CCNA Exploration Semester 1-Chapter 6 pptx

Addressing the network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester Chapter 23-Jul-12 IP addressing – works at OSI model layer TCP/IP model Internet layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical 23-Jul-12 Data stream HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc Segment TCP, UDP Packet IP Frame Ethernet, WAN technologies Bits Application Transport Internet Network Access Addressing topics Binary and decimal Types of IP addresses Assigning addresses Network part and subnet masks Calculating addresses Ping and Traceroute Utilities 23-Jul-12 Binary and decimal Convert to 8-bit binary 248 187 89 Convert to decimal 00110100 01010101 11001111 23-Jul-12 248 to binary 128 64 32 16 1 1 1 0 120 -64 56 56 -32 24 24 -16 248 -128 120 23-Jul-12 187 to binary 128 64 32 16 1 1 1 59 -32 27 27 -16 11 187 -128 59 23-Jul-12 11 -8 3 -2 89 to binary 128 64 32 16 1 1 0 89 -64 25 23-Jul-12 25 -16 9 -8 00110100 to decimal 128 64 32 16 0 1 0 32 16 32 +16 + 52 23-Jul-12 52 01010101 to decimal 128 64 32 16 1 1 64 64 +16 + + 85 23-Jul-12 16 85 11001111 to decimal 128 64 32 16 1 0 1 1 128 64 23-Jul-12 128 + 64 + + + + 207 207 10 Network address translation A large number of hosts on a network use private addresses to communicate with each other The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses when they want to use the Internet 23-Jul-12 38 Addressing hosts Static addressing – address is configured by an administrator Servers, printers, routers, switches need static addresses Dynamic addressing – address is allocated automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a pool Dynamic addressing is best for workstations 23-Jul-12 39 Blocks of addresses Use Address range Network address 192.168.1.0 Summary 192.168.1.0/25 User hosts 192.168.1.1-127 Servers 192.168.1.128 - 191 192.168.1.128/26 Peripherals 192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.192/27 Network devices 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.224/27 Router 192.168.1.254 Broadcast 192.168.1.255 23-Jul-12 40 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Last octet binary Address 192.168.1.0 00000000 Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 00000000 Borrow bit from host part, give it to network part, /25 Addresses Subnet mask 23-Jul-12 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.128 00000000 10000000 10000000 41 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow bits from host part, give to network part, /26 Addresses Subnet mask 23-Jul-12 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.192 00000000 01000000 10000000 11000000 11000000 42 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow bits from host part, give to network part, /27 Addresses Subnet mask 23-Jul-12 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.224 255.255.255.224 00000000 00100000 01000000 01100000 10000000 10100000 11000000 11100000 11100000 43 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow bits from host part, give to network part, /28 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 00000000 10000000 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.144 00010000 10010000 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.160 00100000 10100000 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.176 00110000 10110000 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.192 01000000 11000000 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.208 01010000 11010000 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.224 01100000 11100000 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.240 01110000 11110000 Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 11110000 And so on… 23-Jul-12 44 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Every time you borrow another bit you: Double the number of subnets Halve the size of the subnets Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast address, and everything in between is a host address Here are some ways of visualising the process 23-Jul-12 45 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Bits borrowed No of networks 16 32 64 Prefix /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 Bit value/ network size No of hosts 128 64 32 16 126 62 30 14 Subnet mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 23-Jul-12 46 Address space Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers to 255 Link to show table 23-Jul-12 47 Subnet chart 23-Jul-12 48 Subnetting There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be able to use them in exams Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the smallest Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet masks Make sure that there are no overlaps 23-Jul-12 49 Ping and traceroute Ping sends an ICMP message If all is well, the destination replies If not, a router may reply to say the destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each router along the path replies You get a list of addresses of all the routers 23-Jul-12 50 IPv6 Development started in 1990s because of concerns about IPv4 addresses running out A whole new protocol suite – not just layer Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using hexadecimal Simpler header Integrated security – authentication, privacy Quality of service mechanisms 23-Jul-12 51 The End 23-Jul-12 52 ... 23-Jul-12 25 - 16 9 -8 00110100 to decimal 128 64 32 16 0 1 0 32 16 32 + 16 + 52 23-Jul-12 52 01010101 to decimal 128 64 32 16 1 1 64 64 + 16 + + 85 23-Jul-12 16 85 11001111 to decimal 128 64 32 16 1 0 1... 64 32 16 1 1 1 0 120 -64 56 56 -32 24 24 - 16 248 -128 120 23-Jul-12 187 to binary 128 64 32 16 1 1 1 59 -32 27 27 - 16 11 187 -128 59 23-Jul-12 11 -8 3 -2 89 to binary 128 64 32 16 1 1 0 89 -64 ... 192. 168 .1.48 192. 168 .1.1 76 00110000 10110000 192. 168 .1 .64 192. 168 .1.192 01000000 11000000 192. 168 .1.80 192. 168 .1.208 01010000 11010000 192. 168 .1. 96 192. 168 .1.224 01100000 11100000 192. 168 .1.112