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TRUONG DA I HO C KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ ■ ^>03 © DA! HOC KTQD ~ TT THONG TIN THt V1EN PHONG LU AN AN • TU > LIEU NGUYEN THI TU ANH DINH HUANG XUAT KHAU BEN VUNG CUA VIET NAM ■ ■ TRONG DIEU KlEN TOAN CAU HOA DEN NAM 2020 ■ CHUYfiN NGANH: kin i t6 phAt trien LU AN VAN THAC SY KINH TE • • Ngu'di hu’dng dan khoa hoc: PGS.TS LE HUY DUC HA NO I-2013 ■ LOI CAM DOAN Toi xin cam doan luan van "Dinh huong xuat khdu ben vung cua Viet Nam dieu kien todn can hoa den ndm 2020” la cong trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc doc lap chi'nh tac gia there hien dudi sir giup cua giao vien huong dan, khong chep d bat ky mot cong trinh nao khac, cac so lieu phan anh ban luan van la trung there va chinh xac, co nguon goc ro rang Hci Noi, thang ndm 2013 Nguffi viet Nguyen Thi Til Anh LOI CAM ON Tac gid xin chan cam on cac Thay giao, Co giao cua Truong Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, dac diet la thay giao PGS TS Le Huy Due da tan tinh huong dan, giup tac gid hoan ban luan van Tran trong! MUC LUC • • LOI CAM DOAN LOI CAM ON DANH MUC CHU VIET TAT DANH MUC BANG, BlEU TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOI MO DAU CHUONG I NHU’NG VAN DE CHUNG VE XUAT KHAU BEN VUNG TRONG DIEU KIEN TOAN CAU HOA 1.1 Quan niem ve xuat khau 1.1.1 Khai niem ve xuat khau 1.1.2 Cac ly thuyet ve thuong mai quoc te 1.2 Quan niem ve xuat khau ben vung 12 1.2.1 Khai niem, noi dung cua xuat khau ben vung 12 1.2.2 Cac tieu chi danh gia xuat khau ben vung 16 1.3 Cac nhan to anh hudng den xuat khau ben vung 22 1.3.1 Cac nhan to thuoc moi trudng quoc te 22 1.3.2 Cac nhan to thuoc moi truong nude 32 1.4 Su can thiet phai dinh hudng xuat khau bdn vung d Viet Nam den 2020 37 1.4.1 Vai trd cua Nha nude quan ly hoat dong xuat khau 37 1.4.2 Sir can thiet phai dinh hudng xuat khau ben vung d Viet Nam den nam 2020 39 CHUONG II THUC TRANG XUAT KHAU CUA VIET NAM TRONG THOI GIAN QUA (2001 - 2010) 45 2.1 Thue trang xuat khau cua Viet Nam thdi gian qua (2001 - 2010) 45 2.1.1 Quy mo va nhip tang trudng xuat khau 45 2.1.2 Co cau mat hang xuat khau 50 2.1.3 Co cau thi trudng xuat khau 49 2.2 Danh gia tinh ben vtrng cua hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam thdi gian qua ( 2001 - 2010) 54 2.2.1 Danh gia tinh ben vung cua hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam tren khia canh kinh te 54 2.2.2 Danh gia tinh ben vung cua hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam tren khia canh xa hoi 57 2.2.3 Danh gia ti'nh ben vung cua hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam tren khia canh moi truong 61 2.3 Danh gia hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam thbi gian qua (2001-2010) 64 2.3.1 Thanh tun 64 2.3.2 Ton tai va han che 66 2.3.3 Nguyen nhan cua nhung ton tai 71 CHUONG III DINH HUONG VA GIAI PHAP PHAT TRlEN XUAT KHAU BEN VUNG CUA VIET NAM TRONG DIEU KIEN TOAN CAU HOA DEN NAM 2020 75 3.1 Phan tich xu huong bien dong cua kinh te the gioi va su tac dong den xuat khau cua Viet Nam dieu kien toan cau hoa den nam 2020 75 3.1.1 Xu huong van dong va phat trien cua kinh te the gioi va thuong mai the gioi 75 3.1.2 Du bao ve thi truong xuat khau cua Viet Nam dieu kien toan cau hoa den nam 2020 77 3.1.3 Du bao kha nang xuat khau cua Viet Nam den nam 2020 80 3.1.4 Tong hop cac co hoi - thach thuc, diem manh - diem yeu hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam 84 3.2 Dinh huong muc tieu xuat khau ben vung o Viet Nam den nam 2020 86 3.2.1 Quan diem 86 3.2.2 Muc tieu 89 3.2.3 Phuong huong 90 3.3 Giai phap xuat khau ben vung Viet Nam den nam 2020 92 3.3.1 Giai phap tri toe va nang cao chat luong tang truong xuat khau .92 3.3.2 Giai phap giai quyet moi quan he giua xuat khau va cac van de xa hoi 97 3.3.3 Giai phap giai quyet moi quan he giua xuat khau va cac van de moi truong .99 KET LUAN 101 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO DANH MUC BANG, BIEU DO I BANG Bang 2.1 Kim ngach va toe tang truong xuat khau giai doan 2001 - 2010 .47 Bang 2.2 Kim ngach va co cau hang hoa xuat khau giai doan 2001 - 2010 50 Bang 2.3 Co cau hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam theo muc che bien 52 Bang 2.4 Mot so mat hang xuat khau chu lire cua Viet Nam (2001 - 2010) 48 Bang 2.5 Co cau thi truong xuat khau cua Viet Nam theo khu virc (2000 - 2010) Bang 2.6 Modi thi tru’bng nhap khau nong san ldn nhat cua Viet Nam (2001 - 2009) 53 Bang 2.7 Can can thuong mai cua Viet Nam giai doan 2001 -2010 55 Bang 2.8 Mot so mat hang cong nghiep che bien xuat khau chu yeu cua Viet Nam 56 IL BIEU DO Bieu 2.1 Co cau hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam theo muc che bien 52 Bieu 2.2.Kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam theo khoi nude 51 Bieu 2.3.Co cau thi truong xuat khau chu yeu cua Viet Nam doi voi mat hang det may nam 2005 va 2009 52 TRUONG DA I HO C KINH TE QUOC DAN ■ ■ ^»C3 Q - NGUYEN THI TU ANH A* „ f, ** ? 