Báo cáo "Nhiệm vụ dân tộc trong Cách mạng Tư sản Pháp 1789. " docx

NHI€/V\ VU DAN TOC TRONG cACH MRNG TUT SRN PHAP 1789 Nguyen Tuan Anh Dai hgc Supham Hui C-ach mang tu san Phap ndm 1789 la cudc each mang tu san dien binh va trift dc nbat trong cac cudc each mang tu san thai can dai. Cudc each mang da lat dd nen thdng tri chuyen che cua vua Louis XVI, thdng nhat thj trudng dan tdc, thiet lap nen cdng hoa tu san. BCMI canh dd, each mang Phdp nam 1789 da chdng lai sir can thiep ciia lien minh phong kicn chau Au, diimg dau la nudc Anh tu ban, qua dd chirng td rang: Trong cudc each mang tu san Phap 1789, nhiem vu dan tdc da dugc dat ra va giai quyet mdt cdch triet de. y f -y \. Ly luan chung ve van de dan toe va nhiem vu dan toe dat ra trong cuoc each • • • • o • mang tu san phap 1789 \ F y, 1. Ly lugn chung ve vdn de ddn tgc Van de dan tdc la van de ve sy giai phdng vd nhiing dieu kien phdt trien ty do cua cac dan tdc. Vi vay, can phai cd each xem xet van de dan tdc theo quan diem Ijch sir, bdi ndi dung vd y nghTa cua van de nay khdng gidng nhau trong nhiing thai dai khde nhau. Dan tdc Id mdt pham trii Iieh sir, la sdn pham ciia qud trinh phdt trien Idu ddi cua ljch sir xa bdi loai ngudi. Hifn nay, khdi niem 7 y dan tdc dugc hieu theo nhieu nghTa, trong dd cd hai nghTa dugc dung phd bien nhat: Thir f * nhdt: Dan tdc la mdt bd phdn cua qudc gia; Thir hai: Dan tdc la toan bd nban dan ciia qudc gia dd. Kbi ban ve khdi niem dan tdc gan lien vdi sy ra ddi ciia cbii nghTa tu bdn d phuong Tay, Stalin lan dau tien neu ra djnh nghTa day dil ve dan tdc: "Ddn tgc Id mot khdi cdng ddng ngu&i dn dinh Ihdnh lap Irong lich sir, dua Iren ea sa cgng ddng ve liidng ndi, ve ldnh thd. ve sinh hogt kinh le vd ve hinh thdnh tdm ly, bieu hien trong cgng ddng vdn hod" Trong khi pban tich xa bdi tu ban. Lenin da neu ra nguyen ly ndi tieng ve hai khuynh hudmg khdch quan ciia chii nghTa tu ban trong van de dan tdc: "Trong qud trinh phdi trien ciia chu nghia lu bdn, cd hai xu hudng lieh sir trong vdn de ddn lgc. Xu hudng thir nhdt the hien trong sir thire tinh cua y ihirc ddn lgc vd eiia phong trdo ddn tgc. Irong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp birc hoc ldi. trong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp hire ddn tgc. trong viee thdnh lap cdc qudc gia ddn lgc. Xu hu&ng thir hai the hien trong viec phdt trien vd tdng cu&ng mdi quan he giita cdc ddn tgc, trong viee xod bd nhirng hdng rdo ngdn cdch cdc ddn tgc vd trong viec thiel lap su thdng nhdt qudc ti ciia tu bdn, cua ' Stalin (1962), Van di ddn toe vd thuoc dia, NXB Sir that. Ha Npi, tr. 43. QUtietn lui ddu te^. 57 f f dai song kinh te ndi chung, eua chinh tri, cua khoa hge Xu hu&ng thu nhdt chiim uu thi trong lue chit nghia tu bdn m&i bdt ddu phdt trien, xu hu&ng thir hai Id ddc trung eua chu nghia tu bdn da gid cdi vd sdp chuyen thdnh mdt xd hgi xd hdi chu nghia"'^ Pham vi bdi viet nay ebu yeu de cap tdi nhiing bieu bien trong xu hudmg tbii nbat, kbi chil nghTa tu ban (CNTB) mdi bdt dau phdt trien. 