© ISO 2017 Leather — Determination of flex resistance — Part 1 Flexometer method Cuir — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion — Partie 1 Méthode au flexomètre INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Second editi[.]
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5402-1 IULTCS/IUP 20 Second edition 2017-02 Leather — Determination of flex resistance — Part 1: Flexometer method Cuir — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion — Partie 1: Méthode au flexomètre Reference numbers ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) © ISO 2017 ISO 402 -1 : 01 7(E) IULTCS/IUP 0: 01 7(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part o f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country o f the requester ISO copyright o ffice Ch de Blandonnet • CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyright@iso.org www.iso.org ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) Contents Page Foreword iv 3 4 5 6 7 Scope Normative references Terms and de finitions Principle Apparatus and reagents Sampling and sample preparation Procedure Test report Annex A (informative) Sources of apparatus © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii ISO 402 -1 : 01 7(E) IULTCS/IUP 0: 01 7(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f electrotechnical standardization The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part In particular the different approval criteria needed for the di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted This document was dra fted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part (see www.iso org/directives) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights Details o f any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso org/patents) Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not constitute an endorsement For an explanation on the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to formity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html ISO 5402-1 was prepared by the Physical Test Commission o f the International Union o f Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IUP Commission, IULTCS) in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 289, Leather, the secretariat of which is held by UNI, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement) IULTCS, originally formed in 1897, is a world-wide organization o f pro fessional leather societies to urther the advancement o f leather science and technology IULTCS has three Commissions, which f are responsible for establishing international methods for the sampling and testing of leather ISO recognizes IULTCS as an international standardizing body for the preparation o f test methods for leather This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5402-1:2011), which has been technically revised Subclauses 5.1, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 7.2 to 7.6 have been technically revised A list of all parts in the ISO 5402 series can be found on the ISO website iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) Leather — Determination of flex resistance — Part 1: Flexometer method Scope This document specifies a method for determining the wet or dry flex resistance o f leather and finishes applied to leather It is applicable to all types o f flexible leather below 3,0 mm in thickness Normative references The following documents are re ferred to in the text in such a way that some or all o f their content constitutes requirements o f this document For dated re ferences, only the edition cited applies For undated re ferences, the latest edition o f the re ferenced document (including any amendments) applies ISO 2418, Leather — Chemical, physical and mechanical and fastness tests — Sampling location ISO 2419, Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Sample preparation and conditioning ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods 3 Terms and de finitions No terms and definitions are listed in this document ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: — IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia org/ — ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso org/obp 4 Principle A test piece is folded with the surface to be tested inwards and clamped in an upper movable clamp and with the sur face to be tested outwards in a lower fixed clamp Movement o f the upper clamp causes a fold in the test piece to run along it The test piece is examined periodically for damage 5 Apparatus and reagents 5.1 Test machine , consisting o f a movable upper clamp, a fixed lower clamp and a counter as described in 5.1.1 to 5.1.3 and as shown in Figure and Figure 5.1.1 Upper clamp , consisting o f a pivoting pair o f flat plates o f mm thickness as shown in Figure The small plate (H) has the basic shape of a trapezium but with a radius of mm at the acute corner It has a ledge (G) to support the folded test piece The larger plate (I) has a shape as shown in Figure The clamp tightening screw (F) tightens the plates together and also acts as a stop to prevent the test piece from being incorrectly positioned The design o f the clamp should ensure that the two faces o f the clamp remain parallel when