41 DINH HUONG XUAT KHAU BEN VUNG CUA VIET NAM ■ ■ TRONG DIEU KIEN TOAN CAU HOA DEN NAM 2020 ■ CHUYEN NGANH: KINH TE PHAT TRIEN TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY HA NO I-2013 ■ i LOI MO' DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai The ky 20 la mot dau moc quan trong lich sn nhan loai, la the ky ghi nhan nhung bien chuyen quan trong quan diem phat trien cua nhieu quoc gia va la the ky bat dau cho ky nguyen toan cau hoa Ben canh viec theo duoi muc tieu tang truong kinh te, cac quoc gia tren the gidi, co Viet Nam da nhin nhan thay mo hinh phat trien toi uu hien chinh la phat trien ben vung Xuat khau dong gop ty ldn nhat vao tang truong kinh te cua Viet Nam hon 10 nam qua, ben canh cac yeu to ve tieu dung hay dau tu Xuat khau tro dong luc cua tang truong kinh te, gop phan vao tang thu nhap, giai quyet mot so van de xa hoi nhu viec lam, giam ngheo Tuy nhien, Viet Nam van la mot nen kinh te mo quy mo nhd nen xuat khau cua chung ta phu thuoc rat ldn vao thi trudng the gidi Hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam van chua ben vung, bieu hien nhu: de bi ton thuong trudc su bat on cua nen kinh te the gidi; chinh sach xuat khau thdi gian qua chu nhieu den chi tieu san lupng ma chua quan tam den chat lupng va hieu qua; viec mo rong xuat khau da dan den can kiet nguon tai nguyen va o nhiem moi trudng; van de xa hoi sinh tu hoat dong xuat khau ma chua co co che va chinh sach giai quyet,v.v Vi vay, xuat khau ben vung tro mot yeu cau cap bach doi vdi nudc ta hien nay, nhat la ky nguyen toan cau hoa hien Xuat phat tu nhung van de neu tren, tac gia da chon de tai: “Dinh hudng xuat khau ben vung cua Viet Nam dieu kien toan cau hoa den nam 2020” cho luan van cua minh Muc tieu nghien cuu De tai se di vao giai quyet mot so van de ly thuyet va thuc te nhu sau: - Lam ro quan niem ve xuat khau ben vung, cac tieu chi danh gia va cac nhan to anh huong den xuat khau ben vung - Danh gia hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam 10 nam vua qua theo quan diem ben vung, phan tich va du bao tinh hinh kinh te the gidi va tiem nang xuat khau cua Viet Nam dieu kien toan cau hoa den nam 2020 11 - Tu do, luan van dua nhung dinh huong va de xuat mot sd giai phap nham phat trien xuat khau cua Viet Nam theo huong ben vung Pham vi va doi tuo'ng nghien cuu: Do xuat khau la mot lTnh vuc kha rong, dieu kien nghien cuu khong cho phep, luan van chi tap trung vao phan tich, danh gia hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam (chu den mot sd mat hang chu luc) thbi gian i0 nam tu 2001 - 2010, nhat la tu gia nhap WTO, dinh huong nghien cuu cua de tai den nam 2020 Phuo'ng phap nghien cuu: Luan van su dung phuong phap nghien cuu chung nhu phuong phap vat bien chung va vat lich su; phuong phap thdng ke, phan tich, tong hop, so sanh; phuong phap du bao Tong quan cac cong trinh nghien cuu: Cho den da co mot sd nghien cuu ve xuat khau ben vung nhu sau: Luan an tien si “Xuat khau ben vung d Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap kinh tie quoc te” cua TS Hb Trung Thanh - Vien Nghien cuu Thuong mai Luan an da lam ro ban chat cua xuat khau ben vung va van dung ddi voi hoat dong xuat khau b Viet Nam nham gop phan phat trien xuat khau nuoc ta theo huong ben vung dieu kien hoi nhap kinh te qudc te Tuy nhien, cac sd lieu phan tich deu da cu va tinh hinh the gioi va Viet Nam da co nhieu thay doi Do do, can phai co mot su nghien cuu moi, bo sung ve mat sd lieu va tinh hinh kinh te the gioi, de khong chi co cai nhin chinh xac hon ve hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam thbi gian qua va dinh huong giai doan moi Bai viet “Mot so van de ve phat trien xuat khau nhanh va ben vung thai ky 2011 - 2020” cua PGS.TS Tran Cong Sach - Pho Vien trubng Vien Nghien cuu Thuong mai Bai viet duoc dang cudn “Chinh sach thuong mai nham phat trien ben vung b Viet Nam” (NXB Cong thuong, 2012), da khai quat duoc mo hinh tang trubng cua Viet Nam thbi gian qua, qua do, chi nhung bieu hien chua ben vung cua xuat khau Tac gia dua nhung giai phap co ban phat trien xuat khau nhanh va ben vung thbi ky 2011 - 2020 Tuy nhien bai viet chua xet den tac 88 la can chuyen ddi sang mot md hinh tang trudng mdi - md hinh tang trudng theo chieu sau dua vao khai thac cac loi the canh tranh dong de tang nang suat chat luong va hieu qua xuat khau tren co sd day manh cai each the che sir dung cdng nghe tien tien nang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc xay dung co sd tang hien dai Chuyen ddi md hinh tang trudng dan den sir chuyen ddi tu phat trien xuat khau theo chieu rong sang phat trien theo chieu sau Day chinh la nhan to quyet dinh chat luong tang trudng xuat khau tri duoc toe lang trudng cao nang cao hieu qua kinh te va kha nang canh tranh cua hang hoa xuat khau (2) Phat trien xuat khau tren co sd khai thac hop ly cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien han che nhung tac dong tieu cue den mdi trudng bao ton da dang sinh hoc Tang truong xuat khau phai dua tren co sd khai thac hop ly va sir dung hpp ly hieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien Tai nguyen thien nhien la co sd cua su phat trien ben vung Trong thdi gian qua dua vao dieu kien thien nhien thuan lpi Viet Nam da dat dupe thu hang cao ve xuat khau mot sd mat hang nhu gao ca phe hat tieu hat dieu Tuy nhien thdi gian qua qua trinh khai thac va sir dung cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien chua thuc sir hpp ly Su tang trudng xuat khau mot sd mat hang nhu ca phe hat dieu cao su che keo theo sir suy giam dien tich rung va da dang sinh hoc Vi vay neu khdng cd su dieu chinh each sir dung cac nguon tai nguyen Viet Nam khdng the tri dupe nhung tuu da dat dupe Tang trudng xuat khau phai di ddi vdi han che o nhiem mdi trudng va can kiet tai nguyen Trong thdi gian qua boat dong san xuat cua nudc ta da gay nhung tac dong nghiem den mdi trudng khien cho mdi trudng d nhieu khu cdng nghiep vung dan cu bi o nhiem anh hudng den sue khoe cua ngudi dan Neu khdng co bien phap han che str o nhiem mdi trudng sinh thai se bi huy hoai sue khoe cua ngudi cung bi anh hudng O nhiem mdi trudng lam giam kha nang xuat khau va anh hudng den uy tin cua doanh nghiep va hang hoa xuat khau Phat trien xuat khau giai doan tdi phai chu den kha nang dap ting cac quy dinh va tieu chuan mdi trudng cua hang hoa xuat khau ap dung cac quy trinh va phuong phap san xuat than thien vdi mdi trudng Day la each tot nhat de hang hoa xuat khau cua nudc ta tham nhap de dang hon vao thi trudng cd yen cau cao nhu My hay EU 89 (3) Phat trien xuat khau gop phan thuc hien cac muc tieu xa hoi nhu xoa doi giam ngheo tao cong an viec lam dam bao cong bang xa hoi va chia se loi ich hop ly giua cac phan tham gia xuat khau Mot ba khia canh quan cua phat trien ben vung la dam bao viec thuc hien cac muc tieu xa hoi Xuat khau ben vung cung phai dam bao cac noi dung ve mat xa hoi Phat trien xuat khau gop phan thuc hien muc tieu xoa doi giam ngheo, tao viec lam Hon 70% dan so cua nudc ta song d nong thon, dua chu yeu vao nguon loi tu nhien Mot bd phan khdng nhd dan cu d cac vung nong thon van phai song dieu kien ngheo kho Thuc te thdi gian qua, xuat khau da gop phan khdng nhd tao “cai can cau” cho ngudi ngheo, giup ho vuot qua cai ngheo kho de cd cuoc song tot hon Do do, giai doan mdi, xuat khau cung se dong gop manh me hon nua vao viec thuc hien muc tieu xa hoi Van de loi ich va chia se loi ich giua cac phan tham gia nen kinh te bao gid cung lam sinh nhung mau thuan gay gat Tu viec quan ly yeu kem den nang luc dieu hanh xuat khau khdng dam bao cua nen kinh te da dan den su xuat hien cac loi ich nhom, gay bat cdng xa hoi Trong giai doan mdi, xuat se tang hieu qua xuat khau, khai thac hop ly tai nguyen va tranh duoc cac xung dot xa hoi 3.2.2 Muc tieu Chien luoc phat trien xuat khau Viet Nam giai doan den nam 2020 da de muc tieu “ Nd lire gia tang toc tang trudng xuat khau, gop phan day manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, tao cdng an viec lam, thu ngoai te, chuyen dich co cau xuat khau theo hudng nang cao gia tri gia tang, gia tang san pham che bien va che tao, cac loai san pham cd ham luong cdng nghe va chat xam cao thuc day xuat khau dich vu md rong va da dang hoa thi trudng va phuong thuc kinh doanh, hoi nhap thang loi vao kinh te khu vuc va the gidi” Cac muc tieu cu the ddi vdi phat trien xuat khau ben vung den nam 2020 la: - Kim ngach xuat khau tiep tuc tang, den nam 2020 tang gap tren lan nam 2010 vdi toe tang trudng xuat khau hang hoa binh quan 11-12%/nam - Co cau xuat khau se chuyen dich dan dan theo chieu hudng tich cue: tang ty cac mat hang thuoc nhom cdng nghiep che bien, va giam ty mat hang 90 thuoc nhom hang tho va so che Chien luoc xuat nhap khau hang hoa giai doan 2011- 2020 dinh huong den nam 2030 da dua muc tieu cu the doi voi tung nganh hang: ty nhom hang nhien lieu, khoang san giam tu 11,2% nam 2010 xuong 4.4% nam 2020; ty nhom hang nong lam thuy san giam tu 21.2% nam 2010 xuong 13,5% nam 2020 ty nhom hang cong nghiep che bien, che tao tang tu 40,1% nam 2010 len 62,9% nam 2020; ty nhom hang moi (nam nhom hang hoa khac) tang tu 12% nam 2010 len 19,2% nam 2020 - Co cau thi truong cung chuyen dich theo huong da dang hoa thi truong, md rong cac thi truong moi Trong Chien luoc xuat nhap khau hang hoa giai doan 2011- 2020, dinh lnrdng den 2030 da de muc tteu cho co cau tin trudng den nam 2020: chau A chiem ty khoang 46% chau Au khoang 20%, chau My khoang 25%, chau Dai Duong khoang 4% va chau Phi khoang 5% - Toc gia tang viec lam moi tang len tuong ung voi toc tang trudng GDP va xuat khau Thu nhap binh quan cua nguoi lao dong lmh vuc xuat khau duoc cai thien Dieu kien lam viec d cac doanh nghiep duoc cai thien, so luong doanh nghep dat chung chi SA 8000 tang len Xay dung duoc co che chia se va dam bao loi ich giua cac ben tham gia vao hoat dong xuat khau - Tinh trang o nhiem moi truong d cac khu cong nghiep, lang nghe, cac vung tap trung nhieu nha may, co sd san xuat hang xuat khau duoc cai thien Ty le cac doanh nghiep dat duoc chung nhan ISO 9000 va ISO 14000 tang len 3.2.3 Phuong huong Tren co so muc tieu da de ra, mot so dinh huong cu the phat trien xuat khau ben vung den nam 2020: - Phan ky giai doan phat trien de co chien luoc dinh huong cho xuat khau phu hop: + Trong giai doan 2011 - 2015: ket hop hai hOa giua phat trien xuat khau theo chieu rong va chieu sau Voi trinh khoa hoc ky thuat han che, cac nganh cong nghiep nen tang su dung nhieu ky thuat va von chua the trd tru cot chinh cua hoat dong xuat khau duoc, can duoc tai co' cau, nang cao nang luc nghien cuu va san xuat Do do, nam dau tien, nhung mat hang co loi the ve dieu kien tu nhien va lao dong re nhu thuy san, nong san, det may, dien tu, cac san pham che tac cong nghe trung binh van se chiem ty lon va la nhung mat hang chu luc tri toc tang trudng cao 91 + Trong giai doan 2016 - 2020, tap trung phat trien xuat khau theo chieu sau, tao nhung budc dot pha co ban chuyen dich co cau hang hoa xuat khau Tap trung nguon luc phat trien xuat khau cac mat hang cong nghiep mdi co gia tri gia tang cao, ham luong cong nghe va chat xam cao, tren co so thu hut manh dau tu nudc va nudc ngoai vao cac nganh san xuat dinh hudng xuat khau, nhung nganh che tao cong nghe trung binh va cong nghe cao Cac nganh xuat khau chu yeu dua vao gia cong nhu det may da giay, san pham nhua, v.v giam toc tang truong va thu hep quy mo, chuyen