The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Science THIRD EDITION tphtp_v4 10/13/03 10:46 AM Page 1 This page intentionally left blank The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Science THIRD EDITION K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors VOLUME 4 Lacewings - Pharmacogenetics tphtp_v4 10/13/03 10:46 AM Page 3 Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors Project Editor Kimberley A. McGrath Editorial Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Chris Jeryan, Jacqueline Longe, Mark Springer Editorial Support Services Andrea Lopeman Indexing Services Synapse Permissions Shalice Shah-Caldwell Imaging and Multimedia Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Dave Oblender, Christine O’Brien, Robyn V. Young Product Design Michelle DiMercurio Manufacturing Wendy Blurton, Evi Seoud © 2004 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design® and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license. 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Printed in Canada 10987654321 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Gale encyclopedia of science / K. Lee Lerner & Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors.— 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-7876-7554-7 (set) — ISBN 0-7876-7555-5 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-7876-7556-3 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-7557-1 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-7876-7558-X (v. 4) — ISBN 0-7876-7559-8 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-7876-7560-1 (v. 6) 1. Science—Encyclopedias. I. Lerner, K. Lee. II. Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth. Q121.G37 2004 503—dc22 2003015731 Disclaimer: Some images contained in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 v CONTENTS Topic List vii Organization of the Encyclopedia xxvii Advisory Board xxix Contributors xxxi Entries Volume 1 (Aardvark–Chaos) 1–818 Volume 2 (Charge-coupled device–Eye) 819–1572 Volume 3 (Factor–Kuru) 1573–2254 Volume 4 (Lacewings–Pharmacogenetics) 2255–3036 Volume 5 (Pheasants–Star) 3037–3800 Volume 6 (Star cluster–Zooplankton) 3801–4378 General Index 4379–4495 This page intentionally left blank A Aardvark Abacus Abrasives Abscess Absolute zero Abyssal plain Acceleration Accelerators Accretion disk Accuracy Acetic acid Acetone Acetylcholine Acetylsalicylic acid Acid rain Acids and bases Acne Acorn worm Acoustics Actinides Action potential Activated complex Active galactic nuclei Acupressure Acupuncture ADA (adenosine deaminase) deficiency Adaptation Addiction Addison’s disease Addition Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adhesive Alluvial systems Alpha particle Alternative energy sources Alternative medicine Altruism Aluminum Aluminum hydroxide Alzheimer disease Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) American Standard Code for Information Interchange Ames test Amicable numbers Amides Amino acid Ammonia Ammonification Amnesia Amniocentesis Amoeba Amphetamines Amphibians Amplifier Amputation Anabolism Anaerobic Analemma Analgesia Analog signals and digital signals Analytic geometry Anaphylaxis Anatomy Anatomy, comparative Anchovy Anemia Adrenals Aerobic Aerodynamics Aerosols Africa Age of the universe Agent Orange Aging and death Agouti Agricultural machines Agrochemicals Agronomy AIDS AIDS therapies and vaccines Air masses and fronts Air pollution Aircraft Airship Albatrosses Albedo Albinism Alchemy Alcohol Alcoholism Aldehydes Algae Algebra Algorithm Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Alkaloid Alkyl group Alleles Allergy Allotrope Alloy GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 vii TOPIC LIST Anesthesia Aneurism Angelfish Angiography Angiosperm Angle Anglerfish Animal Animal breeding Animal cancer tests Anion Anode Anoles Ant-pipits Antarctica Antbirds and gnat-eaters Anteaters Antelopes and gazelles Antenna Anthrax Anthropocentrism Anti-inflammatory agents Antibiotics Antibody and antigen Anticoagulants Anticonvulsants Antidepressant drugs Antihelmintics Antihistamines Antimatter Antimetabolites Antioxidants Antiparticle Antipsychotic drugs Antisepsis Antlions Ants Anxiety Apes Apgar score Aphasia Aphids Approximation Apraxia Aqueduct Aquifer Arachnids Arapaima Atmospheric temperature Atomic clock Atomic models Atomic number Atomic spectroscopy Atomic theory Atomic weight Atoms Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Auks Australia Autism Autoimmune disorders Automatic pilot Automation Automobile Autotroph Avogadro’s number Aye-ayes B Babblers Baboons Bacteria Bacteriophage Badgers Ball bearing Ballistic missiles Ballistics Balloon Banana Bandicoots Bar code Barberry Barbets Barbiturates Bariatrics Barium Barium