Microsoft Word 144 Tr?nh Ðình Toán doc Tuyển tập Hội nghị Khoa học thường niên năm 2019 ISBN 978 604 82 2981 8 104 TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF HANOI URBAN DEVELOPMENT Trinh Dinh Toan Th[.]
Tuyển tập Hội nghị Khoa học thường niên năm 2019 ISBN: 978-604-82-2981-8 TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF HANOI URBAN DEVELOPMENT Trinh Dinh Toan Thuyloi University, email: trinhdinhtoan@tlu.edu.vn INTRODUCTION Definition: Transit-oriented development (TOD) is urban development near or oriented to public transport facilities Typically, mixed-use urban development is built around public transport facilities (Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), Light Rail Transits (LRT), and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)) TODs focus on providing transit services along with medium/high-density urban developments to encourage transit ridership and to promote sustainable urban growth [1] TOD is performed with three important elements (3Ds): (i) density: TOD requires a certain degree of population density for maintenance of public transportation; (ii) diversity: various socio-economic activities and other public functions are aggregated around train stations within walking distance, and (iii) design: provision of good spatial design is essential to induce people to choose the land use [2] TOD brings substantial benefits to urban development, notably: • Promotion to sustainable and smart urban growth • Improvement of connectivity between the city center and outer areas via public transport services • Alleviation of traffic congestions and improvement of traffic safety • Promotion of more efficient land use International context: The TOD concept has been intrinsic in planning practice across many countries [2] TOD is a fast-growing development strategy and is becoming more popular among city planners and government officials for its potential to promote smart growth TOD has been using in various developed countries, including Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong In Singapore, for example, the key components of the TOD system include MRT, LRT and buses with clear functions of each component: MRT for heavy corridors, LRT serves as feeders to MRT, and buses serve for less heavy corridors [3] The study objective: Although the TOD concept has been introduced in Hanoi for a substantial time period, practical experience is limited and little is known regarding research effort to associate TOD concept with Hanoi urban development This paper explores the suitability of TOD for Hanoi, and recommends planning directions that should be considered to enhance the success of TOD application for Hanoi capital Recommendation of a TOD pattern for Hanoi, however, is not in the scope of this study URBAN DEVELOPMENT WITH TOD APPLICATION TOD patterns: There are three types of TOD [1]: (i) Single node TOD, which consists of a single suburban based around heavy rail stations The development typically follows the circular pattern with the radius varies from 0.5 km 2-3 km; (ii) Multi-node TOD (Fig 1) whose formation process is similar to the single-node TOD rebut it extends further to create of a string of nodes around heavy rail stations to realign entire urban regions around 104 Tuyển tập Hội nghị Khoa học thường niên năm 2019 ISBN: 978-604-82-2981-8 rail transport; and (iii) Corridor TOD that is typically based around LRT or BRT stops This pattern is applicable to existing urban areas or planned urban extensions Integrated transport in a TOD model: In a TOD model, the inter-city transport is performed by high - speed public transportation, typically via MRT, while the inner city transport is accomplished by a mix use of MRT, LRT and BRT, of which MRT is the skeleton component, and LRT and BRT serve as subordinated systems TOD is mainly implemented along such public transportation routes (Figure 1, [2]) would be an anticipated overloading of 7.5-10.7 times by the year 2030 if the development tendency would be the same [4] This shows that a development that is oriented toward automobile or private vehicles is not an appropriate approach On the contrary, there are a number of reasons that favor the TOD approach: first, the population density in Hanoi is of medium/ high levels, which facilitates development and operation of public transport systems; second, the construction of the pioneer urban railways and BRT lines sets initial conditions for the long-term TOD development, and promotes restructuring the city following TOD approach Figure Conceptual TOD design TOD FOR HANOI 3.1 Why TOD for Hanoi? In the recent years, traffic congestion is getting more critical and pervasive in the city, due to the fact that the road network capacity is not sufficient to accommodate traffic demand, and traffic management and traffic control is not efficient Expansion of the road network is restrained by scare land reserve: according to Hanoi Transport Department, the growth rate of the automobiles is 10.2% per year, meanwhile the road network expansion capability is only 0.25% per year There has been a serious imbalance between capacity of transport infrastructures and traffic demand, and there Figure Planned urban railways of Hanoi (Source: [5]) Issues to be considered: in recent years, TOD model has been initially introduced in Hanoi via development of BRTs and urban railways (Figure 2) Principal public transport projects following this approach have been launched in Hanoi include HAIMUD1, HAIMUD2 ([5]) Nevertheless, there are great challenges to the feasibility of this direction: The Hanoi Transport Planning up to the year 2030 stated that public transport would 105 Tuyển tập Hội nghị Khoa học thường niên năm 2019 ISBN: 978-604-82-2981-8 be given priority, but there is no evidence that the transport system is transit-oriented The Planning prescribes ambitious targets on investment on transport infrastructure, but no feasible solutions have been provided so far to achieve the targets The construction of initial MRT and BRT lines incurs severe delay In particular, one of the pioneer projects - the first BRT line (YenNghia – KimMa) has been extremely under-utilized due to poor accessibility, physical and institutional integrations In absence of a clear TOD concept and planning directions, it is hard to say that the deployment of TOD for Hanoi may succeed 3.2 Factors to be successful To ensure the success of TOD approach for Hanoi, the following directions are recommended: - Give high priority for development of the modern public transport The system should be the rail-based system (MRT) as the skeleton component with extensive network coverage Feeder transport services such as LRT, BRT and regular buses should be adequate to provide seamless connectivity of the public transport Accessibility and walkability to MRT/LRT stations should be improved Parking, underground walkways, and loading/unloading services should be provided to facilitate intermodal facilities at the stations - Integrate with urban developments: land use and transport planning should be closely integrated so that transport facilities are fully integrated with building developments around the MRT stations to reduce the need for travel, to encourage greater commuting via public transport and to give maximum accessibility to housing, commercial and recreational facilities CONCLUSIONS Given the fact that the automobile-oriented approach is not a practical solution to solve transport problems in Hanoi, and given the intrinsic features of the city, it can be said that TOD approach is a proper strategy for sustainable development for Hanoi in the long run To be successful, the TOD concept and an appropriate TOD model should be clearly defined, planning directions should be properly formulated, and land use and transport planning should be closely integrated as planning instruments to reshape the city through the years REFERENCES [1] Stead D., Schremmer, C., and Schmitt P., 2016 Transit-oriented development and sustainable urban planning Technische Universiteit Delft [2] Morimoto, A., 2012 Transportation and land use Waseda University, pp 22-28 [3] Toan, T.D., 2018 Managing traffic congestion in a city: A study of Singapore’s experiences ICSCE Conference, University of Hanoi Transport and Communication [4] Toan, T.D and Dong, D.V., 2019 Integrated Transport Planning for Sustainable Urban Development – Singapore’ Approach and Lessons for Vietnam Inter Congrès (CIGO 2019) [5] https://hanoimetro.net.vn/metronetwork/quy-hoach-mang-luoi-metro-thanhpho-ha-noi/, accessed Jul 31st, 2019 106 ... initially introduced in Hanoi via development of BRTs and urban railways (Figure 2) Principal public transport projects following this approach have been launched in Hanoi include HAIMUD1, HAIMUD2... solve transport problems in Hanoi, and given the intrinsic features of the city, it can be said that TOD approach is a proper strategy for sustainable development for Hanoi in the long run To be... the stations - Integrate with urban developments: land use and transport planning should be closely integrated so that transport facilities are fully integrated with building developments around