manh sang tu nghien cuu, thiet ke, marketing, v.v Cac mat hang nong san, thuy san, thu cong my nghe duoc xuat khau theo phuong thuc truc tiep, do, chu y den viec gia tang chuoi gia tri - Chuyen dich co cau hang xuat khau theo hudng giam ty xuat khau hang tho, nong san, thuy san, tang ty hang cong nghiep Doi vdi tung nhom hang co su dinh hudng ro rang nham khai thac loi the so sanh tung nganh Khai thac loi the cua mot nen nong nghiep nhiet ddi da dang de gia tang san luong va kim ngach xuat khau cac mat hang nong san Khai thac, su dung hieu qua nguon nguyen lieu da dang va lao dong doi dao de phat trien cac san pham cong nghiep che bien, che tao, thu cong my nghe Phat trien cac san pham dien tu va linh kien may tinh, san pham hoa chat, vat lieu xay dung san pham go, nhua, thuc pham,v.v tro cac nganh xuat khau mui nhon - Tap trung phat trien thi trudng cho cac san pham co suc canh tranh ldn, co gia tri gia tang cao hoac cac nhom san pham co ty kim ngach ldn Trudc het la khai thac co hoi mo cua thi trudng tu cac cam ket hoi nhap kinh te quoc te de day manh xuat khau va cac thi trudng ldn nhu Hoa Ky, EU, Nhat Ban, Trung Quoc, Han Quoc, ASEAN Khai thac cac thi trudng tiem nang nhu Nga, Dong Au, chau Phi, chau My Latinh Phat trien he thong phan phoi truc tiep hang hoa Viet Nam tren cac thi trudng Chu dong, tich cuc tham gia sau rong vao chuoi gia tri toan cau - Khong khuyen khich phat trien san xuat, xuat khau cac mat hang ' o nhiem moi trudng, gia tri gia tang thap Chu phat trien cac mat hang xuat khau than thien moi trudng, han che su dung nang luong va tai nguyen - Tao lap co che chia se va dam bao loi l'ch giua cac ben tham gia vao xuat khau, nhat la giup dd ngudi nong 'dan co duoc quyen loi chinh dang de ho co dong luc mo rong san xuat Cai thien dieu kien lam viec cac doanh nghiep san xuat va xuat khau 92 3.3.1 Giai phap tri toe va nang cao chat luv'ng tang tru'dng xuat khau 3.1.2.1 Giai phap nang cao suc canh tranh cua hang hoa xuat khau va chuyen dich co cau hang xuat khau Viet Nam dang la quoc gia xuat khau dung nhat nhl the gidi nhieu nganh hang nhung gia tri hang hoa lai khong cao nhu mong doi Co nhieu nguyen nhan dan den tinh trang nhung chu yeu la chat luong va suc canh tranh cua hang hoa xuat khau cua nudc ta thap Do do, giai phap cap thiet hien la phai nang cao chat luong va suc canh tranh cua cac mat hang xuat khau cua chung ta Lam duoc dieu khong phai mot sdm mot chieu la co the giai quyet duoc ma can mot thdi gian dai va mot tam nhin chien luoc ro rang Mot so giai phap chinh nhu: - Tang cudng cong tac nghien cuu va phat trien (R&D) Nha nudc can xay dung mot chien luoc lau dai va tap trung nguon luc cho cong tac giao duc, dao tao ket hop vdi nghien cuu phat trien Viec khong chi dung lai d cac Vien ma nen md rong d cac trudng dai hoc, cao dang va d tung doanh nghiep xuat khau Muc dich cua viec nghien cuu phat trien la tim nhung cong nghe san xuat mdi phu hop vdi dieu kien cua Viet Nam, cho ddi nhung san pham hang hoa phu hop vdi nhu cau cua thi trudng the gidi - Tang cudng cong tac thiet ke mau ma san pham, thiet ke bao bi bao goi san pham phu hop vdi tung thi trudng nhap khau Doi vdi nhom hang cong nghiep chu luc hien tai (may mac, da giay, day va cap dien, ): cai tien thiet ke, da dang mau ma san pham, chuyen doi tu hinh thuc thau phu bi dong vdi ham luong nhap khau cao sang viec marketing chu dong hon, khai thac co hoi thuong mai d cac thi trudng mdi nhu Nga, chau Phi, chau My latinh, Doi vdi nhom hang cdng nghiep co tiem nang xuat khau trung binh (nhu may moc nong nghiep, vat lieu xay dung, thiet bi va linh kien dien tu, ): can phai da dang hoa va cai tien cac thiet ke, tao mot chuong trinh xuc tien thuong mai quoc gia, thu hut dau tu nudc ngoai, phat trien co sd tang ho tro va dau tu cho nguon nhan luc - Tim kiem nhung loi the so sanh mdi cho hang hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam Chang han, nudc ta co loi the “di sau” ve mat cong nghe nen co the hoc hoi cac cong nghe hien dai cua cac nudc di trudc, ap dung vao dieu kien nudc minh Trong dieu kien toan cau hoa, chung ta co nhieu dieu kien de hoc hoi cong nghe, dac biet thong qua dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai va chuyen giao cong nghe 93 - Giam su phu thuoc vao nguon nguyen phu lieu, vat tu tu ben ngoai thong qua viec phat trien cong nghiep phu tro - Can quan tam den van de thuong hieu quoc gia va thuong hieu tung san pham xuat khau Xay dung hinh anh cho nhung nganh hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam chat luong - than thien moi truong - dam bao tuan thu cac tieu chuan quoc te ve moi truong Nha nuoc va moi doanh nghiep cung lien ket, xuc tien hoat dong chuong trinh thuong hieu quoc gia Nhung mat hang la san pham dac san cua Viet Nam can phai duoc dang ky thuong hieu d cac quoc gia nhap khau de tranh tinh trang san pham bi an cap thuong hieu, bi lam nhai, lam gia va cung la mot cach de gia tang gia tri cho san vat cua nuoc ta - Doi voi tung doanh nghiep, can quan tam nhieu den cong tac nghien cuu thi truong va dinh vi san pham San pham xuat khau can phai bam sat nhu cau cua thi truong nhap khau Tu trudc den nay, cac san pham xuat khau cua nuoc ta chu yeu van la cac san pham dua tren loi the so sanh la lao dong re Tuy nhien, cac san pham gio day dang phai chiu su canh tranh gay gat tu mot so nha xuat khau nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Malaysia, Indonexia,v.v ro rang d mot muc nao do, nhung nudc co