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Specialized dictionaries, such as this one for the fi eld of education, provide context for the terminology used by practitioners, scholars, and theorists. With the publication of the second edition of The Greenwood Dictionary of Education, we see expansion of the lexicon as it refl ects new areas of interest and emphasis in the fi eld of education. Greater focus on neurosciences in educational behavior, gaming strategies as a learning technique, social networking, distance education, and other areas, supplement the extensive content from the fi rst edition published in 2003. Revisions to terms previously included represent shifts in educational practice and theory. The Dictionary documents the history of education as well as its future trends. As an education historian, I am well aware that the ongoing infl uences of the past affect current society. A dictionary that encompasses lexicography of past events, as well as the terminology that describes current and future trends, is a critical resource. This second edition provides a timely update with 680 completely new terms that add to the value of the education lexicon along with numerous revisions. The many contributors to the Dictionaryare from specialized areas within education and refl ect the varied aspects of education in its ongoing development. Whether it is signifi cant legislation, social justice concepts, or practical pedagogical practice, the relevant terminology may be found in this updated edition.
The Greenwood Dictionary of Education The Greenwood Dictionary of Education Second Edition John W Collins III and Nancy Patricia O’Brien, Editors Copyright 2011 by John W Collins III and Nancy Patricia O’Brien All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Greenwood dictionary of education / John W Collins and Nancy Patricia O’Brien, editors — 2nd ed p cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-313-37930-7 (hardback) — ISBN 978-0-313-37931-4 (ebook) Education—Dictionaries I Collins, John William, 1948- II O’Brien, Nancy P LB15.G68 2011 370.3—dc23 2011022915 ISBN: 978-0-313-37930-7 EISBN: 978-0-313-37931-4 15 14 13 12 11 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook Visit www.abc-clio.com for details Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Foreword vii Preface ix Acknowledgments How to Use This Book The Greenwood Dictionary of Education, Second Edition xiii xv Bibliography 511 Contributors, First Edition 559 Contributors, Second Edition 569 Contributors by Initials 575 About the Editors 581 v Foreword Specialized dictionaries, such as this one for the field of education, provide context for the terminology used by practitioners, scholars, and theorists With the publication of the second edition of The Greenwood Dictionary of Education, we see expansion of the lexicon as it reflects new areas of interest and emphasis in the field of education Greater focus on neurosciences in educational behavior, gaming strategies as a learning technique, social networking, distance education, and other areas, supplement the extensive content from the first edition published in 2003 Revisions to terms previously included represent shifts in educational practice and theory The Dictionary documents the history of education as well as its future trends As an education historian, I am well aware that the ongoing influences of the past affect current society A dictionary that encompasses lexicography of past events, as well as the terminology that describes current and future trends, is a critical resource This second edition provides a timely update with 680 completely new terms that add to the value of the education lexicon along with numerous revisions The many contributors to the Dictionary are from specialized areas within education and reflect the varied aspects of education in its ongoing development Whether it is significant legislation, social justice concepts, or practical pedagogical practice, the relevant terminology may be found in this updated edition In a constantly changing linguistic environment, where technical nouns become verbs, new words continuously emerge, and others become passé, a dictionary