clamping the test piece The upper clamp is reciprocated by a motor about a horizontal axle, descending through an angle (A) o f (22,5 ± 0,5)° at a frequency o f (100 ± 5) cycles/min © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) 5.1.2 Lower clamp , fixed and lying directly b eneath (p lanar to ) the up p er clamp and co ns is ting o f a p air o f flat p lates (B and C ) to ho ld the tes t p iece The position of the lower clamp is such that the vertical distance (D) between the upper side of the horizontal, is (25,0 ± 0,5) mm le dge (G) o f the upp er clamp and the upp er e dge o f the fi xe d lower clamp , when the upp er cla mp i s 5.1.3 Counter, to indicate the numb er o f cycles Dimensions in millimetres Key A B C D E F G H I flexing angle (2 , ± , ) ° fixed p art o f fixed lower clamp movab le p art o f fixed lower clamp vertical p o s itio ning o f fixed p art o f movab le up p er clamp and fixed p art o f fixed lower clamp horizontal axle (pivot point) clamp tightening screws ledge (for testing of thick test pieces, the ledge can be increased to more than mm) small part of upper clamp with ledge (G) large part of upper clamp Figure 1 — Upper (movable) and lower (fixed) clamp Press knife, conforming to the requirements of ISO 2419, the inner wall of which is a rectangle (70 ± 1) mm × (45 ± 1) mm 5.2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) 5.3 Magni fier, with a magnificatio n o f fo ur to s ix times 5.4 Desiccator 5.5 Vacuum pump 5.6 Distilled or deionized water, co n fo rming to the requirements o f grade 5.7 Glass dishes 5.8 Mandrel 5.9 Metal clip , , or other vessel that can be evacuated , capable of reducing the pressure in the desiccator to less than kPa o f I S O 69 , minimum diameter 100 mm and minimum depth 25 mm , diameter 10 mm and minimum length 70 mm stretch mm wide, cap ab le to fix a tes t p iece b ent aro und the mandrel ( 5.10 Stereo microscope , 5.8) with slight with a magnificatio n o f times 6 Sampling and sample preparation 6.1 S amp le in acco rdance with I S O 41 Fro m the s amp le, cut a minimum o f fo ur p ieces fo r dry tes t 5.2) to the surface to be tested Cut a minimum of two test pieces with the long edge parallel to the backbone and two with the long edge perpendicular to the backbone and/o r fo ur p ieces fo r wet tes t by ap p lying the I f there i s a re qu i rement for p res s kni fe ( more than two h ide s or s ki n s to b e te s te d i n one b atch , then on ly one te s t piece in each direction need be taken from each hide or skin, provided that the overall total is not less than three pieces in each direction 6.2 Fo r dry flex tes ting, conditioned atmosphere co nditio n the tes t p ieces in acco rdance with I SO 41 and tes t in the 6.3 5.7 f water (5.6) to give a minimum depth of 10 mm, put the dish in the desiccator and reduce the pressure to below kPa for Restore to normal atmospheric pressure and repeat the pressure reduction/restoration twice Remove Fo r wet flex tes ting, p lace the tes t p ieces in a glas s dis h ( ) , add s u ficient dis tilled o r deio nized the te s t pie ce and remove exce s s water u s i ng blo tti ng p ap er C arr y out we t flexi ng without delay NOTE It is not possible to clamp thick leathers in the upper clamp In such cases, the thickness of the test pie ce i s re duce d fo r a m a xi mu m len g th o f m m fro m one end on l y a nd th i s end i n s er te d i n the up p er cl a mp , e ven s o the le ather i s to o s ti ff to b e te s te d b y th i s me tho d 7 Procedure 7.1 Open the upper and lower clamps (5.1.1 and 5.1.2) so that the gap is at least twice the thickness of the test piece Turn the motor until the lower edge of the upper clamp (5.1.1) is parallel to the upper edge of 5.1.2) as shown in Figure (the point at which the direction of rotation of the horizontal axle changes) 7.2 the fixed lo wer clamp ( 7.3 Fo ld the tes t p iece in hal f lengthwis e, s uch that the two lo ng edges are b ro ught to gether exactly and the gain surface meets face to face Clamp the folded test piece as shown in Figure a) with the folded edge parallel to, and positioned against, the ledge and with the end of the test piece against the stop © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) fo rmed by the clamp ing s crew I t has to b e ens ured that the co rners o f the tes t p iece within the up p er clamp are s ecurely fixed and canno t s lip during the tes t Key a sample in upper clamp b sample folded back c d f s amp le fixed with two fingers in o n up p er clamp s amp le ully clamp ed Figure 2 — Loading of the test piece Draw the free corners of the test piece outward and downward around the clamp as shown in Figure b) Bring the inner surfaces together and place the free end in the opened lower clamp 7.4 7.5 Press the test piece against the outer surfaces of the upper clamp as shown in Figure c) It is important to ensure that the test piece is in contact with the 45° sloping face of the clamp This ensures that the lower part of the test piece is perpendicular to the lower clamp Fix the test piece in this position in the lower clamp [see Figure d)] NO TE T he p ro ce du re en s u re s th at no elon gatio n i s app l ie d to the te s t pie ce b y cl a mpi n g