nhung diem vuot troi hon han chung ta ve cong nghe, thiet ke san pham Do do, cong tac dinh vi san pham tren thi truong cung rat quan trong, vi no dinh hudng cho cac doanh nghiep biet can khai thac nhung phan khuc thi truong nao, dinh hudng marketing - Viet Nam van dang giu cac vi tri nhat nhi d nhieu nganh hang xuat khau Day la tuu khong de gi co duoc Do do, ben canh viec nghien cuu phat trien cac san pham mdi, chung ta can quan tam den nhung mat hang xuat khau hien dang la chu luc Khong nen chi md rong quy mo xuat khau ma nen hudng tdi viec md rong theo chieu sau, nang cao chat luong tung loai hang hoa Chang han, doi vdi xuat khau ca phe: can nang cap chat luong ca phe hat xanh bang cach dau tu cho nghien cuu, cong nghe sau thu hoach, luu kho va che bien Chuyen doi sang loai ca phe Arabica co gia cao hon Nhung lua chon khac la san xuat ca phe phuc vu thi truong ngach nhu ca phe sach mac du so luong nhu cau nho Doi vdi nganh gao: nen co su dau tu phat trien mot so loai gao mdi hoac phat trien lai mot so giong gao dac san noi tieng trudc day, ngoai can nang cao chat luong gao pham va cong nghe xay xat 94 3.1.2.2 Giai phap phat trien thi truong xuat khau Tang ctrung cac hoat dong xuc tien thuong mai quoc te nhu xay dung thuong hieu hang Viet Nam thuong hieu quoc gia Cac doanh nghiep xuat khau can cai tien mau ma thiet ke cac mat hang cdng nghiep de chu dong chuyen tu hinh thuc nha thau phu bi dong sang marketing chu dong O goc vi md, vai trd cua Cue xuc tien thuong mai va Bo Cdng thuong la vo cung to ldn, la chiec cau noi giua doanh nghiep nudc vdi thi trudng the gidi Do do, cac co quan quan ly cung can chu dong phat huy vai trd cua minh hon nua viec giup cac doanh nghiep tiep can thi trudng cu va mdi dam bao thong tin dang tin cay de tranh trinh trang cac doanh nghiep xuat khau bi lua vi nhung doi tac “ma” Cue xuc tien thuong mai phoi hop vdi nhieu don vi hoac cue xuc tien thuong mai cua cac qudc gia hoac khu vuc khac md cac trien lam hoi cho cd uy tin, phong phu ve mat hang, tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam gidi thieu san pham va tim kiem co hoi giao thuong Ngoai ra, tham gia hoi cho d nudc ngoai, cac doanh nghiep Viet can co su dau tu nghiem tuc ve y tuong, thdi gian va tien bac de thu hut duoc doi tac Nhd su phat trien ho tro cua mang Internet, cac doanh nghiep xuat khau hang hoa co nhieu co hoi de tim kiem cac thong tin va cac thi trudng mdi Cac doanh nghiep cd the tham gia vao mot sd website thuong mai dien tu qudc te nhu alibaba.com, globairesources.com, ec21.com tradekey.com.v.v Can cd chien luoc dai han phat trien thi trudng xuat khau noi chung Ben canh nhung thi trudng truyen thong, hien dang phai canh tranh gay gat vdi Trung Qudc An Do, cac doanh nghiep can tim co hoi mdi d nhung thi trudng nhu Nga, chau My Latinh, chau Phi Tuy nhien, can luu y giao thuong vdi cac ddi tac d thi trudng mdi, cac doanh nghiep can tim hieu ky thi trudng, thong tin ve ddi tac thong qua cac tham tan thuong mai cua Viet Nam tai nudc de tranh tinh trang mat hang, mat tien Thanh lap cac Hiep hoi nganh hang va nang cao hieu qua cua cac hiep hoi Cac Hiep hoi khdng chi la noi tu van chinh sach cho co quan quan ly Nha nudc ma cdn la tieng noi bao ve cho cac vien cung nhu bao ve thuong hieu qudc gia cua san pham Tuy nhien, hieu qua lam viec cua cac hiep hoi tai Viet Nam khdng cao Nang cao trinh hieu biet cua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau, co quan quan ly ve Phap luat thuong mai qudc te va phap luat cua nudc nhap khau Bai hoc tu viec 95 tom, ca cua Viet Nam bi kien tren thi truang My la bai hoc cho Viet Nam tren dudng hoi nhap quoc te Hieu biet ve phap luat thuong mai quoc te tot se giup doanh nghiep chon duoc phuang an gia va kinh doanh hieu qua han nhu chuyen sang xuat ban bang gia CIF thay vi gia FOB nhu hien 3.1.2.3 Giai phap ho tro hoat dong xuat khau Thu nhat, chinh sach tai chinh ho tra xuat khau: Cai each he thong tai chinh de theo kip da phat trien cua nen kinh te Nang cao kha nang tiep can tin dung chinh thuc, ca tin dung dau tu lan tin dung von luu dong Tang cudng vai trd va hieu qua hoat dong cua quy tin dung Ho tro xuat khau Thuc hien co che giam sat hoat dong tai chinh cua cac doanh nghiep Nha nudc de dam bao tinh trang tai chinh lanh manh han che tdi da viec phat sinh no xau Thu hai, cai thien he thong co sd tang thuan lpi cho hoat dong xuat khau - Dau tu xay dung he thong kho bai bao quan hang hoa dung tieu chuan Dac biet ddi vdi mat hang nong san la nhung mat hang cd vong ddi san pham ngan., phu thuoc nhieu vao yeu to mdi trudng nen cdng tac bao quan cang can phai duoc chu Hien nay.do cdng tac bao quan khdng tot nen nhieu 16 hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam bi doi tac tra lai khdng dat yeu cau ve chat luong - Hoan thien co sd tang cho cac khu vuc cua khau tren dat lien Hien cu den tam thang den thang hang nam la tinh trang cac xe tai chd hang nong san xuat sang Trung Qudc bi un tac lai tai dien d cac cua khau d Lang Son Nguyen la he thong ben bai nhd khdng dap ung du chd cho cac phuang tien dau lam thu tuc kiem dich, hai quan, chat luong dich vu yeu kern Viec un tac nhieu lien khien cho hang hoa nong san bi mat pham chat va de bi tu thuang Trung Qudc ep gia Do de tao dieu kien thuan loi cho hoat dong xuat nhap khau noi chung, dia phuang cd dudng bien gidi tren dat lien can cai each thu tuc hanh chinh de thu hut von dau tu vao cac tang ben bai Day khdng chi mang lai loi ich cho hoat dong