LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ study on short lived climate pollutants in hanoi in the context of climate change and sustainable development

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DO DUY TUNG STUDY ON SHORT-LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS IN HANOI IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MASTER’S THESIS LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DO DUY TUNG STUDY ON SHORT-LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS IN HANOI IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof Dr KAZUYUKI KITA Hanoi, 2020 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PLEDGE In writing Master’s thesis, I carefully read the thesis guidelines at Vietnam Japan University, Vietnam National University and fully understand what is written there and comply with all related rules and guidelines I ensure that this thesis is my own research and has not been published The use of results of other research and documents must comply with the regulations Citations and references for documents, books, research papers and web pages must be on the list of references of the thesis I pledge my honor that I comply with provisions give above Author of the thesis Do Duy Tung i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS PLEDGE i LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 1.1 Definition of SLCPs and their significance .2 1.2 Definition of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 and their significance 1.2.1 BC .8 1.2.2 TO3 10 1.2.3 PM2.5 12 1.3 Preceding Studies: Status of SLCPs in Vietnam and Southeast Asia .13 1.4 Mitigation measures to reduce SLCPs in Vietnam and SE Asia 21 1.5 SLCPs’ sources in Vietnam .22 1.6 Objectives of this study 24 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY IN THIS STUDY 25 2.1 Strategy to attain the objectives .26 2.2 Ground-based Observation 28 2.2.1 BC .29 2.2.2 Tropospheric Ozone 31 2.2.3 PM2.5 34 2.3 Signatures indicating contributions of local/regional/remote sources 36 2.3.1 Diurnal variation 36 2.3.2 Correlation of observed SLCP concentration levels with the trajectory and local meteorological parameters 37 2.4 Remote Observational Sites 41 2.4.1 Initial Data Processing .41 2.4.2 Observational Data Provided by Other Activities 41 2.5 Meteorological Data and Trajectory Analysis .42 2.5.1 HYSPLIT Trajectory Model 42 2.5.2 Local Meteorological Data .42 CHAPTER RESULTS 43 3.1 Observed SLCPs’ Concentrations and Their Variation 43 3.1.1 Winter 45 3.1.2 Spring 47 3.1.3 Summer .48 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 3.1.4 Autumn 49 3.2 Seasonal Features of Trajectories 53 CHAPTER ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 55 4.1 Correlation between SLCPs in each season 55 4.1.1 BC and PM2.5 55 4.1.2 PM2.5 and TO3 57 4.2 Comparison of Observed Enhances of SLCP with the Transport Areas in each season 59 4.2.1 Winter 60 4.2.2 Spring 62 4.2.3 Summer .62 4.2.4 Autumn 63 4.3 Comparison of Observed Enhances of SLCP with the local / regional transport features 64 4.4 Comparison of Multi-station Observational Data 65 4.5 Discussion on contribution of local/regional sources in Northern Vietnam and on the inference of SLCP Climate Effect in this region 67 4.5.1 Contribution of local/regional sources in Northern Vietnam 67 4.5.2 Climate Effects of BC 67 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .66 REFERENCES 67 APPENDIX 70 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Key features of SLCPs compared with CO2 Table 2.1 Diurnal Analysis of BC, O3 and PM2.5 concentration in Hanoi 39 Table 2.2.2 Evidences for distinguishing local/remote source influences 40 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Critical air polluted condition in Hanoi by open biomass burning Figure 1.2 Global annual mean distribution of BC direct radiative forcing at TOA Figure 1.3 Radiative Forcing Caused by Human Activities Since 1750 Figure 1.4 Model of CO2 and SLCP cuts compared with other pathways until 2100 .4 Figure 1.5 Dominant sources of BC from human activities .9 Figure 1.6 Schematic Display of Photochemical Ozone Formation in the Troposphere .10 Figure 1.7 Diagram shows PM2.5 particles size .12 Figure 1.8 Planetary boundary layer (PBL) heating by surface emission of BC 15 Figure 1.9 Monthly mean BC mass concentration (left) and heating rate (right) over Ahmedabad in 2008 16 Figure 1.10 Vertical profiles of heating rate due to aerosol black carbon