2. Nhiem vu ddn toe dgt ra trong cugc Cdch mgng tie sdn Phdp 1789 0 nudc Phap, nen quan chu, vuomg quyen Id dinh ciia lau ddi phong kien vd chuyen cbe. Nba vua cd quyen quyet djnh mpi cdng vifc ddi ndi vd ddi ngoai cua qudc gia. Vua chi dinh va bai chirc cdc bd trudmg vd cdc quan cbiic, ban bd vd bai bd phdp luat, trimg phat vd dn xd. Bd mdy quan lieu cdng kenh, phirc tap ciia nen quan chii chuyen cbe ndm chat mpi sinh boat xa bdi vd duy tri cd mdt bf thdng phdp luat, quy tdc, tap qudn phong kien tich luy bang the ky. Ca edu hdnh chinh cua nu&c Phdp hodn todn khdng ddng nhdt. Ca nudc dugc chia ra thanb rit nhilu tinh, tinh lai chia thdnh nhiing don vi banh cbinh nhd bom vd mang ban cbit khde nhau: khu tu phdp, khu hdnh chinh Cdc dom vi hanh cbinh dy khdng ddp ling nhung dilu kifn kinh tl dia phuang, ma dugc ddt ra do nhiing nguyen nhdn khd ngau nhien: phin ldn nguyen la nhiing lanh dia phong kiln ddc lap, sap nhap vdo vuomg trieu Phdp d nhiing thdi ky khde nhau. Nhiing tinh ay duy tri Idu ddi tinh chat bift lap pbong kiln cd xua ciia minh. Cd tinh nhu Phrdngsocdngte, cd quyen bdnh va the che bdnh cbinh rieng ciia minh, tbam chi cdn "dugc coi nhu ngoai bang" Cd nhirng linh khde nhu Anddt dugc xem nhu "nudc ngoai thyc sy". cd the che vd quyen hanh rieng. Viee cai tri & cdc tinh ciing khdng Ihdng nhdt. Mac dii da cd sy thdng nhat dat nudc ve ehinb trj, nhung tinh trang pban cat ve kinb te cua dat nudc chua bi tbii tieu hoan todn da kim ham sy phdt trien ciia cdng thuomg nghifp. Mdi tinh cd mdt che dp bdnh f f chinh vd tu phdp rieng, thue khod, he thdng do ludng ciing khde nhau. Dac biet, che dp thue quan ndi dja rat nhieu tang. Vao the ky XVIII, Phdp cd mdt nen ngoai thuomg manh. Nudc Phap xuat khau lua mi, len, gia sue, rugu vang, cac bang xa xi sang cdc nudc chau Au, phuomg Ddng va cdc thudc dia d chau My. Nbung chinh cbe dp thue quan trong nudc da ngdn can budc tien cua thuomg nghiep, ndi thuomg chiu nhieu sy rdng bude. Nha nudc, cdc lanh chiia phong kien, gidm muc, tu vifn deu ddt cdc tram tbu thue van chuyen. "O trong nude cd den 50.000 linh kiem sodt cdc hdng rdo thue quan. Ngudi ta ndi rdng, van chuyen lita mi tir Trung Qudc sang Phdp cdn it tdn kem han la van chuyen tir mien Nam len mien Bdc nude Phdp "^ ^ V.I. Lenin (1974), Vi quyin ddn toe tu quyit, NXB Tiln bo, Matxcova, tr. 20. ^ Ephimlp (1963), Thi giai can dgi, NXB Sir that, Ha Npi, tr. 67. 58 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 Trong ITnh vyc cdng nghifp, trudc khi each mang nd ra, da dat dugc nhiing thdnh tyu Idn. Tuy nhien nen cdng nghiep non tre ciia Phap vap pbdi nhirng trd ngai ldn. Che dp pbudng bdi ngudn thu nbap quan trpng cua chl dp chuyen che vdi nhirng quy djnh ngat ngheo vc sd lugng, mau bang bod, gid ca, thi trudng da kim bam viec ty do kinb doanh \a cai tien ky thuat, can trd viec md rpng va phat trien ciia cdng nghiep. Sy dp birc, bdc lot tan khde ciia cbe dp pbong kien lam cudc sdng ciia ndng dan bet sire khdn khd, san xuat ndng nghiep giam sut, sire mua thap lam thi trudng trong nudc bj tbu hep lai, hdng rao thue quan ddi vdi hang bod luu thdng da kim ham sy phdt trien ciia cdng nghiep Phap. Nhu vay, che dp hdnh cbinh phiic tap, bii lau, vd ly vd sy cdcb bift giiia cdc viing la nhumg trd ngai ldm cho sy phdt trien cdng thuomg nghiep tu bdn chii nghTa liic dd ciing nhu ddi vdi sy binh thanb dan tdc tu san d Phap. Tinh hinh dd ddt ra cho cudc Cdcb mang tu sdn Phdp nam 1789 (ve khia canh nhiem vu dan tdc) la "phai tieu diet, virt bd, phd vd" mpi xieng xich ciia xd hdi cii, thdng nbat lanh thd, thdng nhat thj trudmg dan tdc, tao dieu kifn cho CNTB phdt trien. Ngoai ra, vifc thyc hien nhifm vy dan tdc trong cdch mang tu san Phdp cdn the hifn d cudc dau tranh chdng lai sy tan cdng ciia lien minh /A 7 phong kien chau Au vd nudc Anh tu sdn de bdo vf nhirng thanh qua cua cudc each m.ang dien ra trong tien trinh cdch mang. IL Viec giai quyet nhiem vu dan toe trong Cach mang tu san Phap nam 1789 y. Tlwng nhdt ldnh thd, liinh thdnh thi tru&ng ddn tgc Ngdy 14-7-1789, Cdch mang biing nd va thing lgi d Paris, phdi dai tu sdn Lap hien len nim cbinh quyen. Ngdy 26-8-1789, Qudc hoi Lap hiln thdng qua ban "Tuyen ngdn nhdn quyin vd ddn quyen " mdt cuang ITnh tuyen bd nhirng nguyen tic co ban ciia xd bdi mdi. Tuyen ngdn da vach rd nhirng quyen tu nhien bat di bat dich va tbicng lieng ciia con ngudi vd ciia cdng dan. Trong the ky ma che dp phong kien chuyen cbc cdn thdng tri khap luc dia chau Au dudi nhirng hinh thirc da man vd tan bao nbat. ban TuNcn ngdn tao bao ay ciia giai cap tu san each mang. tuyen bd quyen binb ddng ve phdp Iy cua moi ngudi, quyen ty do ca nhan va quyen chdng dp biic cd mdt y nghTa tien bd. Tu\cn ngdn da thuc day manh me quan chiing nhan dan diing len ddu tranh ty giai phdng khdi sy ap birc ciia cbe dp phong kien. dua Cach mang phat trien theo con dudng di len. Trong thdng 8-1789. Qudc hdi Lap hien da thdng qua nhieu dao luat cd y nghTa tien bd. Qudc bdi da xod bd che dp dang cap bat binh dang, bai bd thanh phan quy tdc the tap va mpi tudc vj gdn vao dd. Dac biet, de to chirc lai dat nudc tren ca sd nin dan chii tu sdn, Qudc hgi Lap hien xod bd nhirng dac quyen cii cua cdc tinh, phd buy toan bd su phan chia cu cua nudc Phdp cd tir thdi Trung cd. Tiep theo, ngdy 15-1-1790, Qudc hoi Lap hien ban hanh dao luat mdi vl td chiic hanh cbinh ciia nudc Phdp. Ca nudc chia lam QUiieuL Oil iLdn ttki 59 83 quan, cd difn tich gan bdng nhau, gidng nhau ve mat bdnh ehinb. Qudn dugc chia thanb khu, tdng, xa. To chiic hdnh cbinh nay thil tieu sy phan cdt phong kien cii, vdi nhiing tan tich cd xua trong co cau kinb tl cbinh tri nhu thue quan ndi dja, tod dn lanh cbiia, thue dja phuomg, hf thdng do ludng , bao dam sy thdng nhat qudc gia va sy ddng nhat hdnh cbinh. Trong ITnh vyc phdp cbe cdng thuomg nghiep, de bao vf quyen lgi kinh te ciia giai cap tu sdn, thdng 2-1791, Qudc hdi Lap hien bai bd phudng bdi phong kien vd cdc ddc quyen ciia nd. Do dd nhiing hang rdo can trd sy phdt trien ciia mau dich vd kinh doanh san / f r \ xuat da bien mat, tao dieu kien thudn Igi cbo sy phdt trien cdng thuang nghiep. Tat cd cdc dao luat ndi tren dugc dua vdo ndi dung bdn Hien phdp dau tien cua nhd nudc tu sdn, dugc thdng qua thdng 9-1791 va cd bifu lyc tir thdng 10-1791. Mac dii cdn cd nhiing ban che, nhumg Hien phdp 1791 cd mdt gid tri tien bd vi tuyen bd nguyen tdc chil quyen ciia qudc dan vd xdc lap nen thdng trj ciia giai cip tu sdn dudi binb thire Quan chil Lap biln. Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian ndm quyin, phdi Lap biln da Idm quin ehiing nhan dan thit vpng vi quyin lgi ciia bg khdng dugc gidi quylt, sd phdn eiia dat nudc dang bi de doa bdi sy tin cdng ciia phong kiln chau Au. Dilu nay da lam cbo tu tudng ddi bai bd nin Quan chu ngdy edng cd nhieu ngudi hudng img. Ngdy 10-8-1792, quin chiing nhan dan khdi nghTa tiln din Cung difn Tuylori, bit giam nhd vua vd hoang hau, nen quan chii bi sup dd. Qudc bdi Lap phdp trieu tap mdt Qudc bdi mdi tuyen cir theo phd thdng dau phieu, gpi la Qudc udc, trong dd phai Girdngdanh chiem da sd. Nhung kbi da nam dugc cbinh quyen, phdi Girdngdanh tim mpi cdch de kim ham Cdch mang, trd thdnh mdt lyc lugng bdo thu. Trudc nhirng khd khan ve ddi ndi va ddi ngoai, bp td ra bat lyc va kbiep nhugc. Cudi ciing cupc khdi nghTa ngay 31-5 va 2-6-1793 da lat dd nen thdng trj ciia phdi Girdngdanh vd dua phai Giacdbanh len ndm ehinh quyen, thiet lap sy thdng tri cua quan chiing vd ciia tu sdn vira va nhd. Phdi Giacdbanh len nam quyen vao liic nudc cdng boa dang trai qua chang dudng nguy hiem nhat do ndi phdn vd ngoai xam. De Idi cudn dugc da sd quan chiing nhan dan lao ddng trong nudc ve phia minh, phdi f f y ' Giacdbanh thay trudc bet can pbdi giai quyet cdc yeu cau ciia quan chiing, phdi xay dyng ban Hien phdp dan chu nhdm ddt mdt co sd chinh tri chung cbo cd nudc. Ngdy 24-6-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh thdng qua Hien phdp. Day la ban Hien phap tu sdn dan chu nbat trong thdi can dai. Tham nhuin nhiing tu tudng ciia Riitxd vd nhiing nguyfn vpng chdn chinh ddi quyen ty do chinh tri rdng rai, nhu cdc nhd dan chu tu san Ilic bay gid quan nifm, Hien phdp 1793 ddnh diu mdt budc tiln vT dai so vdi Hien phdp 1791. Hiln phdp 1793 khang dinh cdc quyen ty do dan chu cua cdng dan, thu tieu hoan toan eac dac quyen phong kien, khdng dinh Phdp la mpt nude cdng hod thdng nhat kbdng the phan chia. 60 NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 Kit ciu hdnh cbinh mdi ay ciing nhiing dao luat, nhiing ban Hien phdp dugc ban hanh trong tien trinb cdch mang Phdp dd tbii tieu mpi vet tich eua sy phan cdch vd bift lap pbong kien, do dd gdp phan dua qud trinb binh thanb dan tdc tu sdn Phdp den cho hodn thien. "Chinh vi nhirng le do md cho den nay han 200 ndm sau cdch mgng. su phdn chia hdnh chinh dy vdn tdn tgi" 2. Dau tranh chdng ngogi xdm, bdo v^ dpc lap dan tpc Sau khi ngyc Baxti thdt thu, bpn quy tdc, tang IQ" pban ddng da trdn khdi nudc Phdp, cdu cuu sy giiip da ciia the lyc phong kien chau Au. Sau khi bd trdn khdng thdnh, nhd Vua ddt tat cd hy vpng vao sy can thifp ciia nudc ngodi de nhanh chdng tien edng chdng "bpn siic sinh ndi loan" Dau nam 1790, y dinh can thiep vii trang chdng nudc Phdp bat dau hinh thdnh. Yeu cdu chdng lai "sy lay lan ciia cdch mang" lam dju di mdi bat bod giiia cdc nudc qudn chii. Cdc chinh phu phdn ddng vd chuyen che da cdng khai len tieng de doa nudc Phdp. Ngdy 27-8-1791, Ao hodng Ledpdn 11 va vua Phd Vinhem II ky / 7 ban tuyen bd ciing hdnh ddng de bdo vf vua Phdp. Thdng 2-1792, hai nudc ky ket Hifp udc Lien minh quan sy chdng Phdp, mdi de doa can thifp vii trang cua cdc nudc phong kien chau Au chdng lai cdch mang Phdp den gin. Thdng 3-1792, hoang de Ledpdn II chet. Hodng de mdi cua Ao, Phrdngxoa I la mdt ngudi hilu chiln, da khdng giau giem viec dng ta dang ndn ndng mudn khai chien vdi cdcb mang Phdp. Nudc Ao trd thanh trung tdm can thifp phdn each mang ciia chdu Au. Dc gidnh the chii ddng, ngay 20-4-1792. Qudc bdi Lap phdp tuyen chien vdi Ao. Nudc Phdp tuyen chien trudc, nhung dieu do tuyet ddi khdng lam thay ddi viec nudc Phap da tien hdnh mdt eupc chien tranh chinh nghTa vd ty ve. Lenin da viet: "Todn the y nhdn ddn, ddc biet Id qudn chiing, nghia Id nhirng giai cdp bi dp buc da ditng len vdi long nhiet tinh edeh mgng vd b& ben, tdt cd deu nhdn xet ddy Id euge chien tranh ehinh nghTa, tu ve vd sir that ehinh nd la nhir the. Nu&c Phdp cdch mgng dd tu ve chdng lgi chdu Au phdn ddng vd qudn chii"^ Nhung quan Phdp do cdc tudng td quy tdc chi huy khdng mudn thdng trdn, cd y riit lui tao thuan Igi cbo quan Ao tien sau \ ao trong nudc. Lo ngai trudc nhirng that bai d bien gidi, cam phan trudc sy phan bdi cua bgn tudng td va ^ 7 f sT quan, quan chiing nhan dan da ndi day dau tranh chdng nha Vua vd budc Qudc hdi Lap phdp phdi thdng qua sic Ifnh tuyen bo "TI qudc lam nguy" vdo ngay 11-7-1792. Tit ca nhimg ngudi dan dng cd thi cim vu khi deu pbdi tdng qudn. Trudc khi the cdch mang ciia quan chimg, ngdy 25-7-1792, cdng tudc Brunsviek, tu Ifnh quan dpi can thifp nhan danh vua Ao va Phd da cdng bd bdn tuyen ngdn, bgc lg mgt cdch rd rft nhiing am muu * Tran Van Trj (1989), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789, NXB Giao dye, H^ Noi, tr. 49. A. Manfrit (1963), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789', NXB Su that H" ^' QfUuMJtn lUi lidn t&e 61 cua bgn xam lugc nudc ngoai. Ban tuyen bd ndi rd quan ddi lien minh ed nhifm vu: "Chdm diet su hdn logn ben trong nudc Phdp, khdi phuc chinh quyen hgp phdp, trd lgi an ninh vd tu do cho nhd vua vd trirng tri nhirng ngudi ldm logn" Tuyen ngdn cdn \ f canh bdo rang, neu xdy ra mdt sy xiie pham nao den nhd Vua vd Hodng gia, dii Id nhd nhdt di niia, thi nhdt dinh Paris se bi trimg phat bang quan sy va se hodn todn bi dap do. Nba Vua vd bgn can thifp dy tinh nhiing ldi de doa ay se lam cho nban dan Phdp khiep sg, nhung ehiing da ldm. Ban Tuyen ngdn da kich ddng Idng cam phan cua nhan dan, lam cho cudc khdi nghTa vdn khdng the trdnh khdi eang nhanh chdng bimg nd. Cudc khdi nghTa ngay 10-8-1792 ciia quin chiing nhan dan da gidnh duge thdng lgi. Nen qudn chu syp dd, vua Lui XVI vd hodng hau bi bit, cde dai than eii cua nhd Vua bj cdch ehiic, phdi Girdngdanh len nim chinh quyen. Sy sup do cua nen quan ehii va sy phdt triln ciia cdch mang Phdp Idm the lyc phong kiln pban ddng chau Au tiic gian dien eudng. Ngdy 19-8-1792, ban 80 van quan Ao - Phd do cdng tude Brunsviek chi huy, vugt bien 7 7 r gidi, xam nhap lanh thd Phdp. De chdng lai nhung lye lugng can thifp, ngudi Phdp dua ra 3 dao binh cua Duymurie, Kellerman vd Budn, gdm 82.000 quan. Tuy nhien, trong hang ngii cdc tudng td cd nhieu ngudi theo phdi quan chu nen sdn sang phdn bdi Td qudc. Ngay 20-8-1792, Brunsviek bao vay Ldngvi. Ngay 23-8, vien chi huy cu dilm nay, tuy dang nim trong tay 70 khau dai bdc vd nhilu binh linh, da nop thdnh cho ke thii md khdng khdng cy. Quan Phd tiln ve Vecdoong, can cii eudi eiing de bdo vf Paris. Ngdy 2-9-1792, thdnh Vecdoong thit tbu, con dudng vdo Paris bj md toang. Nudc Phdp dang dirng trudc mdt nguy CO nghiem trpng. Lien qudn Ao Phd dang tiln vdo nudc Phdp. Nudc Anh trieu bdi dai sii d Paris ve vd giri mdt cdng ham cho Phdp vdi y sdn sang gia nhap qudn dpi lien minh pbong kiln. Tay Ban Nba tien banh nhieu boat ddng qudn sy d bien gidi Pyrene. Tat ca chau Au phdn cdcb mang da lien minh chdng nudc Phdp cua cdch mang. O Paris va cdc thdnh phd khde, bpn bdo hodng vd bpn phdn cdch mang du cdc loai ciing ngdc dau day chdng ddi. Trudc nhiing gid phut quyet djnh ay. Cdng xa Cach mang da trd thdnh linh bdn eua edng cudc bdo vf Td qudc. Hp ra ldi keu gpi nhdn dan diing day cam vii khi tieu diet quan thii. Nhiing doan quan tinh nguyen dugc thanh lap va di ra mat tran. Ngay 20-9-1792, quan dpi Phdp va Phd doi difn nhau tren nhiimg ngpn ddi d Vanmy. Quan Phd dan thdnh dpi ngii ehinh te xdng thing vdo nhiing vi tri cua qudn Phdp. Theo tiing hd "Td qudc mudn ndm", nhiing ngudi yeu nude Phdp xdng vdo chdn ddnh quan thil. Cudc tin cdng bi diy liii. Quan Pho pbdi nit lui. Nudc Phdp cdch mang da chien thdng lien minh phan cdch mang chau Au tran dau tien. Nudc Phdp da dugc ciim thodt nhd tam Idng ai qudc nhift thdnh cua hang trifu ngudi 62 NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011 dan va nhd sy lanh dao kien quyet cua Cdng xa Cdch mang va phdi Giacdbanh. Tir cudi ndm 1792, vifc xir tri nhd Vua nhu the ndo trd thdnh van de ehinh trong nhiing cudc tranh luan tai Quoc udc. Phdi Girdngdanh tim mgi cdch dl lin trdnh vin de nay. Nhumg ngudi ta da tim thiy cdc bdng chiing ve sy ddng muu eua nhd Vua vdi ke thil ciia nudc Phdp nen quan chiing nban dan vd phdi Giacdbanh yeu edu dua Vua ra xet xir de trimg trj vi tdi phan qudc. Ngdy 