Luận văn giải pháp phát triển ngành công nghiệp chế biến thức ăn chăn nuôi theo hướng sạch và hiệu quả tại việt nam

TRl^EVG WAI HOC KIAII TE QITOC DA1V o GJ NGUYEN VAN THANG DAI HOC KTQD TRUNGTAM THONG TIN THU VIEN ■ GIAIPHAP PHAT TRIEN NGANH CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN THlfc AN CHAN NUOI THEO HltiNG SACH VA HIEU QUA TAI VIET NAM Chuyen nganh: Kinh phat trien LUAN VAN THAC ST KINH TE • • Ngitdi hitting dan khoa hoc: PGS TS PHAM VAN VAN DAI HOC KTQD THONGmV&N'22^ I Hu Adi - 2006 MUC LUC Trang MUC LUC DANH MUC BANG, BIEU TOM TAT LUAN VAN LCJI NOI DAU CHUONG I SV CAN THIET PHAI PHAT TRIEN NGANH CONG NGHIEP CHE* BIEN THOC AN CHAN NUOI THEO Hl/CING SACH VA HIEU QUA I Khai niem va quan diem Ve thurc an chan nuoi va cong nghe che bien thu'c an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua .3 1.1 Khai niem va phan loai I Quan diem ve viec che bien thu'c an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua 1.2.1 Thu'c an chan nuoi sach 1.2.2 San xuat thu’c an chan nuoi theo hucmg hieu qua II Su can thiet phat trien nganh che bien thu'c an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua II l Vai tro cua viec six dung there an cong nghiep doi veri nganh chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua III Cac nhan to anh hucmg tdi viec san xuat thurc an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua 13 111.1 Cac nhan to anh hucmg den can bang dinh dudmg giua da luemg, vi luqng va cac acid amin 15 111.2 Nguyen lieu dau vao cho san xuat thurc an chan nuoi 17 111.3 May moc thiet bi va cong nghe 18 111.4 Chi phi luu thong, bao bi va van chuyen 19 III.5 Cac tieu chuan va he thong quan ly san xuat thurc an chan nuoi 19 IV Bai hoc kinh nghiem ve viec phat trien nghanh che bien Thurc an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua tai Thai Lan va Trung Quoc 23 CHUONG II THl/C TRANG NGANH CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN THLfC AN CHAN NUOI HIEN NAY 27 I Tong quan ve nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi d Viet Nam thdi gian qua 27 1.1 Su phat trien cua cac doanh nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi d Viet Nam 27 1.1.1 Ve so luong va quy mo san xuat cua cac doanh nghiep 27 1.1.2 Ve quy mo va co cau cua cac cong ty 28 1.1.3 Co cau cac Cong ty theo dia ban hoat dong 30 1.1.4 Nguyen nhan cua str bung no cac doanh nghiep san xuat thurc an chan nuoi 31 1.2 Toe tang trudng va co cau san pham nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi 34 1.2.1 Ve toe tang trudng thurc an chan nuoi nhung nam gan day 34 1.2.2 Co cau san pham nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi 37 II Thue trang san xuat va phan phoi thtre an chan nuoi d Viet Nam 38 11.1 Nguyen lieu dau vao cho san xuat thurc an chan nuoi 40 11.2 Thuc trang ve may moc va cong nghe san xuat 44 11.3 Thue trang khau phan phoi thurc an chan nuoi tai Viet Nam 46 11.4 Thue trang che bien thurc an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua tai Viet Nam 48 ZU Nhung han che cua nganh che bien Thurc an chan nuoi Viet Nam 54 ULI Gia thurc an chan nuoi cao 57 111.2 Chua chu dong duqc nguyen lieu san xuat nude 58 111.3 Han che khau giam sat hoat dong cua nganh che bien thurc an chan nuoi 58 111.4 Han che ve may moc thiet bi va cong nghe 59 111.5 Han che ve mat chinh sach 59 111.6 Sir danh doi giua canh tranh va doc quyen 60 CHUONG III GlAl PHAP PHAT TRIEN NGANH CONG NGHIEP CH< BIEN THUC AN chAn NUOI THEO HUCJNG sach vA hieu quA 62 I Quan diem, Phuong hucmg va muc tieu phat trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thu'c an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua 62 1.1 Co hoi va thach thu'c doi vdi viec phat trien nghanh cong nghiep che bien thuc an chan nuoi cua Viet Nam theo hucmg sach va hieu qua 62 1.2 Quan diem trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thu'c an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua tai Viet Nam 64 1.3 Phuong hucmg va muc tieu trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thu'c an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua tai Viet Nam 64 II Cac giai phap phat trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi theo hucmg sach va hieu qua 67 II Chu dong nguon nguyen lieu nude, giam su phu thuoc vao nguyen lieu nhap khau 68 11.2 Chu dong ve cong nghe va may moc thiet bi 71 11.3 Can to chuc lai khau phan phoi va luru thong 72 11.4 Tang cucmg chinh sach h6 trq cua chinh phu 73 11.5 Tang cucmg quan ly san xuat va phan phoi thurc an chan nuoi 74 11.6 Khuyen khfch phat trien chan nuoi tap trung, hieu qua de thuc day nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi phat trien 74 11.7 Tang cucmg vai tro cua hiep hoi thurc an chan nuoi viec phat trien nganh 77 KET LUAN 79 TAI LIEU THAM KHAo 80 CAC PHU LUC PHU LUC I TIEU CHUAN THUC An CHAN NUOI HON HOP HOAN CHINH CHO LON THIT 82 PHU LUC II THUC TRANG VE KHA NANG CANH TRANH sAn PHAM THIT CUA VIET NAM 87 DANH MVC BANG, BIEU Bang Bang 1: So luong cac doanh nghiep san xuat thtre an chan nuoi 27 Bang 2: So luong cac cong ty co san luong dumg dau tai Viet Nam 28 Bang 3: So luong cac cong ty tinh theo cac tinh 30 Bang 4: San luong thurc an chan nuoi da qua che bien cua toan nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi tai Viet Nam 34 Bang 5; Bang xep thtr hang mudi nude san xuat thurc an hang dau Chau A Thai Bmh Duong 35 Bang 6: Co cau san luong thtre an chan nuoi Viet Nam nam 2005 theo nhom (thuy san, gia sue, gia cam) 37 Bang 7: Tieu thu cac san pham chan nuoi blnh quan dau ngudi nam 1991 va 2001 tren the gicti va Viet Nam 38 Bang 8: So sanh giua nguyen lieu nhap khau va nude do'i vdi thuc an dam dac 41 Being 9: So sanh giua nguyen lieu nhap khau va nude doi vdi thurc an hdn hop 43 Bang 10: So luong va co cau doanh nghiep cd may moc thiet bi theo cong suat 44 Bang 11: So sanh giua gia xuat xudng tai nha may va gia tdi tay ngudi chan nuoi 46 Being 12: So lieu dieu tra lay m&u 20 loai thtre an chan nuoi tren thi trudng so vdi mot so' tieu chuan hien hanh 49 Being 13: Danh muc cac chat klch thfch, khang sinh cam sur dung TACN 51 Being 14: So sanh mot so' chi phi san xuat va luu thong giua Viet Nam, Trung Quo'c va Thai Lan 53 Bang 15: So sanh he so FCR giua Viet Nam,Trung Qud'c va Thai Lan 54 Being 16: Xep hang mudi qud'c gia cd san luong thit Ion (heo) ldn nhat the gidi 60 Bi6u Bieu 1: Xac dinh can doi giua vi luong va da luong (chua dua thurc an cong nghiep vao chan nuoi) Bien 2: Khi thurc an chan nuoi duqc bo sung vi luong va van gift nguyen chat da luong Bieu 3: Quy trinh san xuat va luu thong thurc an chan nuoi tai Viet Nam 14 Bieu 4: Bieu can doi acid amin khong can bang 16 Bieu 5: Bieu can doi acid amin can bang 16 Bieu 6: Su phat trien nganh cong nghiep chie bien thurc an chan nuoi cua Trung Quoc va Thai Lan 25 Bieu 7: Co ca'u san luong cua 12 doanh nghiep ldn nhat so vdi tong san luong cua cac doanh nghiep lai .29 Bieu 8: San luong thtrc an chan nuoi toan cau qua cac nam 36 Bieu 9: San luong thtrc an chan nuoi binh quan dau ngudi tren toan cau 36 Bieu 10: Ty le nguyen lieu san xuat nude va nhap khau san xuat thtrc an dam dac 42 Bieu 11: Ty le nguyen lieu san xuat nude va nhap khau san xuat thurc an hdn hop 44 Bieu 12: San xuat va phan phoi cua nganh cong nghiep che bien thurc an chan nuoi Viet Nam hien 55 mfiW DAI HOC KIMI Til QUOC OAX (DZH «e? NGUYEN VAN THANG GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN NGANH CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN THlfc AN CHAN NUOI THEO HU&NG SACH VA HIEU QUA TAI Vl|T NAM ChuySn nganh: Kinh phat tridn LUAN VAN THAC ST KINH TE* • • TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC ST • • Ha J&i - 2OOG i Ldl NOI DAU Tinh cfip thidt cua dd tai Nude ta la mot nude cd ty nong nghiep kha ldn vay viec phat trien nganh chan nuoi vba cd y nghTa kinh te va xa hoi cao vi giai quyet dupe viec lam d khu vuc nong thon Tuy nhien xu hudng hien nhu cau thi trudng va ngoai nude doi hoi san pham che bien tur chan nuoi phai dam bao tieu chuan chat luong va cd gia ca canh tranh, de dat dupe yeu cau doi hoi nhung nganh dau vao phuc vu cho chan nuoi phai dat dupe hai yeu cdu