calculated from FBC profiles .17 Figure 1.11 Annual mean model median change in near-surface temperature (top left), zonally averaged temperature change for the model median (black line) and individual models (top right) 18 Figure 2.1 Initial strategy of research activities in this study 26 Figure 2.2 Updated strategy to attain objectives of this study 28 Figure 2.3 Schematic diagram of Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) 30 Figure 2.4 Flowrate calibration in PSAP 30 Figure 2.5 Schematic diagram of dual-beam UV-absorption ozone photometer 32 Figure 2.6 Schematic diagrams of the newly developed PM2.5 sensor: 34 Figure 2.7 PM2.5 optical sensor calibration .35 Figure 2.8 Three typical patterns of BC, O3 and PM2.5 concentration in Hanoi 36 Figure 2.9 Local, regional and remote sources to Hanoi 39 Figure 2.10 Screenshot of monitoring portal of CEM website http://enviinfo.cem.gov.vn/ .41 Figure 2.11 Screenshot of monitoring portal of AQICN website http://aqicn.org/ 42 Figure 3.1 Monthly average of BC, PM2.5 and TO3 in Hanoi in 2019 44 Figure 3.2 Timeseries of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi associated with meteorological data in winter 2019 47 Figure 3.3 Timeseries of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi associated with meteorological data in spring 2019 48 Figure 3.4 Timeseries of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi associated with meteorological data in summer 2019 49 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 3.5 Timeseries of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi associated with meteorological data in autumn 2019 49 Figure 3.6 Hourly concentration of PM2.5, BC and O3 in Hanoi 51 Figure 3.7 PM2.5 concentration in Hanoi during Tet 2020 compared with 2019 52 Figure 3.8 SLCPs in Hanoi during lockdown as coronavirus widespread 53 Figure 3.9 PM2.5 of Hanoi in April 2020 compared with April 2019 53 Figure 3.10 Trajectories of SLCPs in Hanoi associated with meteorological data in wintertime 2019 54 Figure 3.11 Time series of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi associated with meteorological data in 2019 55 Figure 4.1 Correlation of BC and PM2.5 in each season 56 Figure 4.2 Correlation of TO3 and PM2.5 in each season 57 Figure 4.3 Photochemical smog in Hanoi .58 Figure 4.4 SLCP Transport Areas in each season 60 Figure 4.5 Winter variation of SLCP Transport Areas 61 Figure 4.6 Spring variation of SLCP Transport Areas 62 Figure 4.7 Summer variation of SLCP Transport Areas 63 Figure 4.8 Autumn variation of SLCP Transport Areas 64 Figure 4.9 Comparison of transport features and observed enhances of BC and PM2.5 65 Figure 4.10 Diurnal variation of BC and TO3 in Hanoi 65 Figure 4.11 PM2.5 in Hanoi compared with coastal cities in Northern Vietnam 66 Figure 4.12 Atmospheric heating rate of BC 68 (Source: Ramachandran and Kedia, 2009) .68 Figure 4.13 BC concentration in Tokyo have decreased time by stringent regulations for PM emissions 69 Figure 4.14 The differences between the prior and posterior anthropogenic BC emissions for April and October 2006, using OMI_GC AAOD_BC as the observation 69 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BC DRF HFCs NMHC NMVOC PM2.5 RS SLCPs TO3 TOA UFP UV Black Carbon Direct Radiative Forcing Hydrofluorocarbons Non-methane Hydrocarbon Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds Particulate Matter 2.5 Remote Sensing Short-lived Climate Pollutants Tropospheric Ozone Top of the Atmosphere Ultra-Fine Particle Ultra-Violet vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Kazuyuki Kita for his tireless guidance and training It’s barely impossible to conduct this research without his lead I thank VJU staff and lecturers, Dr Akihiko Kotera, Dr Hoang Thi Thu Duyen, Ms Bui Thi Hoa for their great help in doing this project, especially in the hard time of coronavirus pandemic, so that this study can continue to moving forward My appreciation and gratefulness go to JICA, Vietnam - Japan University, Ibaraki University and Vietnam National University of Forestry for their support to set up instruments and implement SLCP monitoring systems in Hanoi viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com in China was reducing and that in SC sea increasing (red arrows) Blue arrows show the peaks also coincided with the peak of residence time in North Vietnam area Figure 4.5 Winter variation of SLCP Transport Areas 61 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4.2.2 Spring Figure 4.6 Spring variation of SLCP Transport Areas Because there is no significant source in South China sea area, coincidence with large residence time in that area presumably shows simply a transport direction The transition between China and SC sea has two possibilities: coastal region of (south) China was significant source region or simply showing the transport direction 4.2.3 Summer In summer, PM concentration was generally low, but many small peaks appeared 62 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Some of the peaks occurred with peak or increase of residence time in Northern Vietnam area, implying slower wind speed Other peaks occurred with peaks or long residence time in Sorthern SE Asia area Figure 4.7 Summer variation of SLCP Transport Areas 4.2.4 Autumn In autumn, PM concentration increased frequently with many spikes, which occurred at night or early morning Some of the increase events occurred with peak or increase of residence time in Northern Vietnam area 63 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Other increase events occurred during long residence time in China area Figure 4.8 Autumn variation of SLCP Transport Areas 4.3 Comparison of Observed Enhances of SLCP with the local / regional transport features Due to observed enhances of BC and PM2.5 in 2019, the comparison analysis with local/regional transport features in this study will focus on wintertime 64 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 4.9 Comparison of transport features and observed enhances of BC and PM2.5 In Figure 4.3.1, high BC and PM2.5 episodes were found associated to trajectories from southeast of Hanoi, not air masses from China Therefore, Southeast regional sources in North of Vietnam were significant Diurnal variation of BC and TO3 strongly suggested active convection in the boundary layer to increase the temperature around top of the boundary layer Figure 4.10 Diurnal variation of BC and TO3 in Hanoi 4.4 Comparison of Multi-station Observational Data After sending request to Air Quality Network (AQICN.org) I got daily PM2.5 data from US Embassy to Hanoi and other stations of CEM in coastal cities in North of Vietnam Comparing PM2.5 concentrations between Hanoi and coastal cities in North East of Vietnam in winter 2020 shows that concentration in Hanoi is much higher than those two This confirms that the pollutant source is regional 65 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 4.11 PM2.5 in Hanoi compared with coastal cities in Northern Vietnam 66 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4.5 Discussion on contribution of local/regional sources in Northern Vietnam and on the inference of SLCP Climate Effect in this region 4.5.1 Contribution of local/regional sources in Northern Vietnam In general, increase of SLCPs observed at Hanoi involved diurnal variation and anti-correlation between TO3 and BC/PM This feature strongly suggests that major part of the photochemical production of TO3 and of the emission of BC/PM occurred at Hanoi and in Northern Vietnam region Results of the trajectory analyses have indicated that transboundary transport from China could have secondary importance as source region Relation of SLCP concentration and regional transport features… Considering all these results, we can conclude most significant source region of BC and TO3 at Hanoi is Northern Vietnam region including Hanoi 4.5.2 Climate Effects of BC Quantitative evaluation of warming effect by SLCP needs comprehensive climate model and is beyond this study Temperature variation of each air parcel can be estimated from net balance of atmospheric heating and cooling rates by climate factors Ramachandran and Kedia (2009) calculated the atmospheric heating rate by BC with a radiation model, and performed its values are proportional to the BC mass concentration Because the latitude assumed in their calculation of radiation is similar to that of Hanoi, we can apply their result to this study 67 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com BC concentrations observed at Hanoi was averagely μg/m3, and often increased to the range of 5-10μg/m3, this implies that BC could increase the atmospheric heating rate of 0.2-1.5 K/day Figure 4.12 Atmospheric heating rate of BC (Source: Ramachandran and Kedia, 2009) This study suggests major part of BC at Ha Noi has been originated from Northern Vietnam region, implying that we can expect mitigation measures for BC emission in Vietnam are effective to reduce atmospheric heating considerably Lesson from Japanese experience: Kondo et al (2012) showed the BC concentration in Tokyo have decreased significantly from 2.6 μg m−3 to 0.5 μg m−3 (∼80% reduction) between 2003 and 2010 This reduction can be attributed to regulations of PM emissions set up by the Japanese government, especially for vehicular emissions 68 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Figure 4.13 BC concentration in Tokyo have decreased time by stringent regulations for PM emissions (Source: Kondo et al., 2012) Figure 4.14 The differences between the prior and posterior anthropogenic BC emissions for April and October 2006, using OMI_GC AAOD_BC as the observation (Source: L Zhang, et al., 2015) 69 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER CONCLUSION “Greatness = Conscience + Discipline” James Clear The simultaneously observed data of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi and trajectory analysis from this research indicated that SLCPs in Hanoi and North of Vietnam are impacted significantly by local/regional sources rather than remote sources from surrounding countries Monthly averaged concentrations of BC and PM2.5 were in range of 1-3 μg/m3 and 18-65 μg/m3, respectively BC concentration was estimated from 4% to 6% of PM2.5 in all seasons of 2019 Both BC and PM2.5 were remarkably increased during rush hours or night-time in diurnal variation In contrast, TO3 was often high at noon and depleted to zero at night The climax episodes of BC and PM2.5 were observed in wintertime, especially in January with periods lasting from day to week These high rises were mostly associated with winter monsoon trajectories from South China Sea, which actually transported emissions from North East region of Northern Vietnam Given the significant climate forcing of BC, this study strongly suggests that mitigation measures to reduce BC in Vietnam can considerably improve both regional climate change and air quality in the Northern Vietnam region 66 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCES Ackerman, A S (2000) Reduction of Tropical Cloudiness by Soot Science, 288(5468), 1042–1047.doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1042 Bond, T C., et al (2013), Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J Geophys Res Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171 CCAC, Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants (2019, March 15) http://www.ccacoalition.org/en/content/short-livedclimate-pollutants-slcps Gatari, M J., Boman, J., Wagner, A., Janhäll, S., & Isakson, J (2006) Assessment of inorganic content of PM2.5 particles sampled in a rural area north-east of Hanoi, Vietnam Science of The Total Environment, 368(2–3), 675–685 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.004 Hanaoka, T., & Masui, T (2018) Co-benefit Reductions of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants and Air Pollutants by 2050 while Achieving the Degree Target in Asia Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 6(3), 505–520 https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d6.0218 Hu A et al (2013) Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise Nature Climate Change 3:730-734 IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D Qin, G.-K Plattner, M Tignor, S.K Allen, J Boschung, A Nauels, Y Xia, V Bex and P.M Midgley (eds.)] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp IPCC (2018) Global warming of 1.5°C An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V Masson-Delmotte, P Zhai, H O Pörtner, D Roberts, J Skea, P.R Shukla, A Pirani, W Moufouma-Okia, C Péan, R Pidcock, S Connors, J B R Matthews, Y Chen, X Zhou, M I Gomis, E Lonnoy, T Maycock, M Tignor, T Waterfield (eds.)] In Press Jin, M & Shepherd, J M (2008) Aerosol relationships to warm season clouds and rainfall at monthly scales over east China: Urban land versus ocean Journal of Geophysical Research 113 67 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Lasko, K., Vadrevu, K P., & Nguyen, T T N (2018) Analysis of air pollution over Hanoi, Vietnam using multi-satellite and MERRA reanalysis datasets PLOS ONE, 13(5), e0196629 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196629 Lee, W.-S., & Kim, M.