NOTE Flexible (soft) materials will show a direct contact of their backing on the outer face of the upper clamp For stiffer materials, ballooning of the materials in this area is unavoidable 7.6 Inspect the vertical orientation of the test piece (rear edge) If the rear edge is not perpendicular to the lower clamp, repeat 7.4 and 7.5 7.7 Run the machine fo r the required numb er o f flex cycles s elected fro m the fo llo wing lis t: — dr y flex: 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 10 0 ; 0 0 ; 0 ; 0 0 ; 10 0 0 ; 0 0 ; 0 0 ; 0 0 c ycles; — we t fle x: 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 10 0 ; 0 0 ; 0 ; 0 0 c ycle s I n add ition to the ab ove i n s p e c tion p oi nts , remove the we t te s t pie ce s c ycle s and exa m i ne them NOTE for s pue b e fore re -we tti ng (6 from the mach i ne ever y 0 ) and replacing in the test machine Other inspection points are considered if required T he te s t pie ce s shou ld fle x without exce s s ive bu lgi ng at the s ide s I f they no t fle x i n th i s mo de, i nclude this in the test report © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) Stop the test machine and remove the test piece Fold it along the longitudinal axis and examine area, ignoring damage in the clamped area 7.8 vis ually in go o d light us ing the naked eye and with the magnifier (5 ) Reco rd any damage in the flexed I f re qu i re d to eva luate the i nten s ity o f cracks , b end the te s t pie ce a long the longitud i na l a xi s arou nd the mandrel (5.8 wording to describe the cracks: ) Stre tch the te s t pie ce s l ightly with the fi ngers or u s i ng a cl ip ( — c racks: vi s ib le with na ke d eye; — fi ne c racks: vi s ible with magni fier (5 ) ; — m icro c racks: vi s ible with m ic ro s cop e, ti me s magn i fic ation ( 5.9) Use the following 5.10) I f re qu i re d, c ut th rough the fle xe d are a to a s s i s t identi fic ation o f lo o s e le ather s truc ture; damage the te s t pie ce to o s everely to a l low inspection The damage can include the following: a) b) fur ther th i s wi l l te s ti ng and i s on ly to b e c arrie d out a fter the fi na l change o f s hade (greyi ng) o f the fi n i s h fi l m without fu r ther da mage; c racki ng or cra z i ng o f the fi n i sh with the c racki ng e xtend i ng th rough one or more fi n i sh layers; the numb er o f c racks may b e rep or te d i f it i s fe as ible; c) lo s s o f ad he s ion o f fi n i sh to the le ather; d) lo s s o f ad he s ion b e twe en fi n i sh co ats; e) p owderi ng or fla ki ng o f the fi n i sh co ats; f) colour contras ts s hown b y fi n i sh c racki ng , p owderi ng or fla ki ng 7.9 I f required, rep lace the tes t p iece in the clamp s us ing the marks p ro duced by the clamp s as a guide 7.10 Res tart the machine and co ntinue to the next required numb er o f cycles Rep eat the ins p ectio n 7.11 Repeat steps 7.9 and 7.10 to ensure that the test piece is returned to its original position in the clamps given in 7.8 NO TE i f required fo r o ther numb ers o f flex cycles T he ac tu a l nu mb er o f c ycle s cho s en wi l l dep end on the s p e c i fic ation , the end u s e o f the le ather a nd the expected performance 7.12 I f o nly o ne tes t p iece s hows s light damages in final ins p ectio n, rep eat the tes t with a new s et o f minimum o f fo ur tes t p ieces I n the cas e that all o f the additio nal tes t p ieces p as s the tes t witho ut any damage, rep o rt as final res ult “no damages ”, o therwis e, rep o rt the evaluatio n o f the wo rs t tes t p iece Test report The test report shall include the following: a) a re ference to th i s c u ment, i e I S O 02 -1 : 017; b) whe ther the le ather was te s te d we t or d r y; c) the nu mb er o f fle x c ycle s a nd damage i s rep or te d d) the s tandard atmo s phere u s e d e) a ny deviation s from for for the wors t te s t pie ce; cond ition i ng and te s ti ng as given i n I S O 419 ; the me tho d s p e ci fie d i n th i s c u ment; © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 402 -1 : 01 7(E) IULTCS/IUP 0: 01 7(E) f) fu l l de tai l s sampling for identi fic ation o f the s ample and a ny deviation from ISO 41 with re s p e c t to © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 5402-1:2017(E) IULTCS/IUP 20:2017(E) Annex A (informative) Sources of apparatus Examples o f sources o f suitable apparatus available commercially are given below This in formation is given for the convenience o f users o f this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO o f these products The recommended apparatus is the flexometer manu factured, for example, by — Giuliani Apparecchi Scientifici via Centrallo 68/18, I-10157 Torino, Italy; — Muver - Francisco Muñoz Irles, Avda Hispanoamerica 42, E-03610 Petrer (Alicante), Spain; — PFI Test and Research Institute, Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany; — SATRA Technology Centre, Wyndham Way, Kettering, Northants, NN16 8SD, England; — SODEMAT, 29 rue Jean Moulin, ZA Coulmet, F-10450 Breviandes, France © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved ISO 402 -1 : 01 7(E) IULTCS/IUP 0: 01 7(E) ICS 59.140.30 Price based on pages © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved