HINH
IDDNG
CHI PHEO
III
DIEM
NHIN
WMMllMWIflT
QUA
THIPHAPNAMCAO
O TS.
HOANG
TRONG
QUYEN*
C
hi
Pheo
la nhan vat trung tam trong kiet tac
Chi
Pheo
cua Nam Cao.
Nhin
tu thi
phap,
chung ta thay
dugc
sy tuang tdc cua cdc
chdng
ddi;
sy dan quyen, cdi xodn cua con ngudi
xd
hoi vd con ngudi tdm thuc, con ngudi be ndi
vd
con ngudi be
chim,
con ngudi tgi nhdn vd con
ngudi ngn nhdn trong hinh tugng Chi
Pheo;
qua
dd,
hieu rd them bdn chdt tu tudng, tham
mT
cua
hinh
tugng de di den nhung ket luan quan trgng,
thuyet
phuc
ve gid
trj
hien thyc vd nhdn dgo sdu
sdc cua tdc pham.
Cdi
Idi
thi
phdp cua hinh tugng ndy trong quan
niem,
cdi nhin, diem nhin vd but phdp
nghe
thuat
cua NamCao Id: hai con
nguai trong
motcon
ngudi.
Ddc diem ndy se chi phoi nhung van de
khdc nhu khdng gian, thdi gian
nghe
thuat, gigng
dieu, ngdn
tu.
Trong
«cdu
true tham
mT"
sudt
hdnh
trinh
cuoc
ddi cua
Chi,
haicon ngudi cd luc
song
hdnh tuang hgp, cd luc tuong khdc vd cudi cung
Id
sy quyet ddu sinh tu.
Ngay diem
chao
ddi, khdi ddu cua Id
trinh
bi
kich
thdn phdn Chi
Pheo,
NamCao dd ddt con
ngudi ndy trong sy tra
trgi,
cd Ignh, budn tui tren
cdi
nen cua
Id
ggch cu bd khdng de tgo mdt
«diem
nhdn", mdt ddu an tdi te, sdu tui vdo thdn phdn,
tdm
thuc Chi
Pheo:
thieu vdng hai ngudi,
tinh
ngudi,
dgc biet Id
tinh
rudt
thjt.
Dieu ndy se dm
dnh Chi
mdi
vd
Id
dien ra bdng ndi dau tuc trong
tieng chui cua
Chi,
trong cam nhdn cua
Chi
ve
thj
Nd,
trong tieng keu ddi luang thien cudi
ddi.
Tiep
theo, Id
trinh
ddng ddi Igi dua day Chi gap ga
nhung than phdn cung
it
nhieu cd
le,
thieu khuyet:
nhu
ngudi
dan ba gda mu, bac pho cdi
khong
con.
Trudc khi den vdi bde phd cdi thi Chi
bj
cho,
bi
ban; vd sau khi bde phd cdi khdng con
chet,
Chi
Igi
«ba
va,
hit
di
a cho nha nay
Igi
di a cho
nha
ng". Tgi sao Igi cd Idm chi tiet gdn vdi
«con
sd khdng" den the: Id ggch cu bo
khong,
ngudi
ddn bd goa mu (khdng chdng, bj mu), bde phd
cdi
khdng
con, rdi
khong
nha cua,
khong ngudi
thdn,
viec di d dg
khdng
on
dinh
Xdu chudi
nhung
«con
so khdng" dy se tgo mot he quy chieu
rgi
vdo tam trgng thud thieu thdi cua Chi, vd se
thdnh nhung khdi sdu ndng
triu
khi
con
sddy
vdn
dugc
tiep ndi keo ddi, khdc sdu, du khi Chi dd
Idn,
dd d ben kia ddc
cuoc
ddi: ngay den «cd;
the
cd
biin tudi
hdn
cung khdng
cd
trong sdldng",
khi
Chi chui thi
«khdng
ai lin
tii'ng"
Nhung chi
tiet
ke xudi
«khdng
binh ludn" ndy cua NamCao
hoan toan khdng phai khdng cd dyng y md
ngugc
Igi,
chung
dugc
cdi, cdy cho sy khdi ddu vd «dd
nen" het sue quan trgng trong qua
trinh
thiet ke
ddi
song
tdm li vd nhdn
each
nhdn vdt. Nhung
diem
nhin dy trong cdi nhin
nghe
thuat cua Nam
Cao mang
tinh
da
trj:
vua cd
tinh
chdt hoan canh,
xa hdi vua cd
tinh
chdt
tdm
li.
Cdc chi tiet quan he
xd
hdi cua Chi
Id
be
ndi,
vd be
chim
Id nhung ddu
an budn tui, cd dan, tra
trgi,
trdng vdng,
hoang
Ignh
vi
thieu vdng
tinh
ngudi trong tdm trgng Chi.
Dieu
dd
Id
ddu
mdi
cua nhung con
song
chim
trong
ddng
chay
mdi ve sau. Do vdy, mdt khi Chi dd
thdnh con guy du, tieng chui cua hdn gdm cd vdo
«dua chit me
ndo dd de
ra thdng Chi Pheo"
(trong
dogn md ddu tdc phd'm, chi tiet ndy
dugc
nhdn
mgnh tdi ba
Idn);
vd de sau ndy
khi
gap
thj
Nd
vdi
bdt
chao
hdnh ndng hdi
tinh
ngudi, Chi se rung
rung mudn khdc. Nhu
vdy,
nhung chi tiet md ddu
cuoc
ddi Chi cd y nghTa nhu dgt mdt phdn nen
mong cho
tinh
each,
nhdn
each
cua Chi ve sau.
Nd
Id phdn ddu cua con ngudi thu haitrongcon
ngudi Chi
Pheo.
Tiec thay, Ngu vdn Idp 11
(sach
gido vien) dd bd qua nhung chi tiet ndy khi cho
rdng «chi
dugc
nhd vdn ndi
ludt
qud' (1).
Hai
con ngudi trongChi dd
dugc
thiet ke d
nhung net ddu
vd
Id
trinh
cua chung bdt ddu phdt
trien,
vua cd nhung Idi rieng vua cd nhung sy
tuang tdc mgnh me trong sy chi phd'i cua hien
thyc. Con ngudi be mat cua tdng bdng
troi
tren
hdnh
trinh
«ma dua
Idi
quy ddn
dudng"
lien
tiep
nhdn nhung tai hga do xudng ddu, tu can ghen
cua Bd
Kien,
tu nhd tu thyc ddn phong kien, tu sy
*
Trtfdng
Dai
hpc
Thu
Dau
Mpt
-
Binh
Duo ng
Tap chi Giao due so 248 (k. i. 10/2010)
Igi
dyng vd trdo tro quy quyet cua Bd
Kien
khi
Chi
ra tu Vd do vdy, con nguai phan chim cua
tdng
bang
Id
thieu thdn
tinh
thuang, hai dm ddng
loqi,
Id y thuc ve
vinh
vd nhyc,
tinh
than vd the
xdc rqch rdi, dung ddn vd khat
khao
cd mot mdi
dm
du chi Id
«chdng Idm thui cuoc mudn,
vg dit
vai"
bj nhdn xudng cdng sdu han.
Ngay sau khi d tu ve, Chi den nhd Bd
Kien,
«ggi
tan ten tyc ra ma
chui",
nhu vdy Id Chi y
thuc rd
dugc
ke thu. The nhung, Bd
Kien
da hg
gyc Chi bdng ba ngdn ddn hiem ddc md mdt ke
nhu Chi luc dd khdng the da ndi: ggi Chi bdng
anh,
mai vdo nhd ddi cam gd vd nhdn hg. Ba
«vien
dgn bgc dudng" ndy
Idp
day nhung ndi dau
cua con ngudi thu hai trong
Chi:
khdng gia dinh,
nguon cdi - thi bay gid dd cd hg hdng, md Igi hg
hdng vdi cy Bd, ngudi ddi coi thudng ggi bdng
thdng
thi
bay gid dd
dugc
ggi
bang
anh, thyc te
vd
mac cdm be mgn thi dd cd
vj
the tu dgc an
dugc
ddi cam gd vd cho tien udng rugu. Den day
thi
con ngudi thu hai
bj
chgn
Idi,
bj
Igc
Idi,
re
sang
mot
budc
ngogt
mdi
trong sy
hoang
tudng ve gid
trj
thyc cua bdn thdn
«han thdy
hdn
cung
oai, thu
hoi
co mat nao
trong
cai
lang
hon hai
nghin sudt
dinh
nay lam
dugc the?
Vi the, dim
horn
ay, d
nha
Ba
Kien
ra ve, Chi
Pheo
vo
cung
ha he"!
Tu
day cho den khi gap
thj
Nd, Chi
budc
vdo
mdt nhd tu mdi, mdt nhd tu khdng cd vdch ngdn,
khdng cd tudng bao, khdng cd ludn cd thai hgn
dugc
ty do. Chi se Idm gi khi con dm nguyen mdi
hdn md khdng biet
trd
thu ai?
Chi
se
Idm
gi
khi
lien
tiep bj Bd
Kien
su dyng Idm tay sai cho nhung
chuyen dam chem de Chi cdng
hoang
tudng ve
ban thdn han
khi
ty nhu rdng
«anh hung lang
nay
cdc thang
ndo
bdng ta"?
Khdng biet trd thu ai thi
lay
viec udng rugu md ngudi ngoai, dd chinh Id
sy
ty
huy
hogi
bdn than.
Vd
rdi hien nhien, he qua
tdt
yeu
Id
trut gian len nhung ngudi ddn hien lanh
vd
tdi. Md cdng nhu the tuc Id Chi cdng bj day
trugtxa han
khdi
bien
gidi
loai
ngudi.
Trong chdng
ddi
ndy cho
tdi
khi Chi gap
thj
Nd, haicon ngudi
trong Chi the hien rdt rd sy khdng tuong hgp, dd
«xud't
hien sy khdng tuong hgp ca ban giua con
ngudi ben ngoai vd con ngudi ben trong" (2).
Hai
con ngudi trongChi vdn
song
hdnh. Tren
be mat cua tdng bang, nhung hdnh vi rgch mat
an vg, gay dc cho ddn lanh hienhien hdng ngay.
Cdng rugu say, cdng gay sy
thi
cdng ty huy hogi
minh
vd cdng xa
lodi
ngudi. Tuy nhien, nhu the
khdng cd nghTa con ngudi nhdn
tinh,
con ngudi
vdi
bdn the nguyen sa them khat hai dm gidng
ngudi trongChi dd hoan toan bien mat. Nam
Cao dd rdt tdi
tinh
khi he Id mot phdn nhung
song
ngam ndi dau cua con ngudi thu haitrong
Chi
qua tieng chui cua
Chi.
Cd the coi tieng chui
cua Chi Id nhjp cdu ndi giua haicon ngudi trong
mdt con ngudi Chi, Id cdi md ki hieu
nghe
thudt
ludng
trj:
neu tach rieng ra
khdi
toan cue ddi Chi
thi
day Id bieu hien
ngang
tdng, vd vdn hda, vd
dgo due cua con ngudi be mat (cd lang Vu Dgi
hieu nhu
the);
neu xet nd nhu mdt yeu to, phan he
trong he thdng tham
mT
toan cue ddi Chithi nd
md
ra the
gidi
chim khudt ndi budn, tui phdn,
cay ddng cua con ngudi thu haitrong Chi. Vdy
bdn chdt vd y nghTa tieng chui cua Chi Id gi?
Tgi
sao NamCao Igi cho xuat hien ki hieu ndy d
vj
tri
ngay ddu tdc
phd'm?
Trudc het, can khdng
djnh
ngay rdng tieng chui cua Chi khdng phai vd cd,
md
ham
chua
nhung thdng diep nhdt
djnh.
Dd Id
sy oan hdn td't cd, coi thudng
td't
cd,
phu nhdn td't
ca khi
«chui trdi, chui
ddi,
chui lang
Vu Dgi".
Nhung tgi sao
Igi
«chui
cha dua ndo
khdng chui
nhau
vdi
hdn"?
Dieu ndy cd ve vd
li,
ngugc
ddi
nhung ham
chua
trong dd cdi
li
cua
nghe
thudt:
Chi
khdng
cd gi cd, tdt ca chi Id con sd
khdng
trdng tryi,
vd
nghia.
Du bj
lodi
ngudi quay lung,
nhung Chi van cu them hai dm con ngudi. The
nen, khi khdng the tim
dugc
mdi day
lien
he vdi
ddng
logi
theo
le thudng, Chi
budc
phai dung
con dudng giao tiep
bang
tieng chui, thdng qua
tieng chui, vi neu cd ai chui lai thiChi cd the
tim
dugc
mdi day
lien
he vdi ddng
logi,
cho du chi
bdng tieng chui, qua tieng chui. Day chinh Id li
do khi khdng cd ai chui lai thi Chi
«tuc chit
di
dugc
mat vd
lien
chi// cha dua ndo
khdng chui
nhau
vdi hdn"! Vd tot cung trong that vgng, cay
ddng, Chi
«chi>/
duo
chit
me ndo de ra
thdn
hdn
cho
hdn khd din
ndng
ndi ndy"\ Rdt cuoc, ngay
cd
tim mdi
lien
he
vdi
con ngudi du chiqua tieng
chui
cung khdng dugc, vd chi cd tieng dap trd
cua «ba con chd du md
thdi".
Cdng chui
Igi
cdng
tuc vi khdng cd ai chui Igi, cdng tuc Igi cdng
udng, cdng say; cdng say
Igi
cd the Idm tdt cd vi
«hdn
say thi hdn Idm bdt cu cdi gi
ngudi
ta bdo
hdn
Idm". Day Id cdi vdng ludn qudn cua Chi
trong cdi nhd tu menh mong khdng vdch, khdng
tudng, khdng pham vi khdng gian vd thai gian
sau ba
«mie'ng
bd" Bd
Kien
tung ra, Chi nhdm
tudng vd nud't
vdi
ngon lanh trong ngay xdeh vd
chai den trd hdn. Neu khdng cd tieng chui thi
phdn chim trongcon ngudi Chi khdng cd ca the
hien vd toan bg
quang
ddi tu khi ra tu den khi
Tap chi Giao due so 248 (k, a. 10/2010)
gap thj Nd chi co phan ndi la nhirng toi Idi Chi
«/dm
trong
khi say
vd
lam vi
nguai
ta bao han
lam". Day
chinh
Id
y
nghTa
tieng
chui
cua
Chi
trong
thi
phdp cdu true nhdn vgt. Theo do, khi
tinh
Chi
khdng
Idm,
neu
ngudi
ta
khdng
bdo
thi
Chi khdng
Idm.
Dieu
dd bd trg them de ngudi dgc khdng
hoan toan phu nhdn
Chi,
ddng
thdi
nhdn ra rdng
ddng sau con ngudi thu nhdt hien Id be mat vdi
nhirng
chui bdi, rgch mat, ddt nhd, Id con ngudi
thu
hai
van ton
tgi,
van dm
i,
day dut
vd
qudn thdt
ndi
niem nhu song ngam khdng ngung con cdo
trong
chieu sdu
tdm
kham
Chi,
nhung nd khdng cd
dieu
kien bde
Id,
khdng biet bam
viu
vdo ddu de
nuang tua,
gidi
bay trong
Id
trinh
bj
chua
ra cua
ddi
Chi.
Chi
tiet ndy
dugc
dgt ngay ddu tdc phd'm
nhu
mot diem nhdn, mdt
each
«lg hda" nhan vgt
cua Nam Cao, mot
«cdi
then" can
dugc
md tu
hieu
ung
trong
cd
he
thdng
tham mTcua
hinh
tugng.
Can thiet phai thdy dieu ndy, bdi neu khdng
thi
Idm
sao mdt
thj
Nd nhu the md
Igi
cd the giup
Chi
hoan luong dugc, cho du
dugc
cdng them cd
tinh
tiet tran dm vd cdm nhdn cd dan d
tudi
xe td
ben kia ddc
cuoc
ddi cua
Chi.
Nhung khat khao
Idm
lanh
vdi
con ngudi, giao cdm vdi con ngudi
vdn
vd
cung mgnh me
vd
hdng thudng trongcon
ngudi
thu hai cua
Chi
an trong tieng chui nen khi
gap
thj
Nd,
vdi
quan he nhyc
cdm,
vdi
tinh
thuang,
tinh
ngudi trong bdt
chao
hdnh (cdng them ndi
cd
dan trong sy cdm nhdn ve
tudi
gid vd tran
dm),
Chi
dd
vd
vgp ngay. Day
Id
hdnh
vi
ung xu
cua con ngudi ben le
chet
khat,
chet
ddi. Dugc
thudc trj dung benh, Chi bdt ddu thdy
«bang
khuang,
an nan", vd nhung udc ma cd ve tdm
thudng nhung
tgi
nghiep, luong thien xua
Igi
thdp
thoang hien ve trong hinh dnh
«chong
lam
thue
cuoc mudn,
vg det
vai"
Thj
Nd
Id
mdt phdn he
ki
hieu quan trgng cd y
nghTa nhu dieu kien, hoan canh can thiet de con
ngudi
thu hai chim khudt trongChi cd djp ngoi
len,
phd
minh,
hien Id. Nhung tgi sao NamCao
Igi
xdy
dyng
hinh tugng
thj
Nd
nhu
the?
Xdy
dyng
nhu
the de
Idm
gi?
Hieu
qua ra
sao?
Cd the ndi,
Thj
Nd Id hinh tugng ddc ddo ham
chua
nhung
dyng
y
nghe
thudt sdu sdc. Ndi
each
khdc, thi
phdp
thj
Nd
chju
sy quy chieu cua
thi
phdp hinh
tugng
Chi
Pheo.
De nhdn mgnh ndi khat them hai
dm
cua con ngudi d Chi sdu sdc vd manh
liet,
Nam
Cao khdng ngdn nggi day
thj
Nd ve phia
nhung ddu mut eye doan cua cdi xdu, cdi dd khi
dng the hien cdi nhin
nghe
thudt ve
thj
Nd d ba
diem
nhin: dung nhan (xdu ma che quy hdn},
ddng ddi (nhd cd md
huij,
tinh
each,
tdm hdn (dd
hai).
Ca ba
ki
hieu ndy
chua
cdi
dugc
bieu hien
ham an
Id
deu tap trung
triet
tieu
nhung khd ndng
thj
Nd Idm vg cua mdt ngudi binh thudng. Ong
con
cy the hda ba
ki
hieu tren bdng nhung
chi
tiet
cd
biet de tgo nen cdm giac an sg,
kinh
hdi. The
nhung Chi van yeu, vdn khat khao «g/d the nay
mai thi thich nhi",
van mudn «d
mot nha
cho vui',
vd
Chi
bdng nhien
lot
xdc thdnh tre tha
trong
veo,
luong
thien
khi
«hdn thdy long thanh tre con,
han
mudn
lam
nung
thi nhu vdi me". Den day,
tudi
tha sd khdng vd can khat them me
ciia
Chi Id
nguyen
hinh!