dam an toan cho vat nuoi de tir an toan cho ngudi su dung thit va hieu qua kinh te cao chan nuoi Chinh vi the ma viec dinh hudng phat trien nganh che bien there an chan nuoi sach va hieu qua phuc vu cho viec chan nuoi cd y nghta to ldn Viec tac gia lua chon ten de tai “Giai phap phat trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thde an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua tai Viet Nam” bdi vi bat cd mot quoc gia nao phat trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thde an chan nuoi deu phai quan tarn tdi hai van de sach va hieu qua cua thde an chan nuoi Tong quan cac cong trinh nghien cufu cd lien quan ddn de tai Day la mot linh vuc rat mdi d Viet Nam chinh vi vay hien chua cd cong trinh khoa hoc nghien cdu ve khia canh nay, ma chu yeu chi cd cac bai tham luan tren “Dac san khoa hoc ky thuat thuc an chan nuoi” cua Hiep hoi thde an chan nuoi Viet Nam phat hanh Muc tieu nghien curu cua dd tai Danh gia thuc trang cua nganh tren co so thuan lpi va han che cung nhu nguy co ve khia canh sach va hieu qua th dua giai phap khSc phuc Pham vi nghien cCru cua dd tai + De tai nghien cdu toan bo nganh cong nghiep che bien thde an chan nuoi bao gom cac phan kinh te tham gia Phuong phap nghien cCru: Thong ke, dieu tra, phan tich tong hop Ket cau de tai gom chuong: Chuang I: Su can thiet phai phat trien nganh che bien thde an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua Chuang II: Thuc trang nganh cong nghiep che bien thde an chan nuoi hien Chuang III: Giai phap phat trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thde an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua ii Chucfng I SU CAN THIET PHAl PHAT TRIEN NGANH CONG NGHIEP ■ • che' bien thUc An chAn nuoi theo huOng sach vA hieu quA I KHAI NIEM VA QUAN DIEM VE THIJfC An CHAN NUOI VA CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN THUC An CHAN NUOI THEO HUONG SACH VA HIEU QUA Khai niem va phfln logi - Thitc an chan nuoi cong nghiep: la loai thu'c an da duoc che bien va phoi tron theo mot ty le nhat dinh giua cha't da luong va vi luong nhSm dap ting toi uu nhat cho vat nuoi va moi trudng tir tang nang suat va chat luong vat nuoi Chat vi lucmg la cac acid amin va cac khoang chat thiet yeu cho vat nuoi, cac chat thudng phai dieu che hoac pha tron thong qua cac cong ty san xuat Chat da luong la cac chat cung cap nang luong cho vat nuoi, cac chat chu yeu la san pham tir nong nghiep (San, Ngo, khoai, lua gao, dau tuong, kho cai, kho lac, bot thit, bot c Thitc an chan nuoi dam dac: Thu'c an chan nuoi dam dac la thu'c an cd ty le cac chat vi luong rat cao, vat nuoi khong the an duoc ma phai phoi tron them cac chat da luong nhu(ngo, san, gao ) vat nuoi mdi an duoc Loai thuc an ngudi chan nuoi mua ve va tron vdi cac nong san ma ho san xuat duoc Hien tai Viet Nam loai thu’c an rat bien vi ngudi chan nuoi van chan nuoi theo kieu ban cong nghiep la bien va theo quy mo nhd, ho tan dung cac nguyen lieu nong san ma ho san xua't - Thitc an chan nuoi hon hop: Thu'c an chan nuoi hdn hop loai thu'c an ma nha san xuat da che bien diiy du va can doi giua chat da luong va vi luong vay vat nuoi an true tiep ma khong phai them ba't cd mot chat nao nua Day la mot loai thu'c an bien va rat dd su dung nhat 1.2 Quan diem v€ viec ch§ bidn thUc an chan nu6i theo hudng sach va hieu qua 1.2 Thitc an chan nuoi sach Noi den Thuc an chan nuoi sach, khong phai noi den gia tri dinh dudng tot cua san pham, khong phai noi den dac tinh ky thuat dat tieu chuan nhu kfch thudc va cung cua thu’c an vien, cua thu'c an bot, huong thorn, ma noi den su an toan cua nd cho dong vat, cho moi trudng (lien quan tdi su thai phan nude tieu) va an toan cho ngudi tieu dung cac san pham cam khong duoc sir dung san xuat thu'c an chan nudi hoac cho phep su dung nhung phai theo ty le quy dinh 1.2.2 San xudt thurc an chan nudi theo hudng hieu qua nang sir dung cung nhu bao quan cua thu'c an chan nuoi): - FCR: He so tieu ton thu'c an tren 01 kg tang trong, FCR = Tong thu’c an tieu ton / Tong so tang 75 thira nang luong, thieu protein nghiem