that captures contemporary usage in a discipline such as education is a necessity This second edition of The Greenwood Dictionary of Education offers a comprehensive view of education terms and, when compared to its lexical predecessors, a glimpse of how rapidly that terminology changes Education impacts everyone Those who practice in the field, their students, and all who are concerned with education, will find that this new edition of The Greenwood Dictionary of Education provides access to language that can inform and empower James D Anderson University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign vii Preface The preface to the first edition of The Greenwood Dictionary of Education stated, “Not since Carter V Good’s Dictionary of Education, last published in 1973, has there been a comprehensive dictionary of education.” While there have been specialized dictionaries published since then, this dictionary remains unique in its breadth and scope Other publications offer a narrow or specialized focus–health education, or British educational terminology, for example The Greenwood Dictionary of Education continues to be the only publication to offer comprehensive coverage in the field The focus of the Dictionary continues to be on current and evolving terminology specific to the broad field of education Terms from closely related fields used in the context of education are included This updated second edition will aid in the contemporary understanding and use of terms as they apply to educational research, practice, and theory Directed to educators, researchers, scholars, and students, this reference source will also be of value to anyone concerned with education issues Staff in public, academic, and school libraries will find the Dictionary immensely helpful in interpreting the terminology used in education This second edition updates and expands the coverage provided in the first edition Some 850 new terms and complete revisions have been included along with other updates New categories of coverage such as neuroscience in education have been added, and extensive additions to the areas of educational technology and media, along with measurement, evaluation, and assessment are included Users of the Dictionary will find it extremely valuable to the contemporary understanding and use of more than 3,500 terms as they apply to educational research, practice, and theory As we embarked on the ambitious task of producing a second edition of this work, we enlisted the aid of scholars with a wide variety of expertise Our contributing editors and contributors represent many of the foremost authorities in their field In addition to the continued support and contributions from first edition authors, over 100 additional contributors participated in this project The quality of this publication reflects the expertise of the contributors and the care and commitment they gave to this effort Following the successful model of the earlier edition, each contributing editor to the second edition had the option of gathering a group of colleagues to develop definitions for terms in their respective areas Each contributing editor who chose to so was subsequently responsible for identifying and recruiting contributors to write definitions within ix Contributors, First Edition 567 Teresa Chen, California State University at Long Beach Yeonsuk Cho, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Silva Dushku, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Kate Hahn, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Ashley Lanting, Indiana University Brian Lynch, Portland State University, Oregon Serena Pyo, Woosong University, Taejeon, Korea Sara Cushing Weigle, Georgia State University MULTICULTURAL AND MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION J Q Adams Professor, Multicultural Education, Educational and Interdisciplinary Studies, Western Illinois University Gloria Delaney-Barmann, Western Illinois University Sharon R Stevens, Western Illinois University Janice R Welsch, Western Illinois University PHYSICAL EDUCATION Robert E Frederick Professor, Movement Arts, Health Promotion, and Leisure Studies, School of Education and Allied Studies, Bridgewater