21-1- 1793. vua Lui XVI bi chat dau vd sau dd khdng lau, hoang hau Mari Angtoannet eung ehju chung sd pban. Tir thdng 3-1793, nudc Phdp lam vdo mdt cudc khimg hodng nghiem trgng vl chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi. Sy phdt triln cua cdch mang ldm cbo thi lyc phong kiln phan ddng chdu Au hodng sg. Cdc nude Anh, Tay Ban Nha, Hd Lan da liy vifc xii tir Lui XVI lam cd gia nhap vao lien minh phdn cdcb mang chdng Phap. Nude Phdp cdng hod bi phong tod vd cd lap, phdi mdt minh chdng lai f A tdt cd chdu Au phdn ddng. Trong tinh hinh dd, pbdi Girdngdanh dang nim quyin td ra bat lyc trong vifc td chiic qudc phdng. Ddng le pbdi ddng vien todn dan chdng ke tbii, hp lai tiep tuc xiic tien cudc diu tranh be pbdi chdng nhiing ngudi Giacdbanh vd van theo dudi chinh sdch phdn dan chu, lam nga trude nhiing nhu ciu vd yeu sdch ciia nhan dan. CJ trong nudc, thang 3-1793, bao ddng phan each mang nd ra d Vangde, va tir dd lan ra vimg Tay Bic, Nodcmdngdi, Bratanha. CJ ngoai mat tran, quan dpi cdch mang tilp tuc f \ that bai, quan ddng minh vugt qua bien gidi trdn vao lanh thd Phdp. Dd Id mdt tronj nhiing Iy do gidi thich vi sao vdo ngdy 2-6- 1793, phdi Girdngdanh bi qudn chung nhar dan vd giai cap tu sdn each mang lat dd. Phdi Giacdbanh len nam chinh quyin trong llie van mfnh cua nudc cdng hoa lam f f vdo cdnh nguy khdn nhat. Quan dpi cua bpn xam lugc tir ba phia Bdc, Ddng vd Ddng Nam dang tien vdo nudc Phdp. Ndm dao quan nudc ngodi dang ddn ep cdc todn quan Phdp mft mdi, trang bj kem, mat tinh than do hdnh ddng phan bdi cua tudng Duymurie. Mayenxa that thu, Valenxien bj bd ngo. Paris lai bj uy hiep. Ham ddi Anb tiep vien cbo bgn phien loan vd phong tod cdc hai cdng cua Phdp. Cdc cudc bao ddng phdn each mang lan nhanh tir noi ndy sang noi khac. Din giiia thdng 6, bao ddng da nd ra d 60 f \ , trong sd 83 quan. Chinh quyen cua Qudc udc Giacdbanh chi cdn nam dugc Paris dang doi kem vd mdt phin nhd lanh thd. Sd menh chl dp cdng hoa nhu "ngan can treo tren sgi tdc" De ciim thodt nudc cdng boa non tre. trong thdng 6 va thdng 7 nam 1793. phai Giacdbanh da thi hdnh nhilu cbinh sdch tiln bd, ddp limg yeu ciu cua quin cbiirig nhan dan nhu: van dk rudng dit, tbu tieu cdc dac quyen phong kiln, ban banh gid tdi da cac mat hang thilt ylu, ban hanh Hiln phdp dan chil Nhd vay, phdi Giacdbanh da dugc quan chung nhan dan tich eye ung hg. Ddng thdi chinh quyin Giacdbanh tdng cudng trin dp bpn phan dgng vd td chirc qudc phdng dl 1 •) 7 r bao vf Td qudc. Ngay 23-8-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh thdng CI^'i£l .'SSlf" Jis:;™.:?;: r.T.rs'' rjo"",? " ""^ r^'-rig QUdem ixu tidn lae 63 toan qudc. Dieu I eua sic Ifnh tuyen bd: "Tir f 7 gid phut ndy cho den khi ndo ke thii bi dudi ra khdi ldnh thd cua nu&c Cgng hod, tdt cd nhirng ngu&i Phdp deu bi trung dung thudng fi f xuyen " Sac Ifnh quy dinh rd nhifm vu ciia tit cd nbung ngudi Phdp, edn ddc than bay da lap gia dinh, ddn dng hay ddn bd, tham cbi cd tre em vd ngudi gid. Cudc ddng vien ehua timg cd ciia todn dan nay ehi ed the thyc hifn trong mdt cudc chien tranh chinh nghTa. 