-K (2010) Effects of radiative forcing by black carbon aerosol on spring rainfall decrease over Southeast Asia Atmospheric Environment, 44(31), 3739–3744 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.058 Lim S et al (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990– 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, The Lancet 380(9859):2224–2260 Meehl, G A., Arblaster, J M., & Collins, W D (2008) Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols on the Indian Monsoon Journal of Climate, 21(12), 2869–2882 https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1 Myles Allen, (2015) Short-Lived Promise? The Science and Policy of Cumulative and Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, Oxford Martin Policy Paper, University of Oxford Nakayama et al, (2018) Development and evaluation of a palm-sized optical PM2.5 sensor, Aerosol Science and Technology, 52:1, 212, DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2017.1375078 Ogino, S.-Y., Fujiwara, M., Shiotani, M., Hasebe, F., Matsumoto, J., T Hoang, T H., & T Nguyen, T T (2013) Ozone variations over the northern subtropical region revealed by ozonesonde observations in Hanoi: OZONE VARIATION IN HANOI Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(8), 3245–3257 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50348 Proffitt, M H and McLaughlin, R J (1983) Fast response dual-beam UVabsorption Ozone Photometer suitable for use on stratospheric balloons Review of Scientific Instrument, 54, 1719-1728 Ramachandran, S., and S Kedia (2010), Black carbon aerosols over an urban region: Radiative forcing and climate impact, J Geophys Res., 115, D10202, doi:10.1029/2009JD013560 Sakamoto, Y., Shoji, K., Bui, M T., Phạm, T H., Vu, T A., Ly, B T., & Kajii, Y (2018) Air quality study in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2015–2016 based on a oneyear observation of NO x , O , CO and a one-week observation of VOCs Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(3), 544–551 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.12.001 Schneider, S.H et al, (2007) Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change, in Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability IPCC, 779810; 68 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Sowden, M., Mueller, U., & Blake, D (2018) Review of surface particulate monitoring of dust events using geostationary satellite remote sensing Atmospheric Environment, 183, 154–164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.04.020 SR Springton (2018) Particle Soot Absorption Photometer Instrument Handbook Brookhaven National Laboratory DOE/SC-ARM-TR-176 U.S EPA (2012) Report to Congress on Black Carbon, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, in preparation UNEP/WMO (2011) Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, 282 pp., United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, and World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Wang, Q., Jacob, D J., Spackman, J R., Perring, A E., Schwarz, J P., Moteki, N., Marais, E A., Ge, C., Wang, J., & Barrett, S R H (2014) Global budget and radiative forcing of black carbon aerosol: Constraints from pole-to-pole (HIPPO) observations across the Pacific: GLOBAL BC BUDGET AND RADIATIVE FORCING Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119(1), 195–206 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020824 Wang, R., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., Ciais, P., Schuster, G L., Chevallier, F., Samset, B H., Liu, J., Piao, S., Valari, M., & Tao, S (2016) Estimation of global black carbon direct radiative forcing and its uncertainty constrained by observations: Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(10), 5948–5971 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024326 69 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDIX Appendix 1: Set up remote station of PM2.5 in Vietnam National University of Forestry, Hoa Lac, Hanoi 70 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Appendix 2: Several internship activities in Japan 71 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY DO DUY TUNG STUDY ON SHORT- LIVED CLIMATE POLLUTANTS IN HANOI IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE. .. the concentrations of BC, TO3 and PM2.5 in Hanoi and the features of their variations based on in situ observations - To identify source regions affecting the increase of these SLCPs in Hanoi. .. season on the basis of the observed features and the trajectory analysis The scope of this research mainly focuses on variations and sources of BC and TO3 as two species of short- lived climate pollutants