The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Alternative MEDICINE SECOND EDITION JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR VOLUME L-R 3 GEAMv3htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 3 The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Second Edition Project Editor Jacqueline L. Longe Editorial Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Laurie Fundukian, Erin Watts Editorial Support Services Andrea Lopeman Rights Acquisition Management Margaret Abendroth, Ann Taylor Imaging Randy Bassett, Lezlie Light, Dan W. Newell, Robyn V. Young Product Design Michelle DiMercurio, Tracey Rowens Composition and Electronic Prepress Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Manufacturing Wendy Blurton, Dorothy Maki Indexing Synapse Corp. of Colorado ©2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. For more information, contact Thomson Gale 27500 Drake Rd. 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Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 7876-9396-0 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information ISBN 0-7876-7424-9(set) 0-7876-7425-7 (Vol. 1) 0-7876-7426-5 (Vol. 2) 0-7876-7427-3 (Vol. 3) 0-7876-7428-1 (Vol. 4) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe, project editor 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-7424-9 (set hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7876-7425-7 (v. 1 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7876-7426-5 (v. 2 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7876-7427-3 (v. 3 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7876-7428-1 (v. 4 : alk. paper) 1. Alternative medicine Encyclopedias. [DNLM: 1. Complementary Therapies Encyclopedias English. 2. Internal Medicine Encyclopedias English. WB 13 G1507 2005] I. Title: Encyclopedia of alternative medicine. II. Longe, Jacqueline L. R733.G34 2005 615.5'03 dc22 2004022502 GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page iv GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 V CONTENTS List of Entries vii About the Encyclopedia xvii Advisory Board xix Contributors xxi Entries Volume 1: A-C 1 Volume 2: D-K 523 Volume 3: L-R 1029 Volume 4: S-Z 1523 Organizations 2199 Glossary 2225 General Index 2293 GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page v A Abscess Acidophilus Acne Aconite Acupressure Acupuncture Ademetionine Adie’s pupil African pygeum Agastache Aging AIDS Alcoholism Alexander technique Alfalfa Alisma Allergies Allium cepa Aloe Alpha-hydroxy Alzheimer’s disease Amino acids Andrographis Androstenedione Anemarrhena Anemia Angelica root Angina Anise Ankylosing spondylitis Anorexia nervosa Anthroposophical medicine Antioxidants Anxiety Bates method Bayberry Bedsores Bedwetting Bee pollen Behavioral optometry Behavioral therapy Belladonna Beta-hydroxy Beta-methylbutyric acid Beta carotene Betaine hydrochloride Bhakti yoga Bilberry Binge eating disorder Biofeedback Bioflavonoids Biota Biotin Bipolar disorder Bird flu Bites and stings Bitter melon Bitters Black cohosh Black currant seed oil Black haw Black walnut Black cumin seed extract Bladder cancer Bladder infection Blessed thistle Blisters Blood poisoning Blood clots Bloodroot Apis Apitherapy Appendicitis Applied kinesiology Apricot seed Arginine Arnica Aromatherapy Arrowroot Arsenicum album Art therapy Ashwaganda Asthma Astigmatism Aston-Patterning Astragalus Atherosclerosis Athlete’s foot Atkins diet Atractylodes (white) Attention-deficit hyperactivity dis- order Aucklandia Auditory integration training Aura therapy Auriculotherapy Autism Ayurvedic medicine B Bad breath Balm of Gilead Barberry Barley grass GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 VII LIST OF ENTRIES GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page vii Blue cohosh Body odor Boils Bone spurs Bonemeal Boneset Borage oil Boron Boswellia Botanical medicine Breast cancer Breastfeeding problems Breath therapy Breema Brewer’s yeast Bromelain Bronchitis Bruises Bruxism Bryonia Buchu Buckthorn Bugleweed Bulimia nervosa Bunions Burdock root Burns Bursitis Butcher’s broom Buteyko C Cadmium poisoning Caffeine Calcarea carbonica Calcium Calendula Cancer Cancer treatments, biological Candidiasis Canker sores Cantharis Carnitine Carotenoids Carpal tunnel syndrome Coenzyme Q 10 Coix Cold sores Coleus Colic Colloidal silver Colonic irrigation Color therapy Colorectal cancer Colostrum Coltsfoot Comfrey Common cold Conjunctivitis Constipation Contact dermatitis Copper Coptis Cordyceps Corns and calluses Cornsilk Cornus Corydalis Cotton root bark Cough Cradle cap Cramp bark Cranberry Craniosacral therapy Creatine Crohn’s disease Croup Crystal healing Cupping Curanderismo Cuscuta Cuts and scratches Cymatic therapy