xuat khau ma cdn co y nghia ddi vdi viec phat trien kinh te vung bien, tao dieu kien de thuang mai dich vu trd dong luc kinh te cho cac dia phuang giap bien gidi - Quy hoach lai he thong cang bien, dau tu co diem nham nang cap cdng suat boc xep va chat lupng dich vu cang bien De phuc vu tot hon hoat dong ngoai thuang, he thong cang bien Viet Nam van can su dau tu nhung phai hpp ly Mot nha quan sat da nhan xet: "Viet Nam phai nang cdng suat he thong cang bien len gap lan so vdi hien va lan vao nam 2020, tuong duong vdi viec phai xay 96 them 15-20km ben cang mdi cung nhu can khoang 60.000ty dong (bang ty USD) de dau tu thi mdi dap ung nhu cau tang trudng Vi vay, giai phap hien gid la can phai tham dinh lai cac quy hoach cang bien thdi gian qua, gan vdi su tang trudng cua kim ngach xuat nhap khau hang hoa de tim duoc su dau tu diem va hop ly dap ung dupe yeu cau tang trudng Thu ba, phat trien cdng nghiep phu tro Van de ldn nhat co cau hang hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam chinh la su phu thuoc qua ldn vao nguon nguyen phu lieu nhap khau nudc ngoai Chinh vi su phu thuoc nay, can can thuong mai cua Viet Nam thudng xuyen am, gia ca hang hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam khong co tinh canh tranh cung nhu khong lam gia tang dupe gia tri cua mot don vi san pham Do do, viec xay dung va phat trien cac vung nguyen phu lieu va nganh cdng nghiep phu tro la dieu khong the thieu Viec xay dung can gan vdi viec quy hoach khong gian quy hoach kinh te xa hoi cua tung vung tung dia phuong Can cd mot chuong trinh tim kiem va danh gia tong the cac loi the so sanh va loi the canh tranh cua tirng vung, tung dia phuong de tim phuong an xay dung vung nguyen phu lieu va cdng nghiep phu tro Dieu khong chi co y nghia viec ho tro phat trien xuat khau ma cd y nghia to ldn giai quyet cac van de xa hoi nhu cdng an viec lam va thu nhap Ngoai tao dieu kien va day manh cac mdi lien ket doc va lien ket ngang nen kinh te vira dam bao dupe yeu to dau vao vira dam bao dupe yeu to dau 3.1.2.4 Giai phap phat trien nguon luc (1) Giai phap ve phat trien nguon nhan luc - Xay dung chien luoc dao tao dai han va dao tao lai, hoc nghe dua tren nhu cau lao dong thuc te cua tirng nganh nghe xa hoi Ben canh noi dung giang day chuyen nganh can gan vdi thuc te cdng viec va bat kip vdi su phat trien cua the gidi Luc lupng lao dong dupe dao tao phai dap ung dupe yeu cau cua qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va hoi nhap - Xay dung co che, chinh sach dai ngo hop ly, cdng khai va dan chu de thu hut, tuyen dung nhung can bo quan ly co trinh kinh nghiem va ngudi lao dong co tay nghe cao tham gia vao hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh xuat khau - Cai each he thong tien luong, thudng theo tieu chi cdng bang va theo nhan luc, chat lupng va hieu qua lam viec Giam khoang each chenh lech ve luong giua cac nganh nghe cung trinh dao tao xa hoi 97 (2) Giai phap ve phat trien khoa hoc cdng nghe - U’u tien nhap khau cong nghe tien tien, cong nghe ngudn, nhap khiu bang phat minh de ung dung, tang cudng hop tac qudc te de hoc hoi kinh nghiem va phoi hop nghien cuu trien khai - Xay dung trung tarn cdng nghe cao thu hut dau tu nudc ngoai cua cac cdng ty da qudc gia de tung budc rut ngan khoang each ve cdng nghe vdi cac nudc khu vuc Phat trien thi trudng khoa hoc, cdng nghe nham tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep tiep can va tang tinh khoan cac ngudn von dau tu cho nghien cuu va phat trien (R&D) ddi mdi san pham, doi mdi cdng nghe - Thuc hien co che khuyen khich moi td chuc, ca nhan thuoc moi phan kinh te dau tu phat trien khoa hoc, cdng nghe Khuyen khich cac ca nhan la hoc sinh, sinh vien cdn ngoi tren ghe nha trudng dua cac y tuong ve khoa hoc cdng nghe thong qua cac cuoc thi chinh thuc tren toan qudc 3.3.2 Gidi phap gidi quyet mdi quan he giua xuat khau va cac van de xa hoi Trudc het, Nha nudc can dong vai trd la chu the dieu tiet, tao dung co che chia se loi ich binh dang thuong mai giua cac phan tham gia, ngan chan su hinh cac loi ich nhom dang manh nha xuat hien d mot sd nganh hang xuat khau Trong linh vuc san xuat va xuat khau nong san, Nha nudc can xay dung quy trinh quan ly chat che cac hoat dong thu mua hang hoa tir nong dan Can co su du bao chinh xac hon ve thi trudng nong san va bien dong gia the gidi, dam bao viec thu mua tarn tru va dat gia san thu mua nong san cho ba Ben canh do, gia ca cua vat tu nong nghiep cung can su quan ly, dieu tiet sat hon cua Nha nudc Dieu khdng chi co y nghia ho tro hoat dong san xuat cho ngudi nong dan ma cdn lam gia dau cua nong san dn dinh va canh tranh hon Neu can thiet, Nha nudc can phai tham gia vao qua trinh nay, chu khdng de thi trudng tir van hanh Gan day cd hien tuong thuong lai nudc ngoai loi dung su thieu hieu biet cua ba nong dan, da den thu mua o at mot sd mat hang nhu la ca phe, la dieu v.v ma khdng rd muc dich Mac du nhung mat hang tuong khdng cd may gia tri kinh te nhung lai dong vai trd quan trong viec dam bao sir sinh trudng cua cay va dat dai Do do, Nha nudc can phai quan ly chat che cac doi tuong la thuong lai nudc ngoai, dac biet la cac ca nhan rieng le, den tham gia ca va thu mua nong san nham pha hoai nen san xuat nong nghiep cua nudc ta 98 Thu hai, xuat khau dat duoc toe tang trudng cao thdi gian qua nhung thuc te toe gia tang viec lam nen kinh te noi chung la rat thap Do can phai cd nhung bien phap chinh sach de viec md rong xuat khau di kern vdi tao