State College RURAL EDUCATION Lawrence E Rogers Associate Professor of Teacher Education, College of Education and Counseling, South Dakota State University SECONDARY EDUCATION Corey R Lock Professor, Department of Middle, Secondary and K12 Education, University of North Carolina-Charlotte George A Churukian Professor Emeritus, Illinois Wesleyan University James F Burnham, University of North Carolina-Charlotte Patricia J Gibson, University of North Carolina-Charlotte Darlene Guerrero, Charlotte, North Carolina Debra S Morris, West Lincoln High School, Lincolnton, North Carolina Janice T Ritter, University of North Carolina-Charlotte SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION Mary S Black Assistant Professor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin 568 Contributors, First Edition Irma Garcia Bakenhaus, University of Texas at Austin Chara Haeussler Bohan, Baylor University James J Carpenter, University of Texas at Austin Jamel K Donnor, University of Texas at Austin Cynthia Duda DuBois, University of Texas at Austin Marilyn Eisenwine, University of Texas at Austin Connie Elam, University of Texas at Austin Kristi Fragnoli, State University of New York at Cortland Melaney Kay Gillaspie, Old Dominion University Judith A Hakes, University of Texas at Austin Chris Leahey, University of Texas at Austin Karon Nicol LeCompte, University of Texas at Austin Patricia D Martin, University of Texas at Austin H Richard Milner, University of Texas at Austin Frances E Monteverde, University of Texas at Austin J Wesley Null, University of Texas at Austin Jo Beth Oestreich, University of Texas at Austin Karen Riley, University of Texas at Austin E Wayne Ross, University of Louisville Kathleen Scott, University of Texas at Austin Jared Stallones, University of Texas at Austin Barbara S Stern, University of Texas at Austin Donna Love Vliet, University of Texas at Austin Erik Wilson, University of Texas at Austin Sandra E Wolf, University of Texas at Austin SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION Hal F Smith Assistant Professor, School of Education, City College of New York SPECIAL EDUCATION Suzanne Ripley Vice President and Director (NICHCY), National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities, Washington, DC Jessica C Penchos, Harvard Graduate School of Education TEACHER EDUCATION Renee T Clift Professor, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Jeehae Ahn, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Russell Binkley, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Brenda L Bowen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Patricia Brady, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cari L Klecka, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Betty Liebovich, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Contributors, Second Edition Individuals named in boldface type directly under the subject area are the contributing editors for that topic A list of contributor initials used throughout the Dictionary can be found at the end of this section ADULT AND CONTINUING EDUCATION John P Comings Board President, Institute for Training and Development Christine Smith, University of Massachusetts, Amherst ART EDUCATION Jessica Hoffmann Davis Founder, Former Director, Arts in Education Program, Harvard Graduate School of Education CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION Steven Aragon Associate Professor, Human Resource Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Elaine Adams, University of Georgia James E Bartlett, North Carolina State University Neil A Knobloch, Purdue University Richard Zinser, Western Michigan University 569 570 Contributors, Second Edition CONTINUING EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Joseph P Zolner Lecturer on Education, Senior Director of Higher Education Programs, Harvard Graduate School of Education Mitalene Fletcher, Harvard Graduate School of Education Stephen Hyde, Harvard Graduate School of Education Larissa Noake, Harvard Graduate School of Education EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT, AND POLICY Rosemary Papa Professor, Educational Leadership, Northern Arizona University