sulfate Bark Barley Barnacles Barometer Barracuda Arc ARC LAMP Archaebacteria Archaeoastronomy Archaeogenetics Archaeology Archaeometallurgy Archaeometry Archeological mapping Archeological sites Arithmetic Armadillos Arrow worms Arrowgrass Arrowroot Arteries Arteriosclerosis Arthritis Arthropods Arthroscopic surgery Artifacts and artifact classification Artificial fibers Artificial heart and heart valve Artificial intelligence Artificial vision Arum family (Araceae) Asbestos Asexual reproduction Asia Assembly line Asses Associative property Asteroid 2002AA29 Asthenosphere Asthma Astrobiology Astroblemes Astrolabe Astrometry Astronomical unit Astronomy Astrophysics Atmosphere, composition and structure Atmosphere observation Atmospheric circulation Atmospheric optical phenomena Atmospheric pressure GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 viii Topic List Barrier islands Basin Bass Basswood Bathysphere Bats Battery Beach nourishment Beardworms Bears Beavers Bedrock Bee-eaters Beech family (Fagaceae) Bees Beet Beetles Begonia Behavior Bennettites Benzene Benzoic acid Bernoulli’s principle Beta-blockers Big bang theory Binary star Binocular Binomial theorem Bioaccumulation Bioassay Biochemical oxygen demand Biochemistry Biodegradable substances Biodiversity Bioenergy Biofeedback Biofilms Bioinformatics and computational biology Biological community Biological rhythms Biological warfare Biology Bioluminescence Biomagnification Biomass Biome Biophysics Bridges Bristletails Brittle star Bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae) Bronchitis Brown dwarf Brownian motion Brucellosis Bryophyte Bubonic plague Buckminsterfullerene Buckthorn Buckwheat Buds and budding Buffer Building design/architecture Bulbuls Bunsen burner Buoyancy, principle of Buret Burn Bustards Buttercup Butterflies Butterfly fish Butyl group Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylated hydroxytoluene Buzzards C Cactus CAD/CAM/CIM Caddisflies Caecilians Caffeine Caisson Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Calcium propionate Calcium sulfate Calculator Calculus Calendars Bioremediation Biosphere Biosphere Project Biotechnology Bioterrorism Birch family (Betulaceae) Birds Birds of paradise Birds of prey Birth Birth defects Bison Bitterns Bivalves BL Lacertae object Black hole Blackbirds Blackbody radiation Bleach Blennies Blindness and visual impairments Blindsnakes Blood Blood gas analysis Blood supply Blotting analysis Blue revolution (aquaculture) Bluebirds Boarfish Boas Bohr Model Boiling point Bond energy Bony fish Boobies and gannets Boolean algebra Boric acid Botany Botulism Bowen’s reaction series Bowerbirds Bowfin Boxfish Brachiopods Brackish Brain Brewing Brick GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 ix Topic List Calibration Caliper Calorie Calorimetry Camels Canal Cancel Cancer Canines Cantilever Capacitance Capacitor Capillaries Capillary action Caprimulgids Captive breeding and reintroduction Capuchins Capybaras Carbohydrate Carbon Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbonyl group Carboxyl group Carboxylic acids Carcinogen Cardiac cycle Cardinal number Cardinals and grosbeaks Caribou Carnivore Carnivorous plants Carp Carpal tunnel syndrome Carrier (genetics) Carrot family (Apiaceae) Carrying capacity Cartesian coordinate plane Cartilaginous fish Cartography Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) Cassini Spacecraft Catabolism Catalyst and catalysis Catastrophism Chinchilla Chipmunks Chitons Chlordane Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorination Chlorine Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chloroform Chlorophyll Chloroplast Cholera Cholesterol Chordates Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Chromatin Chromatography Chromosomal abnormalities Chromosome Chromosome mapping Cicadas Cigarette smoke Circle Circulatory system Circumscribed and inscribed Cirrhosis Citric acid Citrus trees Civets Climax (ecological) Clingfish Clone and cloning Closed curves Closure property Clouds Club mosses Coal Coast and beach Coatis Coca Cocaine Cockatoos Cockroaches Codeine Codfishes Codons Coefficient Coelacanth Catfish Catheters Cathode Cathode ray tube Cation Cats Cattails Cattle family (Bovidae) Cauterization Cave Cave fish Celestial coordinates Celestial mechanics Celestial sphere: The apparent motions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars Cell Cell death Cell division Cell, electrochemical Cell membrane transport Cell staining Cellular respiration Cellular telephone Cellulose Centipedes Centrifuge Ceramics Cerenkov effect Cetaceans Chachalacas Chameleons Chaos Charge-coupled device Chelate Chemical bond Chemical evolution Chemical oxygen demand Chemical reactions Chemical warfare Chemistry Chemoreception Chestnut Chi-square test Chickenpox Childhood diseases Chimaeras Chimpanzees GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 x Topic List [...]