nhieu cdng an viec lam hon giai quyet tot hon yeu cau giam ngheo d nhieu dia phuang Vdi dieu kien hien tai cua Viet Nam chung ta can tranh thu moi nguon lire ca va ngoai nudc de md rong quy md san xuat va xuat khau dac diet la von dau tu nudc ngoai Hien co cau xuat khau theo phan kinh te khu vuc cd von dau tu nudc ngoai dang chiem ty ldn hon ca (nam 2010 khu vuc chiem tren 50% tong kim ngach xuat khau cua ca nudc) Do vay cac chinh sach thu hut dau tu vao cac linh vuc san xuat se gop phan md rong quy md xuat khau tir tao nhieu viec lam hon Ngoai cd the thay hien nganh hang thu cdng my nghe dang trd mat hang chu luc xuat khau cua nudc ta Thi trudng xuat khau cac mat hang cua Viet Nam da md rong sang hon 100 qudc gia tren the gidi cac thi trudng truyen thong nhu Trung Qudc, Hong Kong Singapore, tham chi cac thi trudng kho tinh nhu Nhat Ban, Han Qudc Hoa Ky, EU.v.v Do gia tri san luong cua lang nghe cung tang nhanh dap ung nhu cau nudc va xuat khau Ca nudc hien cd tren 40.000 co sd san xuat d gan 3.000 lang nghe Cac lang nghe Viet Nam dang dong vai trd quan trong viec phat trien kinh te d mdi dia phuang tang thu nhap cho ngudi va giai quyet viec lam cho khoang 20 trieu lao dong, 30% so lao dong cd viec lam thudng xuyen cdn lai la lao dong thdi vu Nhu vay cd the thay vdi dong gop nhu vay viec khuyen khich phat trien cac lang nghe Viet Nam hien se giai quyet duoc nhieu van de khdng chi la gia tang gia tri xuat khau ma cdn tao nhieu cdng an viec lam va cai thien ddi song cua ngudi dan Tuy nhien phat trien lang nghe de dam bao yeu to ben vung cho xuat khau can phai chu giai quyet ca nhung van de nhu o nhiem mdi trudng d cac lang nghe xay dung vung nguyen lieu on dinh, tim kiem dau va dao tao nghe Nha nudc can cd chinh sach ho tro cac dia phuong va cac co sd san xuat viec phat trien thuang hieu tim kiem thi trudng dau cho san pham dac biet la nhung ho tro ve tai chinh Bdi le den 80% co sd san xuat hang thu cdng my nghe d nudc ta hien la cac ho ca the quy md nhd nen thudng gap kho khan ve tai chinh neu muon md rong san xuat de xuat khau Thu ba phat trien hoat dong xuat khau lao dong, gop phan tao cdng an vice lam tang thu nhap va giam ngheo ben vung Xuat khau lao dong la mot hoat dong 99 hop tac quoc te Do no can co sir quan ly chat che cua Nha nudc Hien tai d nhieu nudc tren the gidi dang thieu hut mot lugng ldn lao dong cac linh vuc cdng nghiep nhe, xay dung, dich vu Day la co hoi de Viet Nam phat trien hoat dong xuat khau lao dong Cac to chuc, ca quan duoc cap phep can tich cue tim kiem cac doi tac nhap khau lao dong, tham gia vao qua trinh dao tao ca ban, dao tao ngoai ngu va trang bi kien thuc ca ban ve ky nang song d nudc nhap khau cho ngudi lao dong Viet Nam se di xuat khau Tren het, Nha nudc can phai quan ly sat hoat dong xuat khau nay, tranh tinh trang nhieu ngudi bi lira dao ca ty dong de dugc di xuat khau lao dong Ben canh do, nang cao y thuc cua ngudi lao dong cung vo cung can thiet de giu uy tin hinh anh cua Viet Nam mat be ban qudc te va tri su hap tac lau dai Cd nhu vay, hoat dong xuat khau mdi cd the dam bao tinh ben vung Thir tu, can phai cd lie thong ho tra an sinh xa hoi phu hop dam bao nhtrng dieu kien ve giao due, chain soc y te cho nhung ngudi lao dong san xuat va xuat khau Hien nay, mot bo phan ldn lao dong linh vuc xuat khau la d cac khu cdng nghiep Thuc te la nhung ngudi lao dong phai chiu rat nhieu ap luc cuoc song nhu thue nha, chi phi sinh hoat, vay, day la nhom doi tuong de bi ton thuang cd nhung bien dong xau nen kinh te Do do, Nha nudc can xay dung co che ho tro cac nganh hang xuat khau thu hut nhieu lao dong nhu thuy san ndng san may mac, da giay,v.v trudng hop cd bien dong xau tranh ngudi ndng dan va ngudi lao dong mat thu nhap viec lam Thir nam, can tich cue nang cao nhan thuc cua ngudi su dung lao dong cua cac doanh nghiep hoat dong linh vuc xuat khau ve tieu chuan SA 8000 nham cai thien dieu kien lao dong, an toan lao dong cho ngudi lao dong Viec cd dugc tieu chuan la dieu kien can de cac doanh nghiep nang cao sire canh tranh tren thi trudng the gidi va de dang tiep can vdi nhung thi trudng ldn nhu Hoa Ky hay EU 3.3.3 Gidi phap gidi quyet mdi quan he giua xuat khau vd cac van de nidi truong Trudc tien, ve mat xay dung chinh sach, can phai bao dam yeu cau ve bao ve mdi trudng tir khau xay dung chien luge, quy hoach, ke hoach du an dau tu Kien quyet khong cho phep dua vao xay dung, van hanh, khai thac cac ca sd chua dap ung du cac yeu cau ve bao ve mdi trudng Dieu chinh chien luge phat trien xuat khau cd tinh den cac yeu to mdi trudng Can phan tich khoa hgc giua cac muc tieu tang trudng xuat khau va nhung thiet hai mdi trudng viec tang cudng xuat khau gay 100 Xay dung tieu chuan quoc gia theo hudng phu hop vdi tieu chuan qudc te boa gom: cac quy dinh ve ve sinh an toan thuc pham; cac tieu chuan ve quy trinh san xuat than thien mdi trudng; cac quy dinh va tieu chuan ve bao bi, dong goi, nhan mdi trudng va nhan sinh thai Nghien cuu va bd sung vao danh muc cac mat hang han che hoac cam xuat khau nhung hang hoa nguy hiem ddi vdi mdi trudng, chi tiet hoa cac danh muc mat hang Sua ddi bd sung cac sac thue va bieu thue xuat khau nham khuyen khich xuat khau dong thdi han che khai thac qua muc tai nguyen thien nhien Thu hai, day manh cac hoat dong tuyen truyen nham nang cao y thuc cua ngudi dan va cua cac doanh nghiep ve bao ve mdi trudng Day la yeu td then chot van de bao ve mdi trudng Bdi le, nguyen nhan chu yeu khien cho xuat khau kem