Cyperus D Damiana Dance therapy Dandelion Dandruff Cartilage supplements Castor oil Cat’s claw Cataracts Catnip Cayce systems Cayenne Celiac disease Cell therapy Cell salt therapy Cellulite Cerebral vascular insufficiency Cerebral palsy Cervical dysplasia Chakra balancing Chamomile Charcoal, activated Chasteberry tree Chelated minerals Chelation therapy Chemical poisoning Cherry bark Chickenpox Chickweed Chicory Childbirth Childhood nutrition Chills Chinese massage Chinese system of food cures Chinese thoroughwax Chinese yam Chinese foxglove root Chiropractic Chlamydia Chlorella Cholesterol Chondroitin Christian Science healing Chromium Chronic fatigue syndrome Chrysanthemum flower Chymotrypsin Cicada Cinnamon bark Cirrhosis Cnidium seeds Codonopsis root GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 VIII List of Entries GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page viii Deglycyrrhizanated licorice Dementia Depression Dermatitis Detoxification Devil’s claw DHEA Diabetes mellitus Diamond diet Diaper rash Diarrhea Diathermy Diets Digestive enzymes Diverticulitis Dizziness Dolomite Dong quai Dry mouth Dyslexia Dysmenorrhea E Ear infection Earache Echinacea Eczema Edema Elder Electroacupuncture Elimination diet Emphysema Endometriosis Energy medicine Environmental therapy Enzyme therapy Ephedra Epididymitis Epilepsy Epimedium Essential fatty acids Essential oils Essiac tea Eucalyptus Eucommia bark Gelsemium Genital herpes Genital warts Gentiana Geriatric massage Gerson therapy Ginger Ginkgo biloba Ginseng, American Ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Siberian Glaucoma Glucosamine Glutamine Glutathione Goldenrod Goldenseal Gonorrhea Gotu kola Gout Grains-of-paradise fruit Grape skin Grape seed extract Grapefruit seed extract Green tea Guggul Guided imagery Gulf War syndrome Gum disease Gymnema H Hair loss Hangover Hatha yoga Hawthorn Hay fever Headache Hearing loss Heart disease Heart attack Heartburn Heavy metal poisoning Heel spurs Hellerwork Evening primrose oil Evodia fruit Exercise Eyebright F Facial massage Fasting Fatigue Feldenkrais Feng shui Fennel Fenugreek Ferrum phosphoricum Fever Feverfew Fibrocystic breast disease Fibromyalgia Fish oil 5-HTP Flaxseed Flower remedies Fo ti Folic acid Food poisoning Foxglove Fractures French green clay Fritillaria Frostbite and frostnip Fungal infections G Gallstones Gamma-linoleic acid Gangrene Ganoderma Gardenia Garlic Gas Gastritis Gastrodia Gastroenteritis GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 IX List of Entries GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page ix Hemorrhoids Hepar sulphuris Hepatitis Herbalism, Western Herbalism, traditional Chinese Herniated disk Hiatal hernia Hibiscus Hiccups High sensitivity C reactive protein test High-fiber diet Hives Hodgkin’s disease Holistic dentistry Holistic medicine Homeopathy Homeopathy, acute prescribing Homeopathy, constitutional pre- scribing Honeysuckle Hops Horehound Horse chestnut Horsetail Hot flashes Humor therapy Huna Hydrotherapy Hypercortisolemia Hyperopia Hyperparathyroidism Hypertension Hyperthermia Hyperthyroidism Hypnotherapy Hypoglycemia Hypothyroidism Hyssop I Iceland moss Ignatia Immuno-augmentation therapy Impetigo Impotence Indigestion L Labyrinth walking Lachesis Lacto-ovo vegetarianism Laryngitis Lavender Lazy eye Lead poisoning Learning disorders Lecithin Ledum Lemon balm Lemongrass Leukemia Lice infestation Licorice Light therapy Linoleic acid Livingston-Wheeler therapy Lobelia Lomatium Lomilomi Lou Gehrig’s disease Low back pain Lung cancer Lutein Lycium fruit Lycopene Lycopodium Lyme disease Lymphatic drainage Lysimachia Lysine M Macrobiotic diet Macular degeneration Magnesium Magnetic therapy Magnolia Maitake Malaria Malignant lymphoma Manganese Infant massage Infections Infertility Inflammatory bowel disease Influenza Ingrown nail Insomnia Insulin resistance Iodine Ipecac Ipriflavone Iridology Iron Irritable bowel syndrome Ischemia Itching J Jaundice Jet lag Jock itch Jojoba oil Journal therapy Juice therapies Juniper Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis K Kali bichromicum Kampo medicine Kaposi’s sarcoma Kava kava Kegel exercises Kelley-Gonzalez diet Kelp Kidney stones Kidney infections Kirlian photography Knee pain Kneipp wellness Kola nut Kombucha Kudzu GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 X List of Entries GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page x Marijuana Marsh mallow Martial arts Massage therapy McDougall diet Measles Meditation Mediterranean diet Medium-chain triglycerides Melatonin Memory loss Meniere’s disease Meningitis Menopause Menstruation Mercurius vivus Mesoglycan Metabolic therapies Methionine Mexican yam Migraine headache Milk thistle Mind/Body