7 y Cudc ddng vien nay da ed vii tinh than yeu nudc ciia dai da sd nhan dan. Vi the, Sdc lenh Tdng ddng vien duge nhan dan Phdp, dac bift Id ndng dan hudng ung nhift lift. Mudi bdn dao quan dugc thdnh lap trong thdi gian ngdn nhdt vd len dudng ra mat tran vdi tinh than chien ddu rat cao. Ci trong nudc, eae nganh cdng nghifp deu hudng ve phyc vy qudc phdng. Cde nhd 7 f khoa hoc ndi tieng nhu Beetdlie, Lazora Cdend da tich eye tham gia nghien euu cdc nguyen ly, chien thuat mdi vd td chirc hf thdng phdng thu bdo vf cdch mang. Chinh nhd su no lye eua toan dan tde, quan Phdp da gianh duge thing lgi dau tien d Ddng Bdc vao thdng 9 vd thdng 10 ndm 1793, ldm thay ddi han cue difn chien tranh. Quan Ao bj tan ra, quan Anh vd eae vuomg qudc Diie phdi riit Iui. Chua thing lgi hodn toan, song nude Phdp bit diu thodt khdi cugc khung hodng quan sy. Cudi ndm 1793, quan Phdp chuyen f 7 sang tan cdng, quan Anh bi ddnh dudi khdi Tuldng, quan Phd - Ao bi ddnh bai d Anddt. Tren lanh thd nudc Phdp, quan tbii da bj quet sach. Cuoi eiing, ngay 26-6-1794, trong tran Pholoruyt, qudn ddi cdcb mang Phdp da hodn todn ddnh bai quan dpi lien minh. Cudc chien dau chdng ngoai xdm bdo vf ddc lap dan tdc, bdo vf thdnh qud cdcb mang da ket thuc thdng lgi. Nhifm vu dan tdc dugc gidi quyet trift de. 3. Ket luan Dai cdcb mang Phdp ndm 1789 da de lai cbo nudc Phdp mdt di sdn tbieng lieng dd la sy thdng nhat qudc gia vdi y thiic "dan tdc Id mdt vd khdng the phdn chia" Sy thdng nhat dd vira la hf qua, vira Id nen tdng ciia tbiet cbe xa hdi tu sdn, tren dd binh thanb nhirng nguyen ly ca bdn ve nhd nudc, phdp luat, kinh te vd xa hdi. Y thiic thdng nhat dan tdc dd da tao nen siic manh cho nude Phdp trong cudc dau tranh bdo ve ddc lap dan tdc. Cdcb mang da xod bd quy tdc the tdc vd sy ngdn cdch phong kien ddi vdi lanh thd vd sy giao fry ^ ^ f luu kinh te. Van de dan tdc dugc gidi quyet mdt cdch trift de, qudc gia dan tdc dugc thdng nhat da tao dieu kifn cho sy phdt trien manh me eua phuomg thirc sdn xuat tu bdn chil nghTa liic bay gid, cua khoa bpc ky thuat, XX X gdp phan tao nen nen vdn hod tinh than vd vat chat cao trong lich sir nude Phdp vd trong lieh sir van minh nhan loai. A. Manfra (1963), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789, NXB S\rthat,HaN9i,tr.253. . NHI€/V VU DAN TOC TRONG cACH MRNG TUT SRN PHAP 1789 Nguyen Tuan Anh Dai hgc Supham Hui C-ach mang tu san Phap ndm 1789 la cudc each mang tu san dien binh va trift dc nbat trong cac cudc. dien ra trong tien trinh cdch mang. IL Viec giai quyet nhiem vu dan toe trong Cach mang tu san Phap nam 1789 y. Tlwng nhdt ldnh thd, liinh thdnh thi tru&ng ddn tgc Ngdy 14-7 -1789, . ly, bieu hien trong cgng ddng vdn hod" Trong khi pban tich xa bdi tu ban. Lenin da neu ra nguyen ly ndi tieng ve hai khuynh hudmg khdch quan ciia chii nghTa tu ban trong van de dan