Mot
chi tiet khdng ngau nhien nua
Id
nam ngay dem
«doi
lua
xung
doi" ndy d
vdi
nhau, dd Id con sd cua
thdi
gian
nghe
thudt vua
du
de con ngudi qui du sau khi nem
trdi
tinh
ddi,
tinh
ngudi trong nhyc cdm that long, sy an can
cham sdc
dugc
ket ty qua hinh tugng bdt
chao
hdnh vd bpc bgch ngdn tu cua udc ma tdi
nghiep trd thdnh mot ngudi hoan toan khdc.
Cung
vdi
chung dy thai gian, nhung
«ndng
gidi"
dugc
khai tda, thanh loc nen Chi mdi cdm nhdn
dugc
nhung dm vang cua nhung ngudi di cha
Nam
Djnh
ve khdo chuyen gid cd, cua tieng chim
hot, cua tieng ngudi danh cd go thuyen tren song.
Trong
thai gian dy, Chi dudng nhu Idn ddu tien
trong
ddi
dugc
Idm
chu ve
Idi
ndi cua
minh,
hdnh
vi
cua
minh,
tu tudng cua
minh.
Theo
M.Bakhtin,
day chinh Id kieu cd the hinh tugng mdi vd cao
nhdt, se
Idm
thay
ddi
tinh
chdt
ciia
hinh tugng con
ngudi:
«Trong
tieu thuyet, con ngudi
dugc
giao
cho
tinh
chu ddng ve tu tudng vd ngdn ngu,
tinh
chu
ddng ndy se Idm thay ddi
tinh
chdt
ciia
hinh
tugng con ngudi"
(kieu
cd the hda hinh tugng mdi
vd
cao nhdt) (3). Nhu vdy, NamCao xdy dyng
nhdn vdt
thj
Nd
vdi
dyng y the hien ndi khat khao
Idm
ngudi trongcon ngudi thu hai cua Chi vd
cung mgnh me, bdi
thj
Nd
xdu
nhu the, te nhu the,
dd
nhu the md Chi van yeu vd hudng ve mong
udc vg chdng rdt ddng cdm thuang, tran trgng.
Xet
ve
y
nghTa
thi
phdp, hinh tugng
thj
Nd
chinh
Id
phep
thu,
dieu
kien,
chdt
xuc
tdc de con ngudi thu
hai
trongChihien Id mdt
each
thuyet phuc, bien
chung. Tdt cd
dugc
dgt tren cdi nen hoang Ignh
vdi
vudn chudi, bdi song, dnh trdng cua khdng
gian
nghe
thudt mdt
each
hieu ung, phu hgp.
Nhung
thj Nd bdi
tinh,
cdi nhjp cdu md Chi
nhung tudng se ndi den bd luang thien cua
lodi
ngudi
gay gyc chdng vdnh den muc
Idm
Chi
sung
sd. Den day, sy bung
tinh
trongChi vgt trao sau
sy ngd ngdng thoang chdc: khdng the luang thien
Tap chi Giao due so 248 (kt a - io/aoio)
dirge nua roi. Hanh vi Chi ty sat sau khi giet Ba
Kien
la diem gap cudi cung trong mot
cuoc
quyet
ddu gay gat va
cang
thang cua haicon nguai
trong Chi: con nguai ac thu va con nguai luong
thien
da xung dot a dinh diem mau thuan, con
nguai luang thien da chien thdng qua
nhat
dao
ket
lieu
con nguai quy du, tha hoa, vo luang. Chi
gyc nga nhung vai tay ve phia coi nguai, nhodi
nguai ve phia thien luong. Chi khong gyc nga
rruac
cai dc md
rruac
canh
cua luong thien vai
mdt khat
khao
hoan luang manh
liet,
vd ba. Con
ngudi thu nhdt bi ket
liiu
vd con nguai thu hai
hoan toan hien Id, bung
sang,
trong veo ve dep
nhdn van. Vai dieu dy, NamCao da
sinh
hg con
ngudi ngay trong chinh
con
ngudi.