Charles M Achilles, Northern Arizona University Karyn Blair, Northern Arizona University Ric S Brown, Northern Arizona University Lynette Cook-Francis, University of Arizona Mary Dereshiwsky, Northern Arizona University Roxanna Solley Dewey, Tempe, Arizona James Louis Driscoll, Mesa, Arizona Gary L Emanuel, Northern Arizona University Fenwick W English, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Maureen Kelly Flores, University of Arizona Patricia G Gibson, Northern Arizona University Daniel Kain, Northern Arizona University David J Loutzenheiser, Chandler, Arizona Lynnette Michalski, Northern Arizona University Michelle Poppen, Tucson, Arizona Lani Simmons, Tucson, Arizona Stephen D Sorden, Northern Arizona University Matthew Davis Strom, Chandler, Arizona Damon Twist, Phoenix, Arizona Kasey Urquidez, University of Arizona EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY Sean Blenkinsop Assistant Professor of Education, Simon Fraser University David P Burns, Simon Fraser University Neil Carter, Christchurch Steiner School Trent Davis, York University David Diener, Indiana University Veronica K Hotton, Simon Fraser University Arun Karumanchiri, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto Jodi MacQuarrie, Simon Fraser University Clayton Maitlan, School District No 42, Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada Contributors, Second Edition 571 Diana Nicholson, University of Victoria Trevor Norris, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto Bruce Novack, Truman College Charles Scott, Simon Fraser University Timothy Waddington, Simon Fraser University EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, COUNSELING, AND GUIDANCE Thomas Steuart Watson Professor, Educational Psychology, Department of Educational Psychology, Miami University EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA Kathleen Guinee Senior Lecturer, Northeastern University Alex Brosowsky, Northeastern University Kellie M Doty, Harvard University Weimiao Fan, State University of New York at Albany Janet Gronneberg, Center for Applied Special Technology Heping Hao, Harvard Business School Publishing L Jon Hobbs, Evaluation and Training Institute Lai Lei Lou, University at Albany, State University of New York Shawn Mahoney, Harvard Graduate School of Education Laurie Poklop, Educational Technology Center, Northeastern University Allison Ruda, Northeastern University Online Yuriko Sasaki, State University of New York at Albany Dan Schoenfeld, State University of New York at Albany GENERAL EDUCATION John W Collins III Librarian, Member of the Faculty, Monroe C Gutman Library, Harvard Graduate School of Education Nancy Patricia O’Brien Professor and Head, Education and Social Science Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Eileen Berger, Harvard Graduate School of Education Jennifer Bryan, Harvard Graduate School of Education Preston B Cline, University of Pennsylvania Ann S Flentje, Harvard Graduate School of Education Benjamin Gallup, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Neil Lipsitz, College of the Holy Cross Alicia Safier, Harvard Graduate School of Education Nancy Safier, Harborlight Montessori School Mark Shelton, Harvard Graduate School of Education 572 Contributors, Second Edition HIGHER EDUCATION Sharon K Naylor Professor, Illinois State University Jean B MacDonald, Illinois State University Pam Werre, Minnesota State University Moorhead LANGUAGE ARTS AND READING Julie Marie Wood Harvard Graduate School of Education Jennifer DeBara Crandell, Harvard Graduate School of Education Rachel Currie-Rubin, Harvard Graduate School of Education Christina L Dobbs, Harvard Graduate School of Education Margaret Mary Dubeck, Harvard Graduate School of Education Jessica Scott, Harvard Graduate School of Education MATHEMATICS EDUCATION Anne Reynolds Associate Professor, Kent State University Michelle L Frederick, Ravenna City Schools Jenna Marie Gordon, Kent State University Ronda L Kirsch, Kent State University Sister Mary Theresa Sharp, S.N.D., Kent State University Peggy M Slavik, Baldwin-Wallace College LeAnn Diana Zanni, Kent State University MEASUREMENT, EVALUATION, AND ASSESSMENT Yeonsuk Cho Associate