ben vung ve mat mdi trudng chinh la y there cua nhung ngudi tham gia hoat dong xuat khau rat kem, dan den viec khai thac khoang san btra bai dien tich rung bi suy giam nghiem Thur ba, can soat lai nhung quy hoach vung nuoi tom, cay cdng nghiep xuat khau, nham tranh tinh trang ngudi dan tu y pha rung de lay dat nuoi thuy hai san va cay cdng nghiep Thu tu, Nha nudc can cd chinh sach phat trien nghien cuu va bien cdng nghe sinh hoc ung dung trong trot, chan nuoi nham tao nhung san pham nong san dap ung duoc chat luong tot va nang suat cao phu hop vdi thi trudng xuat khau Ngoai ra, cdn giup cho viec bao ton mot sd loai gen quy cua cac san vat dac san nhu gao nep cai hoa vang, gao nep nuong.v.v Ben canh can khuyen khich nhung ca nhan hop tac xa md rong quy md san xuat nong san va ap dung bien phap canh tac khoa hoc, khep kin dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc pham Thu nam nang cao vai trd kiem tra, quan ly, kiem soat viec bao ve mdi trudng cua cac co quan chuc nang ddi vdi hoat dong san xuat xuat khau hang hoa Cac co quan can phai lam het trach nhiem cua minh xu ly cac vi pham ve rung, va cac vi pham ve xu ly chat thai cdng nghiep sai quy dinh.O day, ben canh su kiem tra quan ly hoat dong lien quan den mdi trudng, Nha nudc cdn phai xay dung che tai xu phat that nghiem khac ddi vdi cac hanh vi san xuat xa thai gay o nhiem nghiem 101 KET LUAN Xuat khau la mot van de vd cung quan ddi vdi nen kinh te hien dai boi nd la nguon thu GDI’ ldn la dong lire tang trudng cua cac qudc gia Tuy nhien chung ta cung khdng the phu nhan duoc sir khac diet rat ldn ban chat xuat khau cua cac qudc gia Vdi mot dat nudc dang phat trien nhir Viet Nam thi van de xuat khau hien thuc sir rat dang de quan tam Chung ta da co mot quang thdi gian khonng it de theo duoi muc tieu tang trudng xuat khau nhung mat hang tho loi the tai cac thi trudng truyen thong quen thuoc Da den luc Viet Nam cd cai nhin lau dai hon phat trien kinh te noi chung va van de xuat khau noi rieng Xuat khau ben vung la lo trinh tat nhien cua cac qudc gia khdng chi rieng co Viet Nam nhien van de d Viet Nam dang chain va chua cd tien trien mang tinh dot pha Qua bao nhieu nam chung ta van bi coi la nen kinh te coa xuat khau yeu thieu mat hang chu lire va vi the chua the noi la ben vung De xuat khau cua Viet Nam vupt len hien tai tuong lai theo kip khu vuc, chung ta cdn rat nhieu viec de lam va de nghien cuu Thuc trang xuat khau Viet Nam can phai nhin nhan mot each chi tiet va day du tren cac mat tu mdi de xuat duoc cac giai phap cu the cho tirng van de Con dudng de dua xuat khau Viet Nam trd nen ben vung la mot dudng dai va nhieu kho khan, nd khdng chi doi hoi mot tam nhin ma cdn doi hoi mot chien luoc lau dai ma trudc het la phai tim cho dupe thuc trang xuat khau cua chung ta dang d vi tri nao, va so vdi khu vuc va the gidi no nhu the nao.Luan van da va dang thuc hien viec nghien ctru ve viec phat trien linh vuc xuat khau theo hudng ben vung hon Xuat khau khdng cdn la linh vuc xa la cac cdng trinh nghien ctru nhung xuat khau ben vung thi la linh vuc rat nhieu dieu mdi me va can tim hieu Cd nhieu tac gia va cung co nhieu cdng trinh da de cap den van de nhung mdi mot tac gia se cd each tiep can khac va each nhin nhan khac thuc trang xuat khau cua qudc gia Tu nhung nhan dinh khac mdi tac gia se cd dong gop nhtrng giai phap khac viec hoan thien linh vuc xuat khau hien tai cua Viet Nam cung nhu dua cac giai phap mang tinh dot pha de dua linh vuc trd linh vuc mang tinh ben vung lau dai Khuon kho mot luan van thac sy ddi cd nhung han che each khai thac sd lieu va tiep can van de Mac du the luan van thuc sir da co cho minh nhung tim toi va phan tich mang tinh mdi me cho van de xuat khau d Viet Nam TAI LIEU THAM KHAO GS David O Dapice (2002), Thanh cdng hay that bait Lua chon duting di dung cho su tang truting dua vao xuat khau, http//:www.fetp.cdu.vn GS David O Dapice (2008), Lua chon cdng: Bai hoc tu Ddng A cho Viet Nam, http//:www.fetp.edu.vn TS Duong Dinh Giam (2012), Hen trang va cac giai phap phat trien lang nghe Viet Nam, http//:www.socongthuong.namdinh.gov.vn Ho Trung Thanh (2009) Xuat khau ben vung ti Viet Nam qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te qudc te Truong DH Kinh te, DIfQG Ha Noi, Ha Noi PGS.TS Le Danh Vinh (chu bien) (2012), Chinh sach thuang mai nham phat trien ben vung ti Viet Nam thtii ky 2011 — 2020, NXB Bo Cong Thuong Ha Noi TS Mai Thu Hien va Nguyen Thi Nhu Nguyet, (23/08/2011) “Tinh hinh no cong va quan ly no cong b Viet Nam”, Tap chi Ngan Hang (so 14/201 1) Michael p Todaro (1998), Kinh te hoc cho the gitii thu ba NXB Giao duc, Ha Noi Nguyen Hong Phong (2007) Giai phap phat trien xuat khau mat hang mtii cua Viet Nam thtii gian ttii Vien Nghien cuu Thuong mai Bo Cong thuong Ha Noi Ngan hang TNHH mot vien HSBC Viet Nam (2012) Bao cao ket noi giao thuang toan cau http//:www.hsbc.com.vn 10 Tatyana P Sou bbotinu (^005) X00«g du la tang truting kwh te NX Bl Van hoa - Thong tin Ha Noi l.Thu tuong chinh phu (2011) Quyet dinh 2471/QD - TTg ve Phe duyet chien luac xuat nhap khau hang hoa thtii ky 2011 - 2020, dinh hinting den nam 2030 http//www.sctyenba.i.gov.vn 12.Trung tam thuong mai quoc te UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) va Cuc xuc tien thuong mai Viet Nam (VIETTRADE) (2005) Danh gia tiem nang xuat khau cua Viet Nam Du an VIE/61/94 13 www.gso.goo.vv 14.www.moit.gov.vn 15 www.tppchicongnohiep.vn
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