Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
HƯỚNG DẪN ÔN TẬP MÔN TIẾNG ANH (Nâng ngạch chuyên viên chính) Tháng 11 2022 THE FORMAT OF THE TEST (MULTIPLE CHOICE) PART 1 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY PART 2 WRITING VOCABULARY 1 Work 2 Communication 3 M.
HƯỚNG DẪN ÔN TẬP MÔN TIẾNG ANH (Nâng ngạch chuyên viên chính) Tháng 11/ 2022 THE FORMAT OF THE TEST (MULTIPLE CHOICE) PART 1: GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY PART 2: WRITING VOCABULARY Work Communication Money Travel Environment Entertainment Technology Health Arts and Media 10 Natural World GRAMMAR I TENSES (THÌ) SIMPLE PRESENT (HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN) Positive: S+V1 /Vs, es Ex: Water boils at 100o C Negative: Ex: Tom doesn’t feel hungry S+ do/ does + not+ V1 Question: Do/ does+ S + V1 …? Ex: How often you go to school? * be: am, is, are * have: has/ have Diễn tả: Tình cảm, cảm giác, sở thích, quan điểm Thói quen, hoạt động ngày, phong tục, tập quán Chân lí, thật hiển nhiên Xuất xứ, quốc tịch Với: EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIMES, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + (a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then * Vị trí trạng từ câu: Trước động từ thường (Ex: His wife never cooks) Sau động từ to be (Ex: I am never late for school.) Notes: Qui tắc thêm es động từ có chủ ngữ số ít: - Các động từ tận là: o, sh, ch, x, s, z - Các động từ tận y mà đứng trước y phụ âm ta đổi y i + es (She studies, Tom tries, He plays ) PRESENT CONTINUOUS (HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN) Positive: S + am/ is/ are + Ving Ex: We are studying English now Negative: S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving Ex: She isn’t writing now Question: Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving Ex: What are you doing right now? Diễn tả: ? Hành động xảy vào lúc nói, viết hành động kéo dài // (while: khi) hành động kéo dài có hành động ngắn đột ngột xảy (S+ V1/ Vs, es) Hành động xảy ra, sau câu mệnh lệnh (Look!, Listen!, Be careful!, Be quiet!, …) Ex: Be quiet! The baby is sleeping in the next room dự định tương lai, xếp có kế hoạch Ex: He is leaving early tomorrow morning Với: AT PRESENT, AT THE MOMENT, NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW PRESENT PERFECT (HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH) Positive: S + has/ have + V3ed Ex: I’ve just opened the door Ex: We have studied English for many years Negative: S + has/ have Question: Has/ Have + S Diễn tả: + not + V3ed + V3ed? Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently Ex: How long have you studied English? Hành động khứ không rõ thời gian Hành động vừa xảy xảy gần Hành động bắt đầu khứ, cịn tiếp tục & tiếp tục tương lai Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET, JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc thời gian, FOR + khoảng thời gian, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR… * Dùng với cụm từ: This is the first time/ This is the second time + S + has/ have + V3ed PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN) Positive: S + has/ have + been + Ving Negative: S + has/ have + not + been + Ving Question: Has/ Have + S + been + Ving? Ex: We have been studying English for many years Diễn tả: Hành động bắt đầu khứ, tiếp tục đến tương lai (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục, không gián đoạn hành động) * Một số động từ thường dùng: learn, lie, live, sit, rain, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, teach, stay,… SIMPLE PAST (QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN) Positive: S + V2ed Ex: I saw him yesterday Negative: S + did + not + V1 Ex: She didn’t come last week Question: Did + S + V1 ? Ex: Did Mr Lee phone an hour ago? *be: was / were wasn’t, weren’t Diễn tả: Hành động xảy & chấm dứt hoàn toàn khứ (xác định rõ thời gian) Thói quen khứ Kể lại câu chuyện khứ Với: YESTERDAY, AGO, LAST (night, week, year…), THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY, in + thời gian khứ PAST CONTINUOUS (QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN) Positive: S + was/ were + Ving Ex: We were watching TV at pm yesterday Negative: S + was/ were + not + Ving Ex: I was not writing a letter at this time yesterday Question: Was / Were + S + Ving ? Ex: Was she sleeping as the telephone rang? Diễn tả: Hành động xảy thời điểm / khoảng thời gian xác định khứ (at p.m., from p.m to p.m., …) hành động diễn lúc khứ (while: khi) hành động diễn q khứ có hành động khác đột ngột xen vào Với: AT THIS TIME, AT THAT MOMENT… AS / WHEN + S + was/ were + Ving, S + V2ed EX: I was talking to her when her mother