... readers to other helpful materials (including books, periodicals, and Web sites) GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 • The author’s name appears at the end of longer entries His or her affiliation can be found in the “Contributors” section at the front of each volume • “See also” references appear at the end of entries to point readers to related entries • Cross references placed throughout the encyclopedia. .. Yttrium GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 Topic List Wren-warblers Wrens Wrynecks Z Zebras Zero Zodiacal light Zoonoses Zooplankton xxv This page intentionally left blank ORGANIZATION OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition has been designed with ease of use and ready reference in mind • Entries are alphabetically arranged across six volumes, in a single sequence, rather than... more information, contact Gale s Business Development Group at 1-800-87 7GALE, or visit our website at www .gale. com/bizdev xxvii This page intentionally left blank ADVISORY BOARD A number of experts in the scientific and libary communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this encyclopedia Our advisory board performed a myriad of duties, from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing... Alexander I Ioffe, Ph.D Senior Scientist Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia Jennifer L McGrath Northwood High School Nappannee, Indiana David T King Jr., Ph.D Professor Department of Geology Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Danila Morano, M.D Department of Embryology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Theodore Snow Professor, Department of Astrophysical... Virginia Kathleen A Jones School of Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Darrel B Hoff Department of Physics Luther College Calmar, Iowa Harold M Kaplan Professor School of Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Dennis Holley Science Educator Shelton, Nebraska Anthony Kelly Science Writer Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 Judson Knight Science... would therefore like to express our appreciation to them: ACADEMIC ADVISORS Marcelo Amar, M.D Senior Fellow, Molecular Disease Branch National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, Maryland Robert G Best, Ph.D Director Divison of Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, South Carolina Bryan Bunch Adjunct Instructor Department of Mathematics... Craig-Moffet County Library Craig, Colorado Judyth Sassoon, Ph.D., ARCS Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Bath Bath, England, U.K Judy Williams Media Center Greenwich High School Greenwich, Connecticut Yavor Shopov, Ph.D Professor of Geology & Geophysics University of Sofia Bulgaria Carol Wishmeyer Science and Technology Department Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan xxx GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA. .. Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennesses Neil Cumberlidge Professor Department of Biology Lyal Harris, Ph.D Tectonics Special Research Centre Department of Geology & Geophysics GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 xxix Advisory Board The University of Western Australia Perth, Australia Edward J Hollox, Ph.D Queen’s Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham, England Brian D Hoyle, Ph.D (Microbiology)... Waxwings Weasels Weather Weather forecasting Weather mapping Weather modification Weathering Weaver finches Weevils Welding West Nile virus Wetlands Wheat Whisk fern White dwarf White-eyes Whooping cough Wild type Wildfire Wildlife Wildlife trade (illegal) Willow family (Salicaceae) Wind Wind chill Wind shear Wintergreen Wolverine Wombats Wood Woodpeckers Woolly mammoth Work GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3... Research Associate Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Brooke Hall, Ph.D Professor Department of Biology California State University at Sacramento Sacramento, California Jeffrey C Hall Astronomer Lowell Observatory Flagstaff, Arizona C S Hammen Professor Emeritus Department of Zoology University of Rhode Island xxxiv Beth Hanson Editor The Amicus Journal Brooklyn, . individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or the pub- lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future. notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale. The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Science THIRD EDITION tphtp_v4 10/13/03 10:46 AM Page 1 This page intentionally left blank The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Science THIRD EDITION K.