medicine Mistletoe Mononucleosis Morning sickness Motherwort Motion sickness Movement therapy Moxibustion MSM Mugwort leaf Mullein Multiple chemical sensitivity Multiple sclerosis Mumps Muscle spasms and cramps Music therapy Myopia Myotherapy Myrrh N Narcolepsy Native American medicine Panchakarma Pancreatitis Panic disorder Pantothenic acid Parasitic infections Parkinson’s disease Parsley Passionflower Past-life therapy Pau d’arco Pelvic inflammatory disease Pennyroyal Peppermint Peripheral neuropathy Periwinkle Pet therapy Phlebitis Phobias Phosphorus Pilates Pinched nerve Pine bark extract Pinellia Pityriasis rosea Placebo effect Plantain Pleurisy Pneumonia Polarity therapy Postpartum depression Post-traumatic stress disorder Potassium Pranic healing Prayer and spirituality Pregnancy Pregnancy massage Premenstrual syndrome Prickly heat Prickly pear cactus Pritikin diet Probiotics Prolotherapy Prostate enlargement Prostate cancer Psoriasis Psychoneuroimmunology Psychophysiology Psychosomatic medicine Natrum muriaticum Natural hygiene diet Natural hormone replacement ther- apy Naturopathic medicine Nausea Neck pain Neem Nettle Neural therapy Neuralgia Neurolinguistic programming Niacin Night blindness Noni Nosebleeds Notoginseng root Nutmeg Nutrition Nux vomica O Oak Obesity Obsessive-compulsive disorder Omega-3 fatty acids Omega-6 fatty acids Ophiopogon Oregano essential oil Ornish diet Ortho-bionomy Orthomolecular medicine Osha Osteoarthritis Osteopathy Osteoporosis Ovarian cancer Ovarian cysts Oxygen/Ozone therapy P Pain Paleolithic diet GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XI List of Entries GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xi Psychotherapy Psyllium Pulsatilla Pulse diagnosis Pyridoxine Q Qigong Quan yin R Rabies Radiation injuries Radiesthesia Radionics Rashes Raspberry Raynaud’s syndrome Red cedar Red clover Red yeast rice extract Reflexology Reiki Reishi mushroom Relaxation Rescue Remedy Restless leg syndrome Retinal detachment Retinopathy Rheumatic fever Rheumatoid arthritis Rhinitis Rhubarb root Rhus toxicodendron Riboflavin Rolfing Rosacea Rose hip Rosemary Rosen method Royal jelly Rubella Rubenfeld synergy Sneezing Snoring Sodium Somatics Sore throat Sound therapy South Beach diet Soy protein Spearmint Spinal manipulative therapy Spirulina Sports massage Sprains and strains Squawvine St. John’s wort Staphylococcal infections Sties Stomachaches Stone massage Strep throat Stress Stroke Substance abuse and dependence Sulfur Suma Sun’s soup Sunburn Swedish massage Sweet clover Swimmer’s ear Syntonic optometry Syphilis Systemic lupus erythematoses T T’ai chi Tangerine peel Tea tree oil Teenage nutrition Teething problems Temporomandibular joint syn- drome Tendinitis Tennis elbow Tetanus Thai massage Russian massage Ruta S Safflower flower Saffron Sage Saliva sample testing Sargassum seaweed Sassafras Saw palmetto Scabies Scallion Scarlet fever Schisandra Schizophrenia Sciatica Scoliosis Seasonal affective disorder Selenium Senior nutrition Senna Sensory deprivation Sensory integration disorder Sepia Sesame oil Sexual dysfunction Shamanism Sheep sorrel Shiatsu Shiitake mushroom Shin splints Shingles Shintaido Sick building syndrome Sickle cell anemia Silica Sinus infection Sjögren’s syndrome Skin cancer Skullcap Sleep apnea Sleep disorders Slippery elm Smoking GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XII List of Entries GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xii Therapeutic touch Thiamine Thuja Thunder God vine Thyme Tibetan medicine Tinnitus Tonsillitis Toothache Tourette syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Traditional African medicine Traditional Chinese medicine Trager psychophysical integration Tremors Trepanation Trichomoniasis Trigger point therapy Triphala Tuberculosis Turmeric U Ulcers, digestive Unani-tibbi Urinary incontinence Urine therapy Usnea Wheezing White peony root White willow Whooping cough Wigmore diet Wild cherry Wild oat Wild yam Wintergreen Witch hazel Worms Wormwood Wounds Y Yarrow Yeast infection Yellow dock Yerba santa Yoga Yohimbe Yucca Z Zinc Zone diet Uterine cancer Uterine fibroids Uva ursi V Vaginitis Valerian Vanadium Varicose veins Veganism Vegetarianism Venom immunotherapy Vitamin A Vitamin B complex Vitamin B 12 Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vomiting W Warts Wasabi Wheat grass therapy Wheat germ GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 XIII List of Entries GEAM FM 10/12/04 2:25 PM Page xiii [...]