Research Scientist, Center for Validity Research, Educational Testing Service Minjeong Jeon, University of California, Berkeley Hye Joo Lee, Georgia Institute of Technology Guangming Ling, Educational Testing Service Jonathan Schmidgall, University of California, Los Angeles Rick Tannenbaum, Educational Testing Service Jing Xu, Iowa State University MULTICULTURAL AND MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION Annie C Paprocki Assistant Professor, Education and Social Science Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Contributors, Second Edition 573 NEUROSCIENCE IN EDUCATION Jennifer Thomson Assistant Professor of Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education Samantha Daley, Harvard Graduate School of Education Matthias Faeth, Harvard Graduate School of Education Derrick Hull, Harvard Graduate School of Education Priya Kalra, Harvard Graduate School of Education Jamie O’Keeffe, Harvard Graduate School of Education Nancy Schoolcraft, Harvard Graduate School of Education Meghan Taevs, Harvard Graduate School of Education PHYSICAL EDUCATION Karen Richardson Associate Professor, Physical Education and Health Department, Bridgewater State College RURAL EDUCATION Lawrence E Rogers Professor of Teacher Education, South Dakota State University SECONDARY EDUCATION Leila E Villaverde Associate Professor, Educational Leadership and Cultural Foundations, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Whitney Paige Akers, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Brian Dwight Ammons, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Sabrina Boyer, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Erin Brownlee Dell, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Ty-Ron M O Douglas, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Sarah Margaret Heying, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Dara Nix-Stevenson, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Adrienne Sansom, University of North Carolina at Greensboro SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION Nancy Gallavan Associate Dean, College of Education, University of Central Arkansas TEACHER EDUCATION Dorene Ross Professor, College of Education, University of Florida Alyson Adams, University of Florida Elizabeth Bondy, University of Florida 574 Contributors, Second Edition Nancy Dana, University of Florida Stephanie Dodman, University of Florida Elyse Hambacher, University of Florida Desirae Krell, University of Florida Dianne Murphey, University of Florida Colleen Packer, University of Florida Marissa Stukey, University of Florida Katie Tricarico, University of Florida Contributors by Initials Key: No asterisk after name indicates first edition contributor One asterisk* indicates second edition contributor Two asterisks** indicate first and second edition contributor aa ab ab1 ac acp ad af ag ah ahs aja ak al alm als alw amm amr an ao ap ar as asf at aw Alyson Adams* Angela Byars Winston Alex Brosowsky* Ann Crawford Annie C Paprocki* Amanda Davis Anne Fields Adam Golub Andrea Howard Alicia Safier* Alex J Angulo Arun Karumanchiri* Ashley Lanting Amelia Maness A Lorraine Schmertzing Andrea Williams Asa M Miura Anne Reynolds** Alven Nieman Allison Olson Anne Proctor Allison Ruda* Adrienne Sansom* Ann S Flentje* Anna Twyman Amy Warren ay baul baw bba bd bda bdj bgr bhg bjl bkl blb bmm bn bs bsb bss bt-b cag cap cas caw cb cd ce cf A Yang Bradley A U Levinson Barbara Wand Bonnie Betts Armbruster Brett Deacon Brian Dwight Ammons* Brian D Johnson Beth Rapps Benjamin Gallup* Betty Liebovich Brian Lynch Brenda L Bowen Brad M Merker Bruce Novack* Betty Sanders Brent Blanton Barbara S Stern Barbara Thayer-Bacon Christine A Gibbon Carey A Pawlowski Christine Smith* Christine Woyshner Chara Haeussler Bohan Cynthia Duda DuBois Connie Elam Cameron Fincher 575 576 cf1 ch chb chm cjb ck ckc cl cld clk clp cm! cm1 cm2 cma cmdv cp crl crl1 crsg cs db db1 dbc db-j dc dd dd1 ddr dek dg dh dho djl djr dl dlk dlt dm dm1 dm2 dmv dn dns dpb drb ds dsm dv dwm Contributors by Initials Catherine Finnegan Chadwick Higgens Clifford Baden Catherine Monaghan Jeffrey Berg Christine King Cybil Cheek Carolina Leal Christina L Dobbs* Cari L Klecka Connie Phelps CM! Palacio Claire Major Clayton Maitlan* Charles M Achilles* Cathy DeVaughan Colleen Packer* Chris Leahey Corey R Lock Cheryl Grossman Charles Scott* Debra D Bragg Donna Bell Donald B Cagle Donald Bloomenfeld-Jones Darlinda Cassell Don Daughtry David Diener* Dorene Ross* Desirae Krell* Darlene Guerrero Derrick Hull* Douglas H Olson David J Loutzenheiser* Denise Rosenblatt David Levy Daniel Kain* Damon Twist* Billy Duane McFadden Doug Mann Dianne Murphey* Diane Vreeland Diana Nicholson* Dara Nix-Stevenson* David P Burns* Deron R Boyles Dan Schoenfeld* Debra S Morris Donna Love Vliet Douglas Mikutel ea eb ebd ec ecb ecr ee ef egh eh eh1 eht em emm er ew ewr ey fa fd fem fh fwe gac gd-b gl gle grw gs gtm gu hbv hfs hg hh h-jk hl hrm hv ieh ig igb ih ja jac jah jam jas jb jb1 Elaine Adams* Elizabeth Bondy* Erin Brownlee Dell* Eva Maria Cadavid Eileen Berger* Elizabeth Rightmyer Elizabeth Everett Elizabeth Farokhi Elaine Gass Hirsch Elias Holman Elyse Hambacher* Eileen Tamura Ethan Mintz Elissa M McElrath Emily Robertson Erik Wilson E Wayne Ross Elaine Young Felito Aldarondo Frederick G Davidson Frances E Monteverde Felicity Haynes Fenwick W English* George A Churukian Gloria Delaney-Barmann Guangming Ling* Gary L Emanuel* Gregory R Wheeler Gregory Spano Gabriel Matney Gabriel Uzquiano Helga Visscher Hal F Smith Howard R D Gordon Heping Hao** Hyun-Jung Kim Hye Joo Lee* H Richard Milner Heather Voke Ilona E Holland Ignacio Gotz Irma Garcia Bakenhaus Ian Harris Jeehae Ahn Jeffrey A Cantor Judith A Hakes Joseph A Maxwell Jessica Scott* James E Bartlett** Jan Bengtsson Contributors by Initials 577 jb2 jbb jbl jbm jbo jc jc1 jc2 jcp jd jdc jde jdk je jf jfb jg jg1 jh jih ji-m jjc jk jkd jld jlj jlr jls jlw jm jm1 jmb jmc jmg jmo jmw jn jne jok jpc jqa jr jrb jrj jrk jrm jrs jrw js js1 Jennifer Bryan* Jennifer Bruning Brown Jane B Lindamood Jean B MacDonald* Jo Beth Oestreich John Covaleskie Janell Carter Jackie Cossentino Jessica C Penchos Jessica Hoffmann Davis** Jennifer DeBara Crandell* Jeffrey David Ehrenreich Jaime Keel James Eck John Fleischmann James F Burnham Jan Price Greenough Janet Gronneberg* L Jon Hobbs** J Irene Harris José A Ibáñez-Martin James J Carpenter Jill Korey O’Sullivan Jamel K Donnor James Louis Driscoll* Jill Jacobi-Vessels John Rudolph J Lea Smith Jeneen LaSee-Willemssen Jennifer Morales Jodi MacQuarrie* Joan M Burke John M Casey Jenna Marie Gordon* Jamie Morgenstern Julie Marie Wood** Jana Noel Jessica Neamon Jamie O’Keeffe* John P Comings** J Q Adams Jerri B Roemer Jayne Beilke Janice Janz Jane Katz Jenna Montgomery Jared Stallones Janice R Welsch Janice Saturday Jenjee Sengkhammee js2 jsj jt jt1 jtr jv jw jwb jwc jwg jwn jx jz kab kbc kc kd kdc kf kf1 kg kg1 kgh kh kh1 kku kl klb klj km kms kmt knl kpb kpr kr kr1 krk ks ks1 ks2 ksp kt ktc kva kw las lbl lcf lcw Jonathan Schmidgall* JuSung Jun Jill K Steward-Trier Jennifer Thomson* Janice T Ritter Jennie Ver Steeg Jeffrey M Wright Jenny W Best John W Collins III** Jannette Gutierrez J Wesley Null Jing Xu* Joseph P Zolner* Kate A Barrett Karin B Cooper Kathleen Condon Kellie M Doty* Kristina Christensen Kim Frumin Kristi Fragnoli Kenneth Gray Kathleen Guinee** Karen Hemmerling Ken Howe Kate Hahn Kasey Urquidez* Keith Leitich Karyn Blair* Karen L Janke Katie McCarthy Kelly McPerson-Shuff Katie Tricarico* Karon Nicol LeCompte K Page Boyer Karen Richardson* Kerri Richardson Karen Riley Kevin Kosar Kathy Stewart Kathleen Scott Kimberly Schlussel Kelly S Petska Kim Tolley Kyle T Curry Keith V Adolphson Kevin Williams Lisa Soricone Laura Burlingame-Lee Lynette Cook-Francis* Linda Weber 578 Contributors by Initials ld ldz le lev lg lh lj ljl ljm lkk llf lll lmm lms ln lp lr lrm lw ly mas mb mbm mc mc1 mc2 mc3 mcm mds med mf mf1 mf2 mg mg1 mg2 mgg mhi-y mhs mid mj mje mjs mkg mkr mkrf mkt mkw ml mlf Laura Dewhirst LeAnn Diana Zanni* Linda Eisenmann Leila E Villaverde* Lisa Gonzalez Laurel Haycock Lama Jarudi Lee LaFleur Laurie Mullen Laura Kerr Lisa L Frey Lai Lei Lou* Lynnette Michalski* Lani Simmons* Larissa Noake* Laurie Poklop* Lawrence E Rogers** Laura-Renee Mendoza Laura Wayth Lee Yeager Marydee A Spillett Mark Bay Michael B Mathias Marianne Castano Mark Condon Melissa Carpenter Melissa Cast Melissa C Magreta Matthew Davis Strom* Mary E Dawes Melissa Ferguson Mitalene Fletcher* Matthias Faeth* Maughn Gregory Millie Gore Marc Galvin Michael G Gottfried Mary Helen Immordino-Yang Marjorie Hodges Shaw Mary Dereshiwsky* Minjeong Jeon* Marilyn Eisenwine Michael J Scheel Melaney Kay Gillaspie Mary Kathryn Robinson Maureen Kelly Flores* Meredith K Taylor M Keith Whitescarver Mark Langager Michelle L Frederick* mlp mlp1 mm mm1 mmd mrs ms msb mt nb nc nc1 nfd nk nl nl1 npg npo nrs ns nt pbc pdm peb pgg pjg pjm pk pk1 plw pmts prg ps psb psc pw pw1 rb rbp rc rcr rdh rdk reb rem rf rih rjt rk rl Maria de la Luz Perez Michelle Poppen* Marilyn Martin Marlow Matherne Margaret Mary Dubeck* Marissa Stukey* Mark Shelton* Mary S Black Meghan Taevs* Nicholas C Burbules Nadine Cohen Neil Carter* Nancy Dana* Neil A Knobloch* Natasha Levinson Neil Lipsitz* Nancy Gallavan* Nancy Patricia O’Brien** Nancy Safier* Nancy Schoolcraft* Natalia Taylor Preston B Cline** Patricia D Martin Patricia Brady Patricia G Gibson* Patricia J Gibson Patricia Moran Patrick Keeney Priya Kalra* Pamela L Whitehouse Peggy M Slavik* Peggy Ruth Geren Paula Schornick Paul S Baker Paul S Collins Phoebe Williamson Pam Werre* Ronald Butchart Rosemary Papa* Randall Curren Rachel Currie-Rubin* Robert D Heslep Ron Koehn Russell Binkley Robin E Macdonald Robert E Frederick Rita Herron Rick Tannenbaum* Rodman King Rich Luekenga Contributors by Initials 579 rlk rls rnp ros rsb rsd rt rtc rvb rws rz sa salb sb sb1 sc sc1 scmc scw sd sd1 sdc sds sdt sew sf sh shf sk sld slr sls sm smc smh smt smts sn snr sp sr sr1 sr2 srd Ronda L Kirsch* Randy L Swing Robert N Portnoy Robert O Slater Ric S Brown* Roxanna Solley Dewey* Roben Torosyan Renee T Clift Randall V Bass Richard Schmertzing Richard Zinser* Steven Aragon* Scott Beck Sabrina Boyer* Sean Blenkinsop* Stephen Clinton Suzanne Cutler Susan C M Crane Sara Cushing Weigle Silva Dushku Samantha Daley* Sherry D Ceperich Stephen D Sorden* Sandra Davis Trowell Sandra E Wolf Susan Faulkner Stephen Hyde* Susan H Frost Sandra Kerka Stephanie Dodman* Stacy Reeder Stephanie L Standerfer Shawn Mahoney* S Megan Che Sarah Margaret Heying* Stefka Masinova-Todd Sister Mary Theresa Sharp, S.N.D.* Sharon K Naylor** Stephanie Robinson Serena Pyo Suzanne Ripley Suzanne Rice Shennika Rutledge Stephanie Davis-Kahl srs ss st sv sw sw1 tb tc td tfg th ti tkb tl tll tm tmod tn tr trc tsw tvh tw tw1 vdf vkh vm vmm weh wf wg wgw wja wl wpa xss yb yc yjl ys yu za zy Sharon R Stevens Susan Sears Shona Terrell Susan Verducci Scott Walter Shana Walton Todd Brown Teresa Chen Trent Davis* Thomas F Green Thomas Hehir Tania Israel Tyler Kemp-Benedict Timothy Letzring Trudilyne Leone Lord Troy Mooney Ty-Ron M O Douglas* Trevor Norris* Teresa Parish Tom Redmon Timothy Reese Cain Thomas Steuart Watson* Tammi Vacha-Haase Tim Wright Timothy Waddington* Vicki Darlene Flournoy Veronica K Hotton* Victoria Molfese Victoria-Maria MacDonald William E Hanson Weimiao Fan* Wanda Gill William Wraga William Arbuckle William Losito Whitney Paige Akers* Ximena P Suarez-Sousa Yash Bhagwanji Yeonsuk Cho** Yujie Julia Li Yuriko Sasaki* Yuuko Uchikoshi Zoe Agnew Zheng Yan About the Editors JOHN W COLLINS III is librarian at the Monroe C Gutman Library and a member of the faculty at the Harvard Graduate School of Education Dr Collins received the Distinguished Education and Behavioral Sciences Librarian Award from the Association of College & Research Libraries in 2008 He is coeditor of Digital Reference Service in the New Millennium: Planning, Management, and Evaluation and coauthor of “Proposal for the Creation of a Subdiscipline: Education Informatics,” a feature article in Teachers College Record (October 2010) NANCY PATRICIA O’BRIEN is head of the Education and Social Science Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign She is the author of Education: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources and coeditor of the Directory of Test Collections in Academic, Professional and Research Collections She is the 1997 recipient of the Distinguished Education and Behavioral Sciences Librarian Award from the Association of College & Research Libraries 581