trong, khdng can doi khoang, vitamin, acid amin dan den lang phi 20-25% thu'c an, hieu qua kinh te tha'p Giai phap quan tang cudng dao tao, tap huan ky thuat, tuyen truyen cho nong dan, xay dung mb hinh chan nudi co hieu qua Can bo ky thuat chuyen nganh chan nudi, hang nam cung phai duoc tap huah, ve tien bo ky thuat mdi dinh dudng thu'c an chan nudi Thudng xuyen tiep can thdng tin, kien thu'c mdi chuyen nganh thu'c an chan nudi thdng qua tap chi dac san cua Hoi Chan nudi Viet Nam va Hiep hoi Thurc an chan nudi Viet Nam Bien phap phong chong dich het sue cap thiet, vira dam bao dap duoc dich nhanh, vira bao ve lqi fch kinh te cua dan Do chi dao cong tac thu y chua tot, thudng xuyen xay dich, mot so' dia phuong dua bien phap cam doan ca nhung noi chua cd dich, nhung trang trai khdng cd dich khdng duoc luu thong san pham, rat kho khan cho ngudi chan nudi Neu khdng can nhdc ky qua, cam doan cue doan, khdng nhung gay toi ldi ve kinh te cho nhieu gia dinh, nhieu chu trai to chufc chan nudi tap trung ma gay thiet hai chung cho nen kinh te dat nudc (vu cum gia cam nam 2004 la mot dien hinh) Thuc te hien nhieu chu trang trai khdng dam md rong dau tu chan nudi tap trung, chu dong chuyen von sang kinh doanh nganh nghe khac vi cong tac thu y chong dich cua co quan huu trach, nhieu la rao can, gay rui ro ldn cho chan nuoi quy mo tap trung chung ta dang hudng tdi phat trien nen chan nudi tap trung - Nhu da phan tich d chuong II mot nhung nguyen nhan dfin den viec thi trudng thurc an chan nuoi Viet Nam rat Ion xon la so luqng cac doanh nghiep tham gia vao san xuat linh vuc cd quy md rat chenh lech dan den nhung doanh nghiep vira va nhd dau tu khdng dong bo ve cong nghe vay van de san xuat san pham tot rat han che Mat khac cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd ho sir dung cac chat khang sinh rat bira bai lam cho thi trudng thu'c an chan nudi Viet Nam ton tai mot luqng khdng nhd cac san pham 76 thiic an khong dam bao an toan den tay ngudi chan nuoi Ma nguyen nhan chmh la cac trang trai nho va ho gia dinh khong co thong tin va kinh nghiem de phan biet duoc dau la thdc an chan nudi tot va khong tot vay ho v&n dung cac san pham khong dam bao vao viec chan nuoi cua minh Do vay de giai quyet duoc van de chung ta cung phai theo kinh nghiem cua Thai Lan la phai tap trung chan nuoi cac trang trai quy mo ldn vi da tap trung chan nuoi 1cm thi cac chu trang trai co du thong tin va kien thiic lua chon duoc cac san pham thiic an chan nuoi co uy tin dam bao an toan va ttr khong thi trudng tieu thu cho cac san pham thiic an chan nudi khong dam bao chat luong va luc cac doanh nghiep khong du nang luc san xuat se tu ddng cua va cung theo dudng di trudc cua Trung Quoc cac doanh nghiep se tu rut khdi thi trudng ho khong the ban duoc cac san pham ma ho san xuat khong dam bao an toan cho siic khde cong ddng va so luong doanh nghiep tham gia vao thi trudng se giam xuong theo quy luat cua cac quoc gia di trudc va thi trudng thiic an chan nuoi se duoc lap lai trat tu on dinh hon cd nhu vay nen chan nudi cua Viet Nam mdi du siic canh tranh tren san nha va xuat khau ke ca ve gia va chat luong De phat trien duoc viec chan nudi tap trung theo quy md trang trai ldn, trudc het ve phia cac doanh nghiep phai chu dong ket hop vdi cac dai ly phan phoi cua minh xay dung cac mo hinh trang trai mSu Hien cd hai cong ty lien doanh la CP Group va Calgil thuc hien rat tot theo each sau: + Doanh nghiep dau tu ve ky thuat, mo hinh chuan cho cac dai ly cua minh xay dung, cac cong ty ho tro dai ly ve mat ky thuat nhu cd can bo ky thuat cua minh xuong hudng dan va giam sat thudng xuyen ket hop vdi viec phat trien thi trudng khu vuc, sau dd md hinh mSu hoat dong tot se tieu thu duoc san pham cua cong ty va keo theo cac chu trang trai khac khu vuc den hoc tap va phat trien Day la each phat trien trang trai ldn va hieu qua ma hai tap doan da ap dung Ly de each lam hieu qua la mdi quan he giua dai ly phan phoi hang vdi cong ty rat gan bo vi ho thudng 77 xuyen lam viec vdi va co tin cay cao va ho co cung muc tieu la muon md rong thi trudng Xay dung cac md hinh trang trai chuan va su dung san pham cua ho se khuyen khich cac trang trai nhd phat trien theo mo hinh cua ho va th lam cho quy mo trang trai cang phat trien, khuyen khich viec chan nudi tap trung Ve phfa nha nudc, can cd co che ve dat dai thuan lpi de cac ho chan nudi don ruong, doi thua, dac biet la van de chuyen doi quydn su dung dat til dat canh tac cay nong nghiep kem hieu qua tai nhung vung trung de ho nong dan chuyen sang dau tu theo md hinh dam ho - vudn - chuong ma hien van de rat nhieu bat cap, vay chua tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho cac chu trang trai dau tu xay dung trang trai theo quy md ldn Dac biet la van de cap giay quyen su dung dat hien tai rat kho khan thu tuc rudm ra, mat nhidu thdi gian, chi phi de cac chu trang trai cd dupe quyen su dung dat la kha ldn ma nguyen nhan chinh la rudm khau cap phep Khi chua cd quyen su dung dat thi cac chu trang trai khdng the yen tarn dau tu xay dung Mat khac, chua cd giay phep quyen su dung dat thi chu trang trai khdng the the chap ngan hang de vay von, ma day la mot yeu cau bat buoc cua cac ngan hang thuong mai Chinh vong luan quan da lam cham viec phat trien cac trang trai tai cac vung dat canh tac cay nong nghiep khdng hieu qua hien 11.7 Tang cudng vai trd cua hiep hoi thurc an chan nudi viec phat trien nganh Bo NN&PTNT va Sd Nong nghiep va PTNT cac tinh nen xem cac td chufc Hiep hoi, hoi, doanh nghiep nganh la bo phan to chut san xuat phat trien kinh te nong nghiep cua dat nudc thdi gian tdi, ung ho thuc su, doanh nghiep chan nudi, doanh nghiep thu'c an tien tien, hang dau nganh td chut vung chan nudi “lien gia”, cung vdi ho chan nudi quy md tap trung, ho chan nudi nhd, le Dau tu dau vao hpp dong tieu thu san pham dau ra, de day manh chan nudi: nang suat cao, chat lupng tot, an toan thuc pham, gia hpp ly, hieu qua kinh te, bao ve moi trudng, chap nhan canh tranh 78 Hien nganh cong nghiep che bien thuc an chan nudi da co Hiep hoi cua minh duoc lap tir nam 2001 co ten la "Hiep hoi thuc an chan nudi Viet Nam" Tuy nhien, viec Hiep hoi hoat dong chtra hieu qua va chtra hd trq duqc cac doanh nghiep vay so vien cua Hiep hoi rat ft Hien chi co khoang 1/3 so luqng doanh nghiep che bien thtrc an chan nudi tham gia vao hiep hoi lai cac doanh nghiep chua tham gia ly la tham gia vao Hiep hoi, cac doanh nghiep chua thay duqc lqi fch cua minh, vi hien tai theo Tien sy Le Dang Doanh chuyen vien cao cap chinh phu cho biet "Hien tai Hiep hoi hoat dong chua hieu qua la cac Hiep hoi chu yeu la nhung ngudi lam quan ly hoac ky thuat sau nghi quan ly thi dung lam Hiep hoi Do vay ve kien thitc kinh doanh cung nhu chien litqc ve thi trudng thuc teyeu dan den cac Hiep hoi chu yen lai quay ve lam chdc nang quan ly va hanh chinh vay khong khuyen khich duqc cac Hoi vien tham gia" va Hiep hoi thuc an chan nudi Viet Nam cung vay dan den chu yeu hien Hiep hoi chi lam cong cac hanh chfnh phu la viet tap chf, to chdc cac cudc Hoi thao chuyen do chua lam duqc chdc nang hudng dan va hd trq cac doanh nghiep che bien thurc an chan nudi di dung muc tieu cua nganh dd khong thong nhat duqc van de san xuat va cam ket chat luqng dua thi trudng Ma nhung nam tdi dac biet la hoi nhap WTO thi vai tro Hiep hoi cang trd nen quan vay viec thay doi cor che hoat dong cua Hiep hoi la van de het sure quan gop phan dSn ddt cac doanh nghiep san xuat thde an chan nudi di theo muc tieu cua nganh la dua thi trudng nhung san pham sach va hieu qua 79 KET LUAN - Thdi gian gia nhap WTO da den, siic ep canh tranh san pham chan nuoi thit, triing, sua se rat quyet liet, du da rat muon nhung van hon khong co, de nghi Bo NN- PTNT trinh chmh phu dau tu chuong trinh phat trien nganh cong nghiep che bien thiic an chan nuoi theo hudng sach va hieu qua (uu tien phat trien gia cam, Ion, bo thit, bo sua) Ve bien phap dac biet uu tien, dau tu hai chuong trinh quan hang dau: thu y va thtre an chan nuoi nhSm muc tieu tang nang suat, chat luong, dam bao an toan thuc pham, hieu qua kinh te, bao ve moi trudng Gia nhap WTO san pham thit, triing se la nong san dau tien phai co sat canh tranh gay gat tren thi trudng noi dia ma nen theo hudng sach va hieu qua, can duoc cac cap, cac nganh tap trung chi dao cac doanh nghiep va ho chan nudi Quyet khong “thua” tren san nha./ 80 tAi lieu tham khAo Le Xuan Dinh, Ndng nghiep Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap quoc te, Tap chi Cong san so 11 (6 - 2000) Vu Trong Lam, Ndng cao site canh tranh cua cdc doanh nghiep tien trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 2006 Bao an ninh Thu Bo Nong nghiep va phat trien ndng thon (2005), Cong bo tieu chuan thiic an chan nuoi Viet Nam Bo NN&PTNT (3/2004), De an ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh cua hang nong lam thuy sdn Viet Nam, Ha Noi Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, Tap chi Kinh teva phat trien Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, Giao trinh Kinh tephat trien Dien dan gia nhap WTO: Cdc bao cao tham luan cua Bo NN&PTNT, Bo Thuy sdn, Bo Lao dong thuong binh - xa hoi, Ha Noi 2004 Hiep hoi Chan nuoi Viet Nam (2004, 2005, 2006), Dac san khoa hoc ky thuat thdc an chan nudi cdc sd 1, 2, 3, nam 2004, 2005, 2006 10 Nha Xuat ban Thong ke (2004, 2005, 2006), Nien giam thong ke nam 2004, 2005, 2006 11 Ngan hang the gidi, Tap chi Kinh te the gidi 12 Thdi bao kinh te Viet Nam 13 Tong cue thong ke, Phan tich thuc trang chi phi trung gian nganh cong nghiep nhung nam qua, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi 2005 81 14 Tong cue thong ke, Thitc trang doanh nghiep qua ket qua dieu tra nam 2002, 2003, 2004, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi 2005 15 Tong cue thong ke, Thuc trang doanh nghiep qua ket qua dieu tra nam 2003, 2004, 2005, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi 2005 16 Tong cue thong ke, Dong thdi va thuc trang kinh te- xa hoi 2001 - 2005, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi 2006 17 Tong cue thong ke, Bao cao chat luqng tang trudng kinh te, Vien khoa hoc Thong ke, Ha Noi 2005 18 Tong cue thong ke, Tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi Viet Nam 10 nam 1991 - 2000, NXB Thong ke, Ha Noi 2001 82 Cac phu tyc PHU LUC I TIEU CHUAN THlfc AN CHAN NUOI HON HOP HOAN CHiNH CHO LON THIT (Ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh 3513 QD/BNN- KHCN 14 thang 12 nam 2005 cua Bo trudng Bo Nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon) Pham vi doi tirong sir dung 1.1 Tieu chuan quy dinh cac yeu cau ve chat luong va an toan ve sinh cua thu'c an hdn hop hoan chinh cho Ion thit 1.2 Tieu chuan ap dung vdi cac co sd san xuat kinh doanh thu'c an chan nudi tren pham vi ca nudc Yeu cau ky thuat 1.3 Chi tieu cam quan Thurc an hdn hop hoan chinh cho Ion thit co cac chi tieu cam quan duoc quy dinh tai Bang Bang 1: Cac chi tieu cam quan cua thurc an hdn hop hoan chinh cho Ion thit STT chi tieu Hinh dang ben ngoai Yeu cau Dang bot, dang manh hoac dang vien Phan lai tren mat sang co dudng kinh Id 2mm doi kfch co hat nghien (ap dung cho there an dang bot) vdi Ign va 3mm doi vdi cac nhom Ion lai,% khoi luong khdng ldn hdn Thurc an cd mau sac, mui vi dac trung cua cac nguyen Mau sac va mui vi lieu phoi che, khdng cd mui moc, mui hoi va mui la khac Vat ngoai lai sac canh Khdng dugc phep 2.2 Cac chi tieu chat luong thu'c an hdn hop hoan chinh cho Ion thit cd cac chi tieu hoa hoc va gia tri dinh dudng duoc quy dinh d Bang 83 Bang 2: Cac chi tieu ve phan hoa hoc va gia tri dinh dudng thtrc an hdn hop cho lorn thit Giai doan sinh trudng x Loai Ion So Sau Lon choai Lpn vo beo (15- 30 kg) (30- 60 kg) (> 60 kg) TT Lon lai Chi tieu Lon Lpn (ngoai Ngoai (ngoai (ngoai ngoai ngoai X noi) Lpn lai Lpn lai Lpn X noi) X noi) Do am, tinh theo % khdi lupng, 14,0 khong ldn hon Nang lupng trao do’i, Kcal/ kg, 3000 2900 3000 2900 3000 2900 17,0 16,0 15,0 14,0 13,0 12,0 6,0 6,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 8,0 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,3 khong nho hon Ham luong protein tho,% khdi luong khong nho hon Ham lupng xo tho,% khdi lupng, khong ldn hon Ham lupng lyzin,% khdi lupng, khdng ldn hon Ham lupng metionin+ xystin,% khdi lupng, khdng nho hon Ham lupng canxi,% khdi lupng, 0,8 den 1,2 khoang Ham lupng phot tong so,% 0,6 khdi lupng, khdng nho hon Ham lupng muoi (NaCI) hoa tan nudc,% khdi lupng, 0,2 den 1,0 khoang Ham lupng dong(Cu), mg/ kg, den 175 10 khoang den 100 84 Ham li/crng sat(Fe), mg/kg,trong 11 80 den 1250 khoang Ham luong kem(Zn), mg/kg 12 50 den 250 khoang Ham luong (Mn), mangan 13 den 250 mg/kg,trong khoang Ham lirong coban(Co) mg/kg, 14 10 khong ldn hon Ham lirgng iot(l), mg/kg, 0,15 den 300 15 khoang Ham lirgng selen(sen), mg/kg, 16 0,25 den 0,50 0,15 den 0,50 0,10 den 0,50 khoang Ham 17 lirgng cat khong tan (khoang san axit HCI), %, khoi lirgng, khong ldn hon 18 Vitamin va cac chat dinh dudng khac Theo quy dinh hien hanh 2.3 cac chi tieu ve sinh thiic an hdn hop hoan chinh cho Ion thit co cac chi tieu ve sinh dupe quy dinh tai bang Bang 3: Cac chi tieu ve sinh cua thiic an hdn hpp hoan chinh cho Ipn thit Cac chi tieu SoTT Yeu cau Sau, mot, bo , sd Khong co 1kg Tong sd vi sinh vat hieu Theo quy dinh hien hanh - E Coli Khong cd 1g thdc an - Salmonena Khong cd 1g thdc an Ham lirgng aflatoxin tong sd, ppb, khong ldn hern 100 Hooc mon hoac cac chat tong hgp hoa hoc co Khong dugc phep hoat tinh tuong tu hooc mon 85 Cac kim loai nang - Thu^ ngan(Hg), mg/kg, khong Icfn hon 0,1 - Asen(As),mg/kg, khong ldn hon 0,2 - Cadimi(Cd), mg/kg.khong ldn hon 0,5 - Chi (Pb), mg/kg, khong ldn hon 5,0 Cac chat doc hai khac Theo quy dinh hien hanh Khang sinh Theo quy dinh hien hanh Cac phuong phap thu 3.1 Phuong phap lay mSu theo TCVN 4325-85 3.2 Phtrong phap xac dinh cac chi tieu ve phan hoa hoc va gia tri dinh duong: * Hinh dang, mau sSc, mui vi theo TCVN 1532- 86 * Do am theo TCVN 4326- 86 • nang luong trao doi tinh theo cong thu'c Bo nong nghiep va PTNT qui dinh • ham luqng protein tho theo TCVN 4328- 86 • ham luqng xo tho theo TCVN 4329- 93 • ham luqng canxi theo TCVN 1526- 86 • ham luqng phot theo TCVN 1525- 86 • ham luqng cat san theo TCVN 4327- 93 • ham luqng axft amin theo cac phuong phap hien hanh • ham luqng cac nguyen to khoang vi luqng theo cac phuong phap thong dung hien hanh • klch co hat nghien theo TCVN 1535-93 • sau bp, mot theo TCVN 1540- 86 • salmonena theo TCVN 5153-90 86 • E Coli theo TCVN 5155-90 • Aflatoxin theo TCVN4804- 89 • Vat ngoai lai sac canh theo TCVN 1532- 86 • Ham luqng hooc mon theo cac phtrong thong dung hien hanh • Ham luong khang sinh va cac doc hai khac theo cac phuong phap thong dung hien hanh Bao goi, ghi nhan, van chuyen va bao quan 4.1 Bao goi Thde an hdn hop hoan chinh cho lqn thit duqc dong goi bao PE, PP hoac xo nhua co day nip kin cac loai bao bi neu tren phai ben, khong rac, khong co chat doc hai va khong mang man benh 4.2 Ghi nhan Theo Quyet dinh so 178/1999/QD-TTg 30/08/1999 cua thu tudng chinh phu ve quy che ghi nhan hang hoa luu thong nudc va hang hoa xuat, nhap khau va thong tu so 75/2000/TT-BNN-KNKL 17/7/2000 cua bo nong nghiep va PTNT hudng dan thuc hien quyet dinh tren 4.3 Bao quan va van chuyen Thde an hdn hqp hoan chinh cho lqn thit duqc bao quan kho kho, sach cd be ke, thoang mat va da duqc tay trung thdi gian bao quan san pham khdng qua thang ke td san xuat Phuong tien van chuyen thde an hdn hqp hoan chinh cho lqn thit phai dam bao kho, sach khdng nhidm doc hai hoac cac vi sinh vat gay benh di qua cac vung co dich benh gia sdc- gia cam phai thuc hien theo hudng din cua co quan thu y cd tham quyen 87 Phy luc II THUC TRANG VE KHA NANG CANH TRANH SAN PHAM TH|T CUA VIET NAM Bang thay ddi chinh sach thue va kha ndng canh tranh xudt khau sdn pham thit cua Viet Nam sd lieu nam 2004 DVT thit bo thit ldn Gia cam Kha nang canh tranh xuat khau cua Viet Nam Gia buon ban thit noi dia cua Viet Nam(thit moc ham) dong/kg 38.244 25.065 34.137 - chi phi che bien xuat khau % 10 10 10 - trg cap xuat khau dong/kg 750 dong/kg 42.047 26.821 377.551 % 20 20 20 Gia XK cua VN cap cang nudc ngoai (HK) dong/kg 50.456 32.185 45.061 Gia noi dia cua my (thit hoi) USD/kg 1,649 0,782 0,767 72 74 82 2,290 1,057 0,935 35 35 35 3,092 1,427 1,263 20 20 20 Gia xuat khau tai cang VN(thit moc ham) - chi phi xuat khau - he chuyen doi % USD/kg - chi phi che bien % Gia ban buon cua my(thit moc ham) USD/kg - chi phi xuat khau % Gia XK cua my cap cang nudc ngoai(HK) USD/kg 3.710 1,713 1,515 Gia XK cua my quy doi theo chat luong tuong duong dong/kg 46.596 26.892 23.790 8.3 19.7 89.4 38.224 25.065 34.137 % 10 10 10 dong 0 42.047 27.571 37.551 20 20 20 50.456 33.085 45.061 8,3 23,0 89,4 - ty le chenh lech so vdi gia my % Thay doi chinh sach- dua tren gia 2004 Gia buon noi dia cua VN(thit mdc ham) - chi phi che bien xuat khau - tro cap xuat khau dong/kg dong/kg Gia xuat khau tai cang VN(thit mdc ham) - chi phi xuat khau % Gia xuat khau cua VN cap cang nudc ngoai(HK) - ty le chenh lech so vdi gia my dong/kg % (Nguon bao an ninh thu dd 07107106) 88 * Do chat luong thit bo cua Viet Nam thap hon nhieu so vdi cua my, de dam bao su so sanh dong nhat chung ta gia dinh mot ty le chuyen doi pham cap la 0,8 * Ty gia hoi doai danh nghia cua Viet Nam nam 2004 la 15.700 dong/USD Nguon: TCTK Viet Nam, so lieu USD va tinh toan gia dinh cua d day de thay ro hon van de nay, chung ta gia dinh gia xuat khau cua my la gia cua doi thu canh tranh chung ta xuat sang Hong Kong Trong ca hai trudng hop co va khong co chinh sach tu hoa thuong mai, gia xuat khau cua Viet Nam sang Hong Kong cao hon nhieu so vdi gia cua My, dao dong td 8% doi vdi ga thit den gan 90% so vdi thit bo, dieu cho thay kha nang canh tranh xuat khau cac san pham thit cua Viet Nam la rat thap khong chi ve gia ma co ca cac van de chat luong, an toan ve sinh thuc pham Ma nguyen nhan la chi phi ve thu’c an cua Viet Nam cao Cu the theo gia Ngo vao thang 04/2006 tai thi trudng Viet Nam la (2.8 trieu VND/ tan tai My la 90,7 USD/ tan tuong duong 1,5 trieu VND/ tan) Bang: Thay doi chinh sach thue va kha nang canh tranh nhap khau san pham thit hoi cau Viet Nam, so lieu 2004 DVT thit bo thit lon Gia cam Gia ban buon thit noi dia cua Vi&t Nam(thit moc ham) dong/kg 38.244 25.065 34.137 Gia noi dia cua my(thit hoi) USD/kg 1,649 0.782 0,7670 He chuyen doi sang thit moc ham % 72 74 82 - chi phi che bien(thit tuoi udp lanh) USD/kg 2,290 1,057 0,935 % 40 40 40 USD/kg 3,206 1,480 1,309 % 25 25 25 USD/kg 4,008 1,850 1,637 % 0,80 dong/kg 50,335 29.050 25.699 % 30 30 30 Gia ban buon noi dia cua my(thit moc ham) - chi phi XK(thit tuoi udp lanh) Gia xuat khau cua my cap cang VN(thit moc ham) - he so quy doi pham cap tuong duong - thue xuat nhap khau 89 Gia nhap khau vao thi trudng VN - chenh lech gia dong/kg 65.335 37.765 33.408 % 71,2 50,7 -2,1 dong/kg 50.335 29.050 25.699 % 15 15 15 dong/kg 57.886 33.407 19.554 % 51 33 -13 Thay doi chinh sach- dua tren gia 2004 Gia xuat khau cua my den cang VN(thit moc ham) - thue xuat nhap khau Gia nhap vao thi trudng VN - chenh lech gia * Do chat luong thit bo cua Viet Nam thap hon nhieu so vdi my de dam bao su so sanh dong nhat chung ta gia dinh mot ty le chuyen doi pham cap la 0,8 * Ty gia hoi doai danh nghia cua Viet Nam nam 2004 la 15.700 dong/USD Nguon: TCTK Viet Nam so lieu USD va tinh toan gia dinh cua Viet Nam gia nudc cao cung khong co nghia se co loi the neu nhap khau, vi hien ngudi tieu dung Viet Nam van ua thich tieu thu thit tuoi giong noi Ben canh chi phi van chuyen marketing cao hon cung la nhung van de kho khan, qua hai bang tren cho thay thue nhap khau giam mot nua (th 30 xuong 15%) gia nhap khau th ben ngoai vao Viet Nam , vi du nhu th My cung tuong doi cao nhat la gia thit bo va thit lon phan tich “ so sanh tinh gian don” dua tren so lieu nam 2004 cho thay ro hon ve kha nang canh tranh hien tai cua nganh chan nuoi va cac san pham thit Khai niem “ canh tranh gia tinh” ng&n han duoc su dung nhu diem bat dau mo hinh can bang thing phan chinh sach thuong mai giam thue va nhung thay doi gia the gidi se anh hudng tdi cung cau cac san pham thit cua Viet Nam Tuy nhien vdi gia tri “ mdc gia nudc” ban dau cao neu khong su thay doi ldn cung cau thit the gidi hay nudc cac san pham thit the gidi hay nudc, cac san pham chan nuoi cua Viet Nam rat kho co the nang cao kha nang xuat khau