... of turns and counter-turns Labyrinths are also classified by the number of circuits in their design, a circuit being one of the circles or rings surrounding the center of the labyrinth The labyrinth in Chartres Cathedral, for example, is a classical eleven-circuit labyrinth Three- and seven-circuit classical labyrinths have been constructed 1174 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 Walking the. .. and reverse the effects of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries Ornish’s diet was used in conjunction The air continues down the larynx to the trachea The trachea then splits into two branches, the left and right bronchi (bronchial tubes) These bronchi branch into smaller air tubes that run within the lungs, leading to the small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE. .. act of devotion on the pilgrimage The circuitous journey to the center of the labyrinth represented the many turnings in the journey of life, a jour- GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 11 73 Origins Labyrinth walking ney that required the Church’s guidance and support Medieval labyrinths were circular in shape, the circle being a universal symbol of wholeness, completion, and unity By the seventeenth... movement, participants may find themselves becoming more mindful of their breathing patterns, the repetition of their footfalls, and the reorientation of the entire body that occurs as they move through the circular turns within the labyrinth More particularly, the overall pattern of movement in labyrinth walking—first inward toward the center of the labyrinth and then outward on the return path—holds deep... period Cathedrals were designated as pilgrimage shrines, and labyrinths were embedded in the stone floors of the cathedrals as part of the shrine’s design The labyrinth on the floor of Chartres Cathedral in France was installed around A.D.1200, and a similar labyrinth in Amiens Cathedral was made around the same time Tracing the path through the labyrinth, often on the knees, was for many pilgrims the final... fats, and nutrients Would-be vegetari- GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2 1179 Lacto-ovo vegetarianism able resistance from the meat industry and general public By the 1960s, the consumption of meat in America had increased significantly from consumption levels at the turn of the century Meat and dairy foods made up two of the four recommended food groups designed by the United States government... Eventually, the weaker eye grows “lazy” from disuse If left untreated beyond the early child-development years (from birth to seven years old), vision in the affected eye will be underdeveloped due to lack of use The impairment of vision in the lazy eye occurs in three phases In the first (suspension) phase, the brain turns the weaker eye on and off In the second (suppression) phase, the brain turns off the. .. eggs (ovo) in their diets Origins The term vegetarian was coined in 1847 by the founders of the Vegetarian Society of Great Britain, although vegetarianism as a way of life has existed for thousands of years The founders of the Vegetarian Society were lacto-ovo vegetarians One of the central ideas that has motivated vegetarians is that food choices should not require the death or suffering of animals... made In addition to helping people open themselves to the nonrational parts of the psyche, labyrinth walking puts One classification scheme categorizes labyrinths as either left- or right-handed, according to the direction of the first turn to be made after entering the labyrinth The entrance to the labyrinth is known as the mouth, and the walkway itself is called the path Classical labyrinths are defined... caused by inflammation of the larynx, often resulting in a temporary loss of voice Description When air is breathed in, it passes through the nose and the nasopharynx or through the mouth and the oropharynx These are both connected to the larynx, a tube made of cartilage The vocal cords, responsible for setting up the vibrations necessary for speech, are located within the larynx A lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, . information ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 4-9 (set) 0-7 87 6-7 42 5-7 (Vol. 1) 0-7 87 6-7 42 6-5 (Vol. 2) 0-7 87 6-7 42 7 -3 (Vol. 3) 0-7 87 6-7 42 8-1 (Vol. 4) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. The GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Alternative MEDICINE SECOND EDITION JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR VOLUME L-R 3 GEAMv3htp/tp 10/11/04 10:45 AM Page 3 The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine,. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 5-7 (v. 1 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 6-5 (v. 2 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 7 -3 (v. 3 : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7 87 6-7 42 8-1 (v. 4 : alk. paper) 1. Alternative medicine Encyclopedias. [DNLM: