Thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng dệt may việt nam sang thị trường hoa kỳ sau khi gia nhập wto

LV ThS DHKTQD r* *3B TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN * * * Vu Quang Huy THUG BAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY VIET NAM SANG THI TRVdNG HOA KY SAU KHI GIA NHAP WTO Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai DAJ HOC KTQD LU AN VAN TH few THONbHN THU VIEN NGLTCJI HlfCJNG dAn KHOA HOC : GS.TS DO DtfC BINH Ha Ndi, Nam 2007 — MUC LUC PHAN MO DAU CHUONG 1: MOT SO LY LU AN VE XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY 1.1 Cac hinh thuc, nhan to anh hudng va nhung bien phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau 1.1.1 Khai niem va cac hinh tlurc xuat khau 1.1.2 Cac nhan td anh hudng den xuat khau 11 1.1.3 Cac chinh sach va bien phap thuc day xuat khau .19 1.2 Dac diem thi trudng hang det may va vai trd cua xuat khau hang det may doi vdi cac nude dang phat trien 24 1.2.1 Dac diem thi trubng det may 24 1.2.2 Vai trd cua xuat khau hang det may 25 1.2.3 Tac dong cua viec xoa bo han ngach nhap khau det may doi vdi cac nude dang phat trien xuat khau hang det may 26 1.3 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau det may cua mot so quoc gia sau xoa bo han ngach 27 1.3.1 Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau det may sau hoi nhap WTO 28 1.3.2 Bai hoc rut doi vdi xuat khau det may Viet Nam 33 CHUONG 2: THLfC XUAT KHAU HANG DET • TRANG • • MAY VIET • NAM SANG THI TRUONG HOA KY 35 2.1 Thi trudng det may Hoa Ky va Chinh sach nhap khau hang det may 35 2.1.1 Khai quat ve thi trudng det may Hoa Ky 35 2.1.2 Phap luat Hoa Ky moi lien he vdi BTA va hoi nhap WTO cua Viet Nam 41 2.1.3 Chinh sach nhap khau hang det may cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky 45 2.2 Thuc trang xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam vao thi trudng Hoa Ky 51 2.2.1 Thuc trang xuat khau det may vao Hoa Ky trudc Viet Nam gia nhap WTO 51 2.2.2 Thuc trang xuat khau detmay sangHoaKy tu Viet Nam chinh thuc hoi nhap WTO 66 2.3 Ching sach thhcdauxuat khaudetmaycha Viet Nana trudcchna kht hhinghp WhO 74 2.3.1 Nhung bien phCp Viet Nnm da thcc hien de thcc dUy uuut hhUu hang det may 74 2.3.2 DCnh giC tCc dong can cCc bien phCp thCc dUy uuUt hhUu det mny Viet Nnm da thcc hien 78 2.3.3 ho che giCm aCt det mny tuang cnm het sang phuong Viet Nnm - Oan Ky 83 CHUONG 3: GIAI PHAP NHAM THUC HAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY SANG THI TRUONG HOA KY SAU KHI VIET NAM GIA NHAP WhO 87 3.1 Qunn diem, muc tieu phCt tuien nganh det mny Viet Nnm 877 3.1.1 Qunn diem phCt tuien nganh det mny 87 3.1.2 Chien luoc uuut hhUu hang det mny Viet Nnm den nam 2020 91 3.1.3 Muc tieu phCt tuien hgahh det mny 2010 - 2020 91 3.2 Nhung bien phCp thCc dUy uuut hhUu hang det mny can Viet Nnm snng Oan Ky snu hhi nin nhap WhO 92 3.2.1 Nhom giai phCp ve co cht, chmh sCch can Nha nucc 92 3.2.2 Nhom giai phCp doi vci dannh nghiep uuut hhUu det mny vaa thi tuudng Oan Ky 98 3.2.3 Nhung thny doi tuucc mat phu hop vci co cht giCm sCt det mny can Oan Ky 104 3.3 Dieu hien dam baa thcchien 106 3.3.1 Ve phi'n nha nude 106 3.3.2 Ve phin Oiep hoi va daygh nghiep uuUt hhUu det may 108 KEh LUAN 109 DANH MUC CAC CHU’ VIET TAT AD Anti-dumping Duty Thue chong pha gia ATC Agreement on Textiles and Hiep dinh ve hang Det va May Clothing BTA Bilateral Trade Agreement Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong CAT Category c/o Certificate of Origin Giay chung nhan xuat su CITA Committee for the Implementation Uy ban phu trach thuc hien Hiep of Textile Agreement e r r E/C Export of Certificate dinh det may r ' Giay chung nhan xuat khau E/L Export Licience Giay phep xuat khau GATT General Agreement of Trade and Hiep dinh chung ve Thue quan Tariffs va Thuong mai Generalized System of Preference He thong uu dai thue quan GSP cap HS Harmonized System He thong hai hoa ve ma va mieu ta hang hoa MFA Multi Fiber Agreement Hiep dinh da sod MFN Most Favoured Nation Che do, quy che toi hue quoc MFT Most Favoured Treatment Doi xu toi hue quoc NT National Treatment Dai ngo, doi xu quoc gia PNTR Permanent Normal Trade Quy che Quan he Thuong mai Relations Binh thuong Vinh vien A Tieu chuan ve trach nhiem xa SA 8000 Social Accountability r r hoi WTO World Trade Organization > To chuc Thuong mai the gidi DANH MUC CAC BANG Bang 2.1: Kim ngach xuat khau det may cua Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky giai doan 1994 - 2001 52 Bang 2.2: Ty xuat khau hang det may sang thi truong Hoa Ky tong gia tri kim ngach xuat khau det may Viet Nam: 55 Bang 2.3: Co cau xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky 56 Bang 2.4: Co cau mat hang det may xuat khau Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky nam 1999 57 Bang 2.5: Kim ngach xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky giai doan 2001 - 2006 59 Bang 2.6: Tinh hinh xuat khau det may sang My tinh den 14/11/2003 61 Bang 2.7: Kim ngach xuat khau hang det may sang Hoa Ky 70 thang dau nam 2007 70 Bang 2.8: So sanh so luong xuat khau cac Cat 38/339, 341/641, 638/639, 647/64872 Bang 2.9: Tinh hinh thuc hien co che chinh sach hd tro 79 chien luge phat trien nganh may theo quyet dinh 55/2001/QD-TTg 79 TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN * * * Vu Quang Huy THUC DAY XUAT KHAU HANG DET MAY VIET NAM SANG THI TRUING HOA KY SAU KHI GIA NHAP WTO Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai TOM TAT LU AN VAN THAC S! Ha Noi, Nam 2007 CHUONG 1: MOT • SO LY LUAN • VE XUAT KHAU HANG DET • MAY r r 1.1 Cac hinh thuc, nhan to anh hudng va nhung bien phap chu yeu thuc day xuat khau 1.1.1 Khai niem va cac hinh thuc xuat khau Xuat va nhap khau hang hoa va dich vu la su trao doi hang hoa va dich vu giua cac quoc gia, thong qua mua ban, lay tien te lam moi gidi, tuan theo nguyen tac trao doi ngang gia nham dua lai lqi ich cho cac ben Xuat khau xuat khau hang hoa dich vu noi chung va hang det may noi rieng co nhieu hinh thuc nhu: Xuat khau true tiep, giao dich qua trung gian, buon ban doi luu; giao dich tai hoi trq trien lam, gia cong; tai xuat khau ■x, r r a Moi hinh thuc xuat khau deu co nhung uu - nhupc diem nhat dinh, vi vay ~ r / a moi quoc gia, doanh nghiep can xac dinh rd va lua chon hinh thuc xuat khau phu hop vdi dieu kien, lqi the cua minh moi giai doan, thdi ky 1.1.2 Cac nhan to anh huong den xuat khau Xuat khau hang hoa noi chung va hang det may noi rieng chiu sir tac r \ r r •> dong cua rat nhieu nhan to, cd the chia lam cac nhan to ben va ben ngoai Cac nhan to ben bao gom: Che chinh sach va luat phap, dieu kien tu nhien, van hoa xa hoi, khoa hoc cong nghe, chinh tri, canh tranh va r quan he kinh te giua cac quoc gia r Ngay nay, xu hudng toan cau hoa, xuat khau hang det may chiu su tac dong cua cac hiep dinh nhu: Hiep dinh det may; Hiep dinh chong r a r ban pha gia va Qui dinh cua WTO ve trq cap day duqc coi nhu nhung yeu r to ben ngoai i 1.1.3 Cac chinh sach va bien phap thuc day xuat khau Cac quoc gia co the thuc day xuat khau thong qua qua cac bien phap khuyen khich san xuat hang xuat khau bang each xay dung nen kinh te theo mo hinh cong nghiep hoa hudng ve xuat khau, khuyen khich ung dung khoa hoc va cong nghe vao san xuat xuat khau Ngoai ra, Chinh phu co the thuc hien cac bien phap khuyen khich ve tai chinh de thuc day xuat khau nhu trq r r •> r t r •> r cap xuat khau, tin dung xuat khau, chinh sach ty gia hoi doai thuc day xuat r \ r khau, cac chinh sach ve thue quan va quan cao xuat khau 1.2 Dae diem thi truong hang det may va Vai tro ciia xuat khau hang det may doi vol cac nude dang phat trien 1.2.1 Dac diem thi truong det may Cong nghiep det may lien quan chat che tdi str phat trien cua cac nganh cong nghiep khac, ngoai nhung dac diem chung nhu nhung hang hoa thong thudng, thi truong hang det may edn co nhung dac diem rieng nhu: san pham phong phu, da dang phu thuoc vao thi hieu van hoa, phong tuc tap quan, ton giao, dia ly, hau, gidi tinh, tudi tac, thu nhap ngudi tieu dung ngoai ra, nd mang tinh thdi trang cao nen phai thudng xuyen thay doi mau ma, kieu dang, mau sac, chat lieu 1.2.2 Vai tro cua xuat khau hang det may r r \ \ Det may thudng duuc gan vdi giai doan phat trien ban dau cua nen kinh r r te va dong vai tro chu dao qua trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa Xuat khau hang det may la nganh khong doi hoi von ldn va cong nghe cao nhung A \ ty le lai cao, cd kha nang tao nhieu viec lam cho ngudi lao dong, tang nguon A thu ngoai te de tich luy, phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep khac, gop phan < r chuyen dich co cau kinh te tu nong nghiep sang cong nghiep ii •> r 1.2.3 Tac dong cua viec xoa bo han ngach nhap khau det may doi voi cac nuhc dang ptat trien xuat ktau tang det may Viec xoa bo su phan biet doi xu qua che han ngach xuat nhap khau va xoa bo quyen ap dat han ngach cua cac nuoc phat trien da tac dong rat lon -> r r r den cac quoc gia dang phat trien xuat khau det may Tac dong tich cuc phai ke den la giup cac nuoc dang phat trien mb rong thi trubng sang cac nuoc phat trien Ngoai ra, no lam tang nhu cau nhap khau hang det may b cac nuoc nhap khau noi rieng va tang cau tieu dung hang det may tren toan the giOi Ben canh nhung tac dong tich cuc, nhung tac dong tieu cuc doi vOi cac nuOc dang phat trien la: kich thich su phat trien mat trai cua canh tranh, phan bo cat giam han ngach khong deu, tinh trang that nghiep b cac nuoc phat trien se gay suc ep len nguoi lao dong b cac nuoc dang phat trien A A A A A • AAA* 1.3 Kint ngtiem thuc day xuat ktau det may cua mat so quoc gia sau kti xha bn tan ngcct va bai toc rut doi vhi det may Viet Nam Det may Viet Nam da buoc sang buoc ngoat lich su duqc xoa bO han ngach va co quyen binh dang nhu nhung vien WTO khac, nhien det z A may Viet Nam cung phai doi mat voi nhung tac dong tieu cuc tat yeu tu viec r xoa bO han ngach Kinh nghiem tu chinh nhung doi thu canh tranh khong lo nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Banglades sau WTO db bO he thong quota det may nam 2005 de lai cho det may Viet Nam nhung bai hoc viec phat trien va thuc day xuat khau det may KET LUAN CHVONG Chucmg di sau vao phan tich va lam ro nhung van de ly luan va thuc ~ y r •> tien ve xuat khau hang hoa va dich vu nbi chung va hang det may noi rieng Viec tham khao kinh nghiem thuc tien b mot so quoc gia sau xoa bO han ngach da mang lai cho det may Viet Nam nhung bai hoc quy gia Day manh qua trinh da dang hoa so huu va tao su lien ket ve von giua cac phan kinh te thong qua co phan hoa, rao, ban, khoan kinh doanh, cho thue doanh nghiep nganh det may Thue tai chinh day la giai phap hap dan doi vdi cac doanh nghiep thieu von Day la hinh thuc dau tu tin dung trung han va dai han bang hien vat doi vdi cac doanh nghiep thieu von, tren co sd lua chon cac may moc, thiet bi phu hop vdi yeu cau su dung cua minh Ket thuc thdi gian thue, ben thue cd the mua lai cac may moc thiet bi theo gia thoa thuan Mot cac doanh nghiep det may nudc ta cd thuong hieu, cd uy tin thi cd the dung chinh uy tin, thuong hieu cua minh de thue nhung thiet bi cong nghe cua nudc ngoai 3.2.2 Nhom giai phap doi voi doanh nghiep xuat khau det may vao thi truong Hoa Ky Buoc vao nam 2007 nam dau tien Viet Nam gia nhap chinh thuc To chuc thuong mai the gidi (WTO), ben canh nhung co hoi, thuan lqi md ' z ' r rong thi trudng, kha nang tiep can nhieu nguon von, cong nghe mdi, cung each quan If mdi thi viec md cura thi trudng nudc, viec giam thue theo lo trinh, sir ho trq true tiep ciia nha nudc cho cac doanh nghiep bi bai bo, se tao nhung thach thuc cho hoat dong ciia nhung doanh nghiep noi chung va nganh det may noi rieng Vi vay, de ton tai va phat trien, cac doanh nghiep nganh det may z x z x z xuat khau Viet Nam can quan tarn khac phuc nhung ton tai chu yeu sau: Z X Z - Tiep tuc day manh dau tu de nang cao nang lire san xuat quan tarn dau tu san xuat nguyen phu lieu (chuong trinh san xuat vai det thoi phuc vu xuat khau, xay dung cac trung tarn nguyen phu lieu) de thay the nguyen lieu nhap khau, thong qua keu goi dau tu nudc ngoai hoac lien doanh lien ket 98 •• r r \ i - Day manh viec thiet ke thdi trang (vai quan ao) de dap ung duoc yeu cau ve mau ma va chat lieu cua san pham theo yeu cau thi trudng va cua khach hang Tap trung xay dung thuong hieu san pham cua tung doanh nghiep va cua tap doan - Tang cudng cong tac quan li chi phi va giam tieu hao nguyen phu lieu, tang nang suat lao dong, giam gia san pham nham tang suc canh tranh cua san pham det may tren thi trudng - De nang cao nang luc canh tranh cac doanh nghiep phai xay dung chien luoc san pham; chuyen phuong thuc kinh doanh tu gia cong sang mua nguyen lieu, ban pham; dao tao boi dudng can bo quan li, doi ngu thiet ke mau mot va marketing; thuc hien thuong mai dien tu, ung dung cong nghe thong tin quan li cac nguon luc (thiet ke mau, quan li nhan luc, quan li khach hang va san xuat, marketing) Thuc te nhung nam qua cho thay hang det may Viet Nam kho co the canh tranh ve gia ca vdi cac nudc nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Indonesia vi cac A nudc khong phai nhap nhieu san pham det nhu nudc ta Do vay, cac doanh nghiep nudc ta can co chien luoc phat trien tren co so nang cao chat r luong san pham thong qua viec day manh ap dung he thong CSM2000 (he thong duoc cac nha ban le hang dau tai cac thi trudng chau Au, Nhat Ban va Hoa Ky cong nhan rong rai) va dam bao thdi gian giao hang nhanh •? r De xuat khau cong hang det may Viet Nam sang thi tru’dng Hoa Ky, cac doanh nghiep can quan tam den cac nhom giai phap sau: 3.2.2.1 Xac dinh thi trudng muc tieu, thi trudng ngach Thi trudng tieu thu hang det may Hoa Ky bao gom cac thi phan trai rong va phan chia nhieu cap tu thap cap den cao cap nhat vdi nhung 99 kenh phan phoi va yeu cau dang cap chat luong cung nhu gia ca san pham khac rat xa Doi voi dai bo phan ngudi tieu dung co thu nhap thap thi ho san sang mua san pham tu cac cua hang binh dan cua ngudi Mexico, An Do, Trung Quoc ma d hang hoa khong can nhan hieu, chi can hop thdi vu va gia re Doi voi ngudi tieu dung co thu nhap trung binh trd len thi bat dau chu y Z 9 Z den nhan hieu san pham va thuong hieu ban le voi dang cap voi gia ca trung binh - phan lon gioi mua hang tai cac sieu thi tai cac sieu thi binh dan, sieu thi giam gia hoac sieu thi ban buon Gioi co thu nhap kha hon thudng chon cac cua hang Collection hoac cac sieu thi cao cap voi cac nhan hieu dang cap cao Gioi thu nhap cao thudng chon cac nhan hieu cao cap voi cac nhan hieu cao cap nhat hoac cac cua hang thdi trang dac biet co thiet ke va may rieng le Do vay, dac diem trinh va kha nang san xuat, moi doanh nghiep can xac dinh thi trudng muc tieu cua minh la thi trudng dai chung co thu nhap thap hay thi trudng gioi tieu thu co thu nhap trung binh, trung binh cao hoac cao cap Doi voi thi trudng dai chung thi gia ca san pham la yeu to quyet dinh cho su cong cua chien luoc tiep thi Con doi voi thi trudng co thu nhap z z z * trung binh va trung binh cao trd len thi yeu to quyet dinh lai la nhan hieu san pham, dang cap chat luong va kha nang dap ung nhanh Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep can tim hieu ro thi trudng, san pham ngach phu hop voi kha nang, dieu kien va loi the cua det may Viet Nam nham giam bot tinh canh tranh tren thi trudng, phat huy loi the cua det may Viet Nam 100 3.2.2.2 Thuc hien phuong thirc xuat khau mua dirt ban doan Hau het cac cong ty san xuat va cong ty ban le Hoa Ky deu mua hang r theo phuong thuc mua dut ban doan Do vay, cac nha san xuat Viet Nam r x z muon ban thang cho thi trudng Hoa Ky thi can tang cudng kha nang san xuat va xuat khau hang det may theo phuong thuc mua dut ban doan theo each tinh gia: FOB; CIF; Ex-work De san xuat cong theo phuong thuc nay, doanh nghiep can co doi ngu chuyen gia ban hang (merchandiser) am hieu ky thuat, nam bat dupc ngudn cung ung nguyen vat lieu, thu tuc xuat nhap khau va tren co sd co the tinh dupc gia ca tren ban dam phan Doanh nghiep phai cd kha nang to chuc san xuat dung chat luong va tien de dam bao giao dupc hang r x theo hop dong, tranh toi da cac rui ro bi khach hang huy bo don hang vi thuc hien sai hop dong, dac biet la sai tien giao hang 3.2.23 Nang cao kha nang thiet ke Tang cudng cong tac nghien cuu thi hieu, xu the thdi trang de tir thiet ke va san xuat dupc nhieu mau chao hang phu hop vdi yeu cau thi X AX / trudng Hien nay, hau het cac cong ty ban le Hoa Ky (va ca Chau Au) deu cd r r r •> tv xu the muon dat hang thang cho cac nha san xuat nudc ngoai vdi mau ma r r chinh nha san xuat sang tao theo xu the thdi trang d nudc tieu dung 3.2.2.4 Xay dirng xirdng san xuat chuyen mon hoa r X t Chuyen mon hoa day chuyen san xuat theo mat hang de dam bao kha y r r r nang canh tranh ve nang suat san xuat va chat luong san pham Cac cong ty Hoa Ky cd dang cap chi dat hang tai nhung xudng san xuat dupc to chuc chuyen mon hoa, cd thiet bi chuyen dung phu hop, cd nang luc san xuat tuong ddi ldn, cd chat luong san pham on dinh, giao hang dung tien va cd kha nang dap ung nhanh (quick response) 101 Tuy dieu kien, mot cong ty co the to chuc nhieu xudng vdi moi xudng X duoc chuyen mon hoa mot mat hang khac nhu: so mi nam, quan kaki, quan au, vest nam, vest nu 3.2.2.5 Tin hoc hoa quan ly x z , x z Ap dung cac phan mem quan ly va thong tin du lieu san xuat kinh doanh nham tang cudng hieu qua kha nang quan ly, dong thdi co the cung cap x z x z thudng xuyen va kip thdi cac so lieu can thiet theo yeu cau cua khach hang XX Khach hang Hoa Ky cd yeu cau cao ve thong tin lien lac hang ke tu luc chao hang, nhan don hang cho den to chuc san xuat va giao hang Moi thong tin can dupc thong sudt va kip thdi thong qua cac cong cu dien tu nhu: email, website, B2B Mau san pham va thiet ke ky thuat cd lien quan dupc chinh stra va chuyen tai kip thdi qua email Cac du lieu san xuat Z X Z Z ke tu luc bat dau dua nguyen lieu va kiem tra chat lupng cho den luc dua vao Z Z z X bien che va hoan tat can dupc he thong hoa, luu tru chung tir, du lieu va thong tin hang Viec thong tin va luu tru du lieu phuc vu cho ca Hai quan Hoa Ky, can, de kiem tra xuat xu 16 hang 3.2.2.6 Tuan thu tieu chuan quan ly chat luong va trach nhiem xa hoi Z Td chuc thuc hien viec quan ly san xuat kinh doanh tuan thu theo yeu Z X e X cau cua cac tieu chuan quan ly ve chat lupng san pham, bao ve moi trudng, an toan ve sinh va trach nhiem xa hoi Neu cd dupc cac chung nhan quoc te ISO 9000, ISO 14000, SA 8000 (hoac WRAP) va OHSAS 18000 thi rat tot Tuy nhien, van de quan la viec tuan thu hang thuc Z X , tien Day la nhung yeu cau ma tat ca cac cong ty nhap khau ldn cua Hoa Ky X quan tam va to chuc danh gia dau tien (dac biet la tieu chuan SA 8000 hoac Z Z Z X WRAP) Trudc quyet dinh tien den dam phan ve gia ca hoac cung each san pham 102 3.2.2.7 Dao tao, sir dung chuyen vien ban hang Doanh nghiep xuat khau det may Viet Nam can dao tao va su dung r dupe mot so chuyen vien ban hang co trinh tieng Anh tot, co kha nang r r chao hang FOB, hieu biet ve phong each kinh doanh cua ngudi My va bam viec la het sue quan de co the loi cuon va giu duoc khach hang Cac cong ty Hoa Ky luon doi hoi doi tac cua ho truoc het phai hieu biet ve cong ty va ca nhan ma minh dang quan he cung nhu nhung nhu cau r r quan he kinh doanh ma ho dat Ke do, doi tac cua ho phai co kha nang giai dap va quyet dinh nhanh cac van de dat kinh doanh mot each dut r \ khoat, ro rang, tin cay (thuc hien dupe nhung dieu da thoa thuan) Doi tac phai co thai ton khach hang lam viec va co tinh than hoc hoi cao, tiep thu nhung yeu cau mdi khach hang dat Doi tac can giu mdi quan he va thong tin lien lac thudng xuyen, hang vdi khach hang Hau het cac cong ty ldn cua Hoa Ky deu to chuc dao tao cho mdi nha cung ung nudc ngoai mot nhom cong tac bao gom nhung ngudi se theo doi nhung khau yeu nhat qua trinh thuc hien don hang cua ho va khong r r muon nhung ngudi bi thay doi suot qua trinh kinh doanh A 3.2.2.8 I.ua chon dieu kien toan phii hpp A \ f Hau het cac cong ty Hoa Ky khong thuc hien viec toan bang tin r r dung thu L/C vdi cac nha cung cap Phuong thuc thong dung nhat la chuyen , A A / tien bang dien TTR dupe cac cong ty mua hang ap dung vdi cac nha cung cap on dinh cua minh a a r Hpp dong ban hang cho cac nha nhap khau Hoa Ky hau het la d dang mua dut ban doan (FOB) nen rui ro ve phia nha cung cap la rat cao A A Trong dieu kien cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam chua co nhieu kinh nghiem vdi cac khach hang Hoa Ky thi nen cd gang dam phan toan 103 bang L/C Chi ap dung phuong thuc TTR doi voi khac hang da co mdi quan he kinh doanh on dinh 3.2.2.9 Thue chuyen gia, tir van phap luat Doanh nghiep can co chuyen gia hoac tu- van phap luat, nam vung luat r 7 le va quy che cua Lien bang va cac tieu bang noi san pham dupc nhap vao va Z r r tieu thu nhu: Thu tuc xuat nhap khau, thue, xuat xu hang hoa, bao ho nhan , Z X hieu va so huu tri tue, bao ve ngudi tieu dung, chong pha gia nham giup z doanh nghiep tranh cac vi pham thieu hieu biet co the bi phat gay thiet hai z rat ldn r 3.2.3 Nhirng thay doi truoc mat phu hop voi co1 che giam sat det may cua Hoa Ky Trude nguy co cac cuoc dieu tra chong pha gia tu khdi xudng Chinh phu Hoa Ky, Bo Cong Thuong can luu y den cac mdi quan tam cua cac nha nhap khau Hoa Ky ve “Chuong trinh Giam sat nhap khau” cua Hoa Ky va thuc hien thong qua mot sd buoc quan nhu sau: 3.2.3.1 Ra tuyen bo cong khai ve viec thirc hien, manh me va kip z thdi cac cam ket cua Viet Nam z Hiep dinh Tiep can thi trudng WTO Song phuong Viet Nam - Hoa Ky 31 thang 5, 2006 cam ket ve: z Xoa bo tat ca su tro gia danh cho nganh det may da bi WTO nghiem cam ke tu gia nhap WTO (ngay 11 thang 1, 2007) Bai bo Quyet dinh cua Thu tuong Chinh phu sd 55 nam 2001 ve viec xay dung chuong trinh ho tro phat trien xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam z Thong bao cac vien WTO, va cung cap them thong tin theo yeu X Z cau, nao Viet Nam co hanh dong de xoa bo cac tro gia da bi cam; ngoai ra, ke tu gia nhap (11 thang 1, 2007), Viet Nam se gui thong bao ve van de tro gia den Uy ban ve Tro gia va cac Bien phap chong tro gia cua WTO 104 Bao dam rang cac doanh nghiep nha nuoc va doanh nghiep nha A nuoc kiem soat se tao co hoi day du cho cac cong ty Hoa Ky duoc ban hang cho cac doanh nghiep 3.2.3.2 Ap dung co’ che dieu hanh xuat khau tam thoi Truoc tinh hinh tren, Bo Cong Thuong da quyet dinh ap dung co che dieu hanh xuat khau hang det may sang My theo huong giam sat cac mat hang r r \ det may ma phia My du kien giam sat Muc dich cua co che la nham tang cudng niem tin cua cac nha nhap khau, nang cao gia tri hang xuat khau, giam thieu cac lo hang don gian co don gia thap, quan ly tot qua trinh tang truong xuat khau, chong chuyen tai bat hop phap va gian lan thuong mai Tam thoi Bo Cong Thuong cap giay phep xuat khau (E/L) cho cac lo hang xuat khau sang My ke tu 15-3-2007 Theo do, nhom hang det may se bi giam sat la ao so mi, quan dai, boi, lot va ao len Tuy theo tung thoi ky, lien Bo co the dieu chinh va chuyen sang giam sat ma so (HS) va Cat dieu kien cho phep Viec cap yeu cau E/L thu tuc don gian, mien phi va khong gay them bat cu phien toai nao cho doanh nghiep Nha nuoc khong han che so luong xuat khau nen cac doanh nghiep yen tam nhan cac don hang lon Tuy nhien, de • • r ' giam thieu cac lo hang don gian, co don gia thap, quan ly tot qua trinh tang truong xuat khau, Bo se tong hop va hiep thuong huong dan cac doanh nghiep va Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam de xu ly cac truong hop cu the, tranh anh huong toi dai da so doanh nghiep lam an chan chinh r e a r Trong truong hop du lieu cua cac cat khong co su dot bien ve so luong '■’.AAA9 xuat khau va giam nhieu ve gia xuat khau thi cac doanh nghiep van co the xuat khau nhung lo hang co mau ma don gian, gia re 105 3.3 Dieu kien • dam bao thuc • hien • 3.3.1 Ve phia nha niroc De co the dam bao thyc hien cong cac bien phap thuc day xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky ke tren can co quyet tarn cao tir phia Nha nudc, Chinh phu, cac Bo ban nganh de doi duoc r \ nguy co Hoa Ky kien chong ban pha gia can xac dinh ro nguyen nhan co ban r r cua no Neu xac dinh dupe Hoa Ky kien chong ban pha gia vi ly chinh tri (sue ep cua doanh nghiep nudc) se khong co each nao ngan can Khi ay, theo kien, giam nhe thiet hai va chuan bi tot de co the khoi kien khuon kho WTO neu thay Hoa Ky co vi pham cac quy dinh cua WTO ve chong ban pha gia qua trinh tien hanh vu kien chong ban pha gia A Viet Nam can chu dong phat trien quan he chinh tri Viet Nam - Hoa r r Ky thong qua nhung chuyen tham cap nha nudc cua nguyen thu hai ben, td r r chuc cac cuoc gap go, tiep xue, giao luu, tim kiem co hoi md rong hpp tac kinh doanh, tang cudng hieu biet lan giua doanh nghiep va nhan dan • r ' r Viet Nam - Hoa Ky Chuyen tham cap nha nudc nhu chuyen tham cua Chu ~ _ 'A r tich nudc Nguyen Minh Triet mdi day la mot dieu kien dam bao, cung cd long tin cua cac nha dau tu va nhap khau hang det may Hoa Ky truoc nhung lo r Ar r ngai ve nguy co chong ban pha gia bdi co che giam sat cua Hoa Ky doi vdi hang det may Viet Nam Bang chung la su trd lai cua cac doanh nghiep vdi cac don hang ldn, dai han da tao len buoc phat trien lich su cua xuat khau det may Viet Nam, dua det may vupt dau trd nganh xuat khau chu luc so sau thang hoi nhap WTO Mat khac, Chinh phu Viet Nam can kiem tra cac tieu chuan de dupe cong nhan va dupe doi xu theo tu each nen kinh te thi trudng va chuan 106 bi truoc ho so theo huong Chuan bi truoc ve each xac dinh theo co so mot nuoc thu tuong tu va cac lap luan de duoc chap nhan mot cach thuc kiem tra cac dieu kien canh tranh tuong tu co loi nhat cho doanh nghiep Nham tao dieu kien thuan loi cho cac doanh nghiep san xuat xuat khau hang det may, giam bot cac thu tuc hanh chinh nhung van dam bao ngan ngua cac hanh vi gian lan thuong mai, bao ve uy tin cua hang det may Viet Nam, z 7 giam sat, quan ly hang det may xuat khau phat trien dung huong va phu hop voi thong le quoc te Bo Cong Thuong can phoi hop cac bien phap sau: - Dung viec tam nhap tai xuat, chuyen khau doi voi hang det may, ban pham det may va nguyen phu lieu det may qua Viet Nam sang Hoa Ky - Hoan thien viec noi mang dieu hanh voi Tong cuc Hai quan de co co r r r r so du lieu xuat khau hang det may vao Hoa Ky lam co so doi chieu voi so lieu cua phia Hoa Ky, dong thoi tang cudng kiem soat viec cap Chung nhan xuat xu (C/O) Su dung thong tin/du lieu cua Tong cuc Hai quan va c/o Phong Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam cap lam co so de quan ly, giam sat hang det may xuat khau sang Hoa Ky - Lap To kiem tra co dong hang det may xuat khau bao gom Bo Cong Thuong, Tong cuc Hai quan, Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam va Phong Thuong 7 mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) de thuc hien kiem tra cac doanh nghiep co dau hieu gian lan thuong mai, vi pham quy dinh ve xuat nhap khau hang det may hoac co dau hieu xuat khau tang dot bien ve so luong hang xuat hoac gia giam qua thap 107 3.3.2 Ve phia Hiep hoi va doanh nghiep xuat khau det may Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam can phoi hop chat che voi co quan Hai quan de cap nhat nhung so lieu xuat nhap khau, til- co the canh bao cac doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam ve tinh hinh lien quan den cac bien phap r r ’ chong ban pha gia b Hoa Ky va cac thi trudng xuat khau khac; to chuc he thong thong tin thi trudng Hoa Ky nham ho tro cac nd lire marketing lien ket r r giua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau; tieu chuan hoa cac chuong trinh ke toan cho cac giao dich thuong mai va thau phu; to chuc cac kenh thong tin ho tro de thuc day cac moi quan he thau phu va cung cap cac dich vu ho tro- khac De chu dong doi vdi co che giam sat va nguy co kien chong ban r a r pha gia, Hiep hoi can phai nhanh chong thue luat su quoc te, cd kha nang tranh cai ve cac van de lien quan den chong ban pha gia va quy trinh giai quyet tranh chap WTO Ben canh nhung nd luc tu phia cac bo nganh, doanh nghiep xuat khau det may can hieu biet day du va tuan thu nghiem ngat co che giam sat det may may cua Viet Nam Moi doanh nghiep can chu dong da dang hoa san pham, da dang hoa thi trudng, phoi hop chat che giua doanh nghiep vdi Hiep hoi Det may va vdi cac nha nhap khau cd quyen lpi lien quan de tranh thu sir ho tro a r r nham giam thieu thiet hai d muc thap nhat 108 KET LUAN Xuat khau det may co nhieu hinh thirc khac voi nhung iru, nhupc > < diem khac nen cac quoc gia, doanh nghiep can tim nhung bien phap thuc day xuat khau phu hop vdi dieu kien, nang lire cua minh mdi mdi gia z r r a \ r doan Ngay nay, xuat khau det may chiu su tac dong cua rat nhieu cac yeu to ben va ben ngoai nhtrng nhin chung, phat trien det may xuat khau thudng duoc gan vdi giai doan phat trien ban dau cua nen kinh te va dong vai trd chu dao qua trinh cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa d cac nudc dang phat trien Viec xoa bo han ngach xuat khau det may cd tac dong dang ke doi vdi cac nudc Xoa bo han ngach ddi vdi mat hang det may md nhung co hoi ldn dong thdi cung tao khong it thach thuc, tu nhung kinh nghiem quy gia cua cac quoc gia di truoc, Viet Nam cd the tich luy dupc nhung bai hoc quy gia Hoa Ky hoi tu day du cac yeu to cua mot thi trudng nhap khau det may khong 16 nhung cung la mot nhung quoc gia cd he thong phap luat va tu r r y phap phat trien, tinh vi va phuc tap nhat the gidi ma he qua cua nd la hau nhu t r r khong the lam an lau dai vdi cac doi tac Hoa Ky ma khong biet dupc nhung z y van de hay “rui ro” phap ly lien quan De xuat khau cong hang det may y e z e sang thi trudng Hoa Ky, dieu kien tien quyet la cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam phai nam ro dac diem thi trudng, phap luat noi chung va chinh sach nhap khau det may noi rieng Ke tu chinh thuc binh thudng hoa quan he Viet Nam - Hoa Ky cho den BTA chinh thuc cd hieu luc, kim ngach xuat khau det may cua Viet r y Nam sang thi trudng Hoa Ky da cd nhung phat trien nhay vot ve ca so lupng r ~ y va chat lupng, nhien van ton tai nhung rao can kim ham dang ke sir phat 109 triBn cua xuat khau det may Viet Nam Khi Viet Nam chinh thuc gia nhap WTO, nhung rao can duoc loai bo mb trien vong to ldn thi cung xuat hien nhung thach thuc mdi Trong thoi gian qua, Nha nudc va doanh nghiep Viet Nam da tich cuc thuc hien nhieu bien phap nham thuc day xuat khau det may sang Hoa Ky, cac bien phap chinh sach du nhieu han che xong da mang lai nhung tuu dang ke Tuy nhien, dung trudc nhung nguy co tiem an va hien huu bbi co che giam sat det may xuat khau sang thi truong Hoa Ky Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, Viet Nam can phai co nhung bien phap mdi phu hop Vdi dinh hudng, chien luoc phat trien xuat khau det may can cu vao r ' dieu kien, nang luc nganh det may Viet Nam, nhung cam ket song phuong Viet Nam - Hoa Ky Viet Nam hoi nhap WTO va dien bien cua thuc te r cua co che giam sat det may, Nha nudc, Bo ban nganh chu quan, Hiep hoi det may va doanh nghiep Viet Nam can phoi hop thuc hien dong bo cac giai Z • \ phap, nghiem tuc thuc hien va tuan thu cac cam ket nham thuc day manh me xuat khau det may Viet Nam sang thi truong Hoa Ky sau Viet Nam chinh thuc gia nhap WTO 110 Tai lieu tham khao r 1/ Bao dien tu Dang cong san Viet Nam (2006), Bao cao cua Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang khoa IX ve cac Van kien Dai hoi X cua Dang 2/ Bao cong nghiep dien tu (2006), Thi tru-ong hang may mac Hoa Ky 3/ Bao dien tu Vietnamnet (2006), Det may vao My: Nguy co bi ap thue chdng ban pha gia 4/ Bao dien tu Bo cong nghiep (2005) Quy hoach tOng the phat trien nganh cong nghiep Det - May den nam 2010 5/ Bo cong nghiep (2006) WTO va phap luat Viet Nam ve chong ban pha gia 6/ Bo thuong mai (2006) Tinh hinh thuc hien han ngach det may Viet Nam Hoa Ky 2006 7/ Bo thuong mai (2006) To chuc phan bo va dieu hanh han ngach det may 8/ Bao dien tu Dien dan doanh nghiep, Bo cong nghiep (2006), Tro cap xuat khau biet de tranh va sua 9/ Do Duc Binh, Nguyen Thuong Lang (2004) Giao trinh Kinh te quoc te, Nxb Khoa hoc va Ky thuat 10/ Nguyen Duy Bot, Co so phap iy cho hang nhap khau, hang det may vao thi truong Hoa Ky - Tap chi Kinh te va phat trien, Truong dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan, 06/2002, So 60 11/ Tran Van Chu (2006) Doanh nghiep Viet Nam voi thi truong Hoa Ky, Nxb The gidi 12/ Tran Van Chu, Nguyen Van Binh (2006) cam nang thi truong Hoa Ky, Nxb The gioi 111 13/ Hiep dinh ve Thuong mai hang det va cac san pham hang det tir bong, len, soi nhan tao, soi thirc vat ngoai bong va ter tarn giira Chinh phu Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu nghTa Viet Nam va Chinh phu Hop chung quoc Hoa Ky 14/ Hiep dinh thuong mai Viet Nam, Hoa Ky 15/ Hiep hoi Det may Viet Nam (2003) Danh gid nang luc canh tranh cua nganh Det may Viet Nam sau Hiep dinh Thuo'ng mai Viet Nam - Hoa Ky 16/ Tong cong ty Det may Viet Nam, Vien kinh te ky thuat det may (2005) Quy hoach phat trien nganh det may nam 2015, tarn nhin 2020 17/ Tran Viet Hung (2001) Cac bien phap thuc day xuat khau hang det may Viet Nam vao My, Luan van thac si kinh te, Trudng Dai hoc KTQD Ha Noi r 18/ Vo Thanh Thu (2000) Ky thuat kinh doanh xuat nhap khau 19/ Uy ban Thi hanh Hiep dinh det may (CITA), Van phong Det may, http://otexa.ita.doc.go v (2007) 112