got home S + was/ were + Ving + whlie + S + was/ were + EX: She was playing Ving chess while they were cooking lunch PAST PERFECT (QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH) Positive: S + had + V3ed Negative: S + had + not + V3ed Questions: Had + S + V3ed ? Ex: Last night I went to bed after I had done my homework Diễn tả: Hành động xảy trước mốc thời gian khứ trước hành động khác khứ Với: A/ S + HAD + V3 / Ved + BEFORE + S + V2 / ed Ex: They had phoned me before they came here B/ S + V2 / ED + AFTER + S + HAD + V3 / VED Ex: I went to school after I had had breakfast SIMPLE FUTURE (TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN) Positive: S + will / shall + V1 Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow Negative: S + will / shall + not + V1 Ex: I won’t buy it tomorrow Question: Will / Shall + S + V1? Ex: Will you buy it tomorrow? *Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t Diễn tả: Hành động xảy tương lai Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V 1…? ); Đề nghị ( Shall I / we + V …?) Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…) THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI GẦN) S + am/ is / are + going to + V1 + Dùng diễn tả dự định, kế hoạch xếp đặt trước Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow 10 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN) S + WILL BE + V-ing + Diễn tả hành động xảy thời điểm xác định tương lai Ex: We will be playing badminton at 9:00 a.m tomorrow Với: At this time tomorrow (morning, afternoon, evening), at this time next……… 11 FUTURE PERFECT (TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH) S + will / shall + have + V3ed Ex: the work by the time you get back tomorrow Diễn tả: We’ll have already finished Hành động hoàn tất trước hành động khác tương lai Với: BY THE TIME…, BY THE END OF… BY THE TIME THE YEAR 2015…, 12 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN) S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing + Diễn tả hành động xảy khứ kéo dài đến thời điểm cho trước tương lai Ex: By the end of this school year, I will have been teaching at Chu Van An High School for years II MODALS (ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT) Can Positive: can + V1 (có thể) Negative: can’t + V1 (không thể) Diễn tả: Khả tại, tương lai. Ex: They can speak English Could Positive: could + V1 Negative: couldn’t + V1 Diễn tả: Khả (phổ quát, chung chung) khứ Ex: I could swim when I was ten May / might Positive: may / might + V1 Negative: may / might + not + V1 Diễn tả: Điều xảy (không chắn) Ex: He may / might be in his office (= perhaps he is in his office) Must / mustn’t a must + V1 (phải) Diễn tả: Sự bắt buộc cần thiết (có tính chủ quan) Ex: My car is very dirty I must wash it now Một suy luận hợp lý chắn Ex: John’s lights are out He must sleep b mustn’t + V1 (không được): diễn tả cấm đoán Ex: You must keep it in a secret You mustn’t tell anybody else Sự khác must have to * must: + cần thiết hay bắt buộc có tính chủ quan (người nói đưa ý tưởng riêng mình) Ex: I must study for the exam * have to: + cần thiết hay bắt buộc có tính khách quan (sự bắt buộc điều kiện bên ngoài: nội qui, qui định, luật pháp, …) Ex: You can’t turn right here You have to turn left Should Positive: should + V1 (phải, nên) Negative: shouldn’t + V1 (không nên) Diễn tả: Sự bắt buộc bổn phận (nghĩa không mạnh must) Ex: You shouldn’t drink and drive Lời khuyên ý kiến Ex: You should stop smoking Ought to Positive: Ought to + V1 (nên) Negative: Ought not to + V1 (không nên), Ex: You are not very well Perhaps you ought to see a doctor Had better Positive: Had better + V1 (nên, tốt hơn) Negative: Had better not + V1 (không nên) Ex: It’s cold The children had better wear their coats You don’t look very well You’d better not go to work today Used to - Used to + V1: đã Positive: S + used to + V1… Negative: S + didn’t use to + V1… Question: Did + S + use to + V1…? Ex: I didn’t use to like her but we are best friends now - be used to + V-ing / noun: quen, quen với Ex: I am used to living alone - get used to + V-ing / noun: trở nên quen với Ex:You’ll soon get used to living in the country III COMPARISON (SO SÁNH) 1/ EQUAL COMPARISON WITH ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB (SO SÁNH BẰNG VỚI TÍNH TỪ/ TRẠNG TỪ) S + Be + AS + V ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN ) ADVERB Ex: Mai is as tall as Lan Ex: This house is as expensive as that one Ex: She studies as hard as Hoa Ex: They drive as carefully as my parents 2/ SUPERIOR COMPARISONS (SO SÁNH HƠN) A / SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE (SO SÁNH HƠN VỚI TÍNH TỪ NGẮN) Ex : Alice is taller than Daisy S1 + Be + SHORT ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN + S2 B / SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE (SO SÁNH HƠN VỚI TÍNH TỪ DÀI) S1 + Be + MORE + LONG ADJECTIVE + THAN + S2 Ex : She is more beautiful than Nga 3/ SUPERLATIVE (SO SÁNH NHẤT) A / SUPERLATIVE WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE (SO SÁNH NHẤT VỚI TÍNH TỪ NGẮN) Ex : John is the tallest boy in the family S + Be + THE + SHORT ADJECTIVE + EST … B / SUPERLATIVE WITH LONG ADJECTIVE (SO SÁNH NHẤT VỚI TÍNH TỪ DÀI) S1 + Be + THE + MOST + LONG ADJECTIVE … Ex: Mary is the most intelligent in her class IV CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN) Loại 1: Có thể xảy will If + S + present tense, S + shall can + Vo may Ex: If the weather is fine, I will go for a picnic Ex: If she studies hard, she will pass the exam Loại 2: Không thể xảy could should If + S + past tense, S + would might + Vo Ex: I am not fine, so I can’t join the party => If I were fine, I could join the party Ex: Alice doesn’t have free time today, so she doesn’t go to the cinema => If Alice had free time today, she would go to the cinema Loại 3: Không thể xảy khứ could have If + S + past perfect, S + should have would have might have + V3 / Ved Ex: They didn’t go because they were busy yesterday => If they hadn’t been busy yesterday, they would have gone Ex: We didn’t study hard, so we failed in an exam last year => If we had studied hard last year, we could have passed the exam V WISH (ƯỚC) Ước trái ngược với tình S + Wish ( es ) + That + S + V2 / ed were Ex: The weather isn’t good => I wish that the weather were good Ex: He learns very badly => They wish he didn’t learn badly Ước trái ngược với tình tương lai S + Wish ( es ) + That + S + would + Vo could Ex: Mary will visit Paris next week => I wish that Mary wouldn’t visit Paris next week Ex: I can’t speak Spanish fluently I wish that I could speak Spanish fluently Ước trái ngược với tình khứ S + wish ( es ) + Tha S + Had + V / Ved => I wish they had taken part in the party last night VI PASSIVE VOICE (CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG) Active: Passive: S + S + V + BE + V3/ ED + O by O Một số dạng động từ thể thụ động Dạng bị động đơn S + am / is / are + V3/ed Dạng bị động khứ đơn Active (chủ động) Passive (bị động) Ex: The news surprises me Ex: I am surprised by the news Ex: The news surprises Sam Ex: Sam is surprised by the news Ex: They bought this Ex: This house was 10 S + was / were + V3/ed Dạng bị động hồn thành S + has / have + been + V3/ed Dạng bị động q khứ hồn thành S + had + been + V3/ed Dạng bị động tương lai đơn S + will + be + V3/ed house last year bought last year Ex: I saw them yesterday Ex: They were seen yesterday Ex: I have just bought a car Ex: A car has just been bought Ex: Phong has done these excercises for hours Ex: These exercises have been done for hours by Phong Ex: They had phoned me before they left Ex: I had been phoned before they left Ex: Mai will visit Cuc Phuong national park next week Ex: Cuc Phuong national park will be visited by Mai next week VII GERUND & INFINITIVE GERUND (V - ING) + Dùng V-ing sau số động từ: admit, advise, avoid, consider, deny, discuss, dislike, hate, enjoy, keep, mind, miss, practise, prefer, resist, finish, suggest, Ex: He avoids meeting me + Dùng V-ing sau số cấu trúc câu: It’s no good / use, there is no point, what’s the point of, what about, how about, be worth, be busy, look forward to, be used to / be accustomed to / get used to, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand …… Ex: It is no use saying that I am used to getting up early INFINITIVE (TO + Vo) + Dùng to + Vo sau số động từ: want, ask, decide, plan, intend, hope, pretend, agree, expect, refuse, 11 S + V + ( Not ) To + Vo Ex: Mary decided to make friends with him Ex: She pretended not to see me yesterday + Dùng to + Vo sau số cấu trúc câu: be S+ look + adjective + to Vo seem feel Ex: He feels happy to live next to me It + is + adjective + (for / of + O) + to Vo * Adjectives: afraid, foolish, pleased, disappointed, sorry, angry, fortunate, qualified, prepared, lucky, eager, glad, ready, proud, difficult… Ex: It is ready for me to leave soon Ex: It is difficult for me to study English S + Be + too + Adj + (for + O) + to Vo Ex: He is too young to go to school S + Be + Adj + enough + to Vo Ex : He is not old enough to get married BARE – INFINITIVE (Vo) + Sau động từ khiếm khuyết: can, may, must, … Ex: I must go home now + Sau had better, would rather Ex: + Make Let You’d better stay at home today + O + V(bare) 12 EX: The clowns made them laugh a lot last night VERB FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUND * Without changing in meaning (Không thay đổi nghĩa) begin V-ing S + continue + Start.… to - inf Ex : It began to rain when I went to school Or It began raining when I went to school * Verbs of perception (Động từ giác quan) see V- ing hear S+ taste +O+ smell notice Vo Ex: I saw Mary walking in th park yesterday Or I saw Mary walk in the park yesterday * With changing in meaning (Tthay đổi nghĩa) - LIKE V-ing (sở thích) Like + To Vo (thích nghĩ tốt) Ghi chú: would like + to Vo; feel like + V-ing Ex: I like fishing I like to my job well - TRY V-ing (thử) Try + To Vo ( cố gắng ) Ex: I tried borrowing some money from John but he refused I tried to my test well - STOP V-ing (ngừng, không làm nữa) 13 Stop + To Vo (ngừng lại để…) Ex: - Stop talking - He stops to dink a cup of coffee because he feels asleep - REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET Remember V-ing (đã làm) forget + regret To Vo (chưa làm) Ex: He remembers meeting you when he was in France (He met you.) Ex: Remember to send me a letter when you arrive in Ho Chi Minh city (You will send.) - ALLOW, PERMIT, ADVISE, RECOMMEND Allow = permit V-ing + Advise = recommend O + to Vo EX: I permit you to go out I permit going out VIII RELATIVE PRONOUNS/ ADVERBS (ĐẠI TỪ/ TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ) 1/ Using Who, Whom, Which, Whose in Adjective clause (Dùng Who, Whom, Which, Whose mệnh đề tính từ) Ex: The man is friendly He lives next to me Who lives next to me => The man who lives next to me is friendly Ex: The police officer was friendly He gave me directions => The police officer who gave me directions was friendly Ex: The man was friendly I met him whom I met => The man whom I met was friendly Ex: The woman thanked me I helped her 14 Ở thí dụ: He đại từ chủ từ He ám “the man” Để lập mệnh đề tính từ, thay he who Who đại từ chủ từ Who ám the man Ở thí dụ: him đại từ túc từ Him ám the man để lập mệnh đề tính từ, thay him Whom => The woman whom I helped thanked me Ex: The river is polluted It flows through town Which flow through town => The river which flows through town is polluted Which ám vật thể, dùng chủ từ lẫn túc từ mệnh đề tính từ Ex: The books were expensive I bought them => The books which I bought were expensive Ex: The man called the police His car was stolen Whose sở hữu Whose car => The man whose car was stolen called the police Ex: I know a girl Her brother is a movie star whose brother 2/ Using Where, When, Why in Adjective clause (Dùng Where, When, Why mệnh đề tính từ) Ex: May Day is the day when people hold meetings When Chỉ thời gian, đứng sau từ thời gian Tùy thuộc vào thời gian nhắc đến, sử dụng at which, on which in which để thay cho when Ex: That blue house is the house where we used to live Where nơi chốn, đứng sau từ nơi chốn Tùy thuộc vào nơi chốn nhắc đến, sử dụng at which, on which in which để thay cho where Ex: He did not tell me the reason why he broke up with me Why lý do, theo sau tiền ngữ “the reason” Why dùng để thay cho “for the reason” Chúng ta sử dụng “for which” để thay 15 cho “why” IX REPORTED SPEECH (CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT) Direct speech (lời nói trực tiếp) Ex: He said, “I work hard.” => Indirect speech (lời nói gián tiếp) => He said (that) he worked hard He said to Lan, “I didn’t see you here yesterday” => He told Lan he hadn’t seen her there the day before A Saying verb (Động từ nói / Động từ tường thuật) - said to => told - Không đổi said khơng có “to” - Bỏ dấu:, “ ” ; , thêm liên từ “that” B Persons (Ngôi thứ) - Ngôi thứ (I, We) với chủ từ động từ nói - Ngơi thứ hai (you) ngơi với túc từ cùa động từ nói - Ngôi thứ ba ( He , She , It , They ) giữ nguyên, không đổi Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun Reflexive pronoun I me my mine myself We us our ours ourselves You you your yours yourself They them their theirs themselves He him his his himself She her her hers herself It it its its itself C Tense ( Thì ) STT DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Present tense Past tense Past tense Past perfect tense 16 Present perfect tense Past perfect tense Present continuous tense Past continuous tense Past continuous tense Past perfect continuous tense Future tense Future in the past D Một số từ nơi chốn thời gian cần phải đổi: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Now Then This That These Those Here There Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The day before Last week The week before Last Monday The previous Monday Ago Before Tomorrow The next day Next week The following week Ex : He said , “ I am tired now” => He said that he was tired then 17