te Do vay, NHNN can cho phep NHTM va DN giao dich, mua ban cac ngoai te khac ngoai USD + Thanh lap cong ty moi gidi ngoai te de cac cong ty dong vai trd cau noi giua cung cau ngoai te tren thi trudng ngoai ho'i Trudc mdt, he thong cac cong ty mdi gidi chua hinh thi cd the cho phep mot so NHTM 105 lap mot so cong ty vdi chu’c nang moi gidi ngoai te tren thi trudng ngoai hoi d Viet Nam -Tang cudng tang co sd ky thuat va dao tao can bo nghiep vu chuyen sau linh vuc kinh doanh ngoai hoi: Kinh doanh ngoai te la mot hoat dong kinh te mang lai nhieu loi nhuan nhung cung chua dung nhieu rui ro Trong chien luoc dau tu nham hien dai hoa co sd vat chat, cong nghe ngan hang, cac NHTM can dac biet quan tam den viec dau tu cho trang thiet bi, cong nghe phuc vu hoat dong kinh doanh ngoai te Di doi vdi viec tang cudng va hien dai hoa co sd vat chat ky thuat, yeu to ngudi cung can phai duoc quan tam dao tao ca ve mat ky nang quan ly va nghiep vu chuyen mon Hoat dong kinh doanh ngoai te d nudc ta mdi me va la mot nghiep vu rat phuc tap dang phat trien rat da dang tren thuc te vdi cac cong cu phai sinh duoc ap dung cang nhieu Dieu doi hoi can bo kinh doanh ngoai te phai co tay nghe chuyen mon cao va co kien thuc sau ve thi trudng tai chinh tien te quoc te KET LUAN Vdi viec thuc hien De tai nay, Luan van da : - Khai quat nhung van de chung ve ly luan va kinh nghiem thuc tien ve co che chinh sach QLNH; -Lam ro qua trinh doi mdi va thuc trang co che' chinh sach QLNH cua nudc ta hien nay, nhung tuu, han che', bap cap va nguyen nhan; - Kien nghi phuong hudng va giai phap nham hoan thien co che' chinh sach QLNH theo chie'n luoc phat trien kinh te cua Dang va Nha nudc dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te' nhung nam tdi Do tam quan cua co che chinh sach QLNH do'i vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te' va hoi nhap quoc te, NHTW nao cung coi viec xay dung va thuc thi cac co che' chinh sach QLNH phu hop vdi dieu kien, trinh do, nhu cau 106 phat trien kinh te, trinh nhan thdc cua dan cu va qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cua quoc gia Trong thdi ky qua chuyen doi co che quan ly va hoi nhap kinh te quoc te hien d Viet Nam, viec doi mdi co che chinh sach QLNH luon gap nhung van de kho khan tao bdi su phat trien nhanh chong, phdc tap cua nen kinh te Viet Nam cung nhu qua trinh phat trien cua he thong kinh te, tai chmh - tien te The gidi Trudc mat, chung ta khong co mot mo hinh ve co che' chinh sach QLNH cu the nao de hoc tap, lam theo Chi tu thuc tien cua Viet Nam, kinh nghiem cua cac nudc va tren co sd hieu biet sau sac ve co che chinh sach QLNH, vi tri, tac dung cua no va can cd vao chu truong chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nudc su nghiep phat trien kinh te va yeu cau cua lo trinh hoi nhap kinh te quOc te de chung ta giai quyet van de cua chinh minh Hy vong rang Luan van nay, du chi mdi de cap den nhung van de lien quan QLNH pham vi han che, se co dong gop nho vao viec hoan thien hon nua co che chinh sach QLNH cua da't nudc dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te quoc te' hien nay./ 107 Phu luc I: Di£n bien ty gia VND / USD binh quan lien Ngan hang ( 1999-2003 ) Don vi: VND/USD Nam 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Ty gia 14.402 14.694 14.725 15.280 15.536 Nguon: NHNN Phu luc II Tinh hinh hoat dong cua TTNT LNH ( 1999 - 2003 ) Don vi: Trieu USD Nam 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 So luong 1.931 1.118 743 1.080 1.880 Nguon: NHrNN Phu luc III Tinh hinh chuyen tien nudc ngoai phuc vu muc dich hoc tap, du lich, chda benh, tro cap (1999 - 2003) Don vi: Trieu USD Nam 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Soluong 3,4 7,8 11,1 38,4 70,0 Nguon: NHNN 108 Phu luc IV Tinh hinh chuyen tien kieu hoi ( 1999 - 2003) Don vi: Trieu USD Nam 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 So luong 1.200 1.757 1.820 2.200 2.600 Nguon: NHNN Phu luc V: Tinh hinh vay no nudc ngoai (1999 - 2003 ) Don vi: Trieu USD Chi tieu Du no cuoi nam 2000 1999 2002 2001 4.250,89 3.773,07 3.404,81 2003 1.139,80 3.230,90 Trong do: 205,89 No ng^n han 164,07 159,81 162,40 157,90 Nguon: NHNN Phu luc VI Tinh hinh dau tu true tiep cua nudc ngoai (1999 - 2003 ) Don vi: Trieu USD Nam 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 So luong 1.568 2.018 2.592 1.621 1.914 Nguon: Bo Ke hoach dau tu 109 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tieng Viet (1) Ban tu tudng - van hoa TW, Tai lieu nghien cdu Van kien Dai hoi IXcua Dang, (2001), NXB Chmh tri quoc gia, Ha noi (2) Bo Ngoai giao, Viet Nam : Hoi nhap kinh te xu the toan cau hod, Van de va gidi phap, (2002), NXB Chmh tri quoc gia, Ha noi (3) Dang Cong san Viet Nam , Van kien Dai hoi Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quoc Ian thut IX, (2001), NXB Chmh tri quoc gia, Ha noi (4) Hiep hoi Ngan hang Viet Nam, Tap chi Thi trudng Tdi chinh tien te sd 8/2004, Ha noi (5) Ngan hang Nha nudc Viet Nam, Cac van ban phap quy ve QLNH, (1995), NXB The gidi, Ha noi (6) Ngan hang Nha nudc Viet nam, He thong van ban phap luat ve Ngan hang, (1998), NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha noi (7 ) Ngan hang Nha nudc, Mot sd van ban quy pham phap luat ve QLNH, (luu hanh noi bo), (2000), Ha noi (8) Ngan hang Nha nudc Viet Nam, Cd che QLNH phu hop tien trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, (thang 8/2003), Ha noi (9) Ngan hang Nha nudc Viet Nam , Su dung va tu hod cac kiem soat von, Chuyen khao sd 9/2002, (2002), Ha noi (10) Quoc hoi nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam khoa X, Luat Ngan hang Nhd nudc Viet Nam, (Thang 4/1998), NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha noi (11) Tap chi Ngan hang, “Mot sd van de co ban ve hoi nhap kinh te quoc te cua nganh Ngan hang Viet Nam”, sd 14(11/2003), Ha noi (12) Thdi bao kinh teViet Nam “Kinh te 2003 - 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