Dd Id dac
diem
cao nhdt cua chu nghia nhdn dqo. Ddng
thdi,
vdi
thi phdp xdy dyng hinh tugng Chi
Pheo,
Nam Cao dd dgt den dinh cao cua chu nghTa
hien thyc. Theo Ddtxtdiepxki, viec mieu td con
ngudi trongcon ngudi vd cdc chieu sdu cua tdm
hdn con ngudi chinh Id dgc diem cua chu nghTa
hien thyc
«trong
y nghTa cao nhdt":
«Trong
chu
nghTa hien thyc day du phai tim thdy con ngudi
trong con ngudi ( ) ngudi ta ggi tdi Id nhd tdm
li:
khdng dung, tdi chi
Id
nhd hien thyc chu nghTa
trong y nghTa cao nhdt, tuc Id tdi mieu td tdt cd
cdc chieu sdu cua tdm hdn con ngudi" (4).
Hinh
tugng Chi
Pheo
ludn ton tgi tronghai
khdng gian
nghe
thudt
song
hdnh, tuang giao,
dnh hudng vd chi phoi Idn nhau het sue bien
chung. Khdng gian ndi Id khdng gian d|a
li
vdi
cdc quan he xd hdi cua Chi tren nen lang Vu
Dgi
ngay dy. O khdng gian ndy, mdu thudn,
tinh
kich
dugc
tgo ra tu mdi quan he giua Chi
vd
Bd
Kien.
Khdng gian chim Id khdng gian tdm
cdm cua
Chi
ve thdn phdn, ndi niem; ve sy thieu
khat
tinh
ngudi; ve ndi ud't uc, cam thu nhung
khdng the trd thu (cho den trudc cdi chet). Dd Id
khdng gian trdng
tryi,
hoang
lanh nhung ludn
cudn song. Khdng gian thu nhdt md Chi ton tgi
cho ta ddng net ngogi hinh, ung xu, hdnh xu
cua Chitrong cdi vdng ludn qudn tay danh lay
chan
bdi tqi
ngudi
ta. Khdng gian thu haichi
ddc mdi Chi
Pheo.
Khdng gian ndy khdng bien
gidi,
khdng chieu
kich.
Tronghai khdng gian
dd,
haicon ngudi xud't hien, luc thicon ngudi
be mat len tieng, luc thicon ngudi ben trong
qudn qugi. Dd dam nhgt cua mdi con ngudi
khdng deu nhau d mdi chdng ddi cua Chi. Mdu
thudn,
tinh
kich
giua hai khdng gian chinh Id sy
xung khdc giua cdi dc vd cdi thien ngay trong
con ngudi Chi.
Lg
trinh
phdt trien cua nd se dan
tdi
xung dot mdt con.
Thi
phdp xdy dyng vd
diln
trinh
dgc diem,
logic
tinh
each
nhdn vgt nhu the cho
phep
Nam
Cao dung
Idi
van da gigng dieu cua
Idi
tran thudt
tram
firih,
sdc Ignh; giau ndi dau trong ngdn tu
da thanh, da
trj;
giau cdi bi sau cdi hdi; an thien
luang dudi be mat nham nhd khung khie'p cua
quy du. Logic
tinh
each,
tdm trqng Chi phdt trien
trong sy
chi
phd'i nghiem nggt cua hien thyc. Qua
dd,
tdc gid cua kiet tdc ndy dd chuyen viec ke vd
td
mot
each
true cdm ve
cuoc
ddi con ngudi xd hdi
hgc trong mdt khdng gian dja
li,
thdi
gian
ljch
su
xdc
djnh,
hgn hep, cy the thdnh mdt con ngudi van
hgc vdi bi
kjch
cd tdm phd
quat
sdu rdng mang
tinh
nhdn
loqi;
chuyen con ngudi vdt chdt thdnh
con ngudi
tinh
than, tu tudng. Con ngudi, khdng
gian vd
thdi
gian xd hdi, dja
li,
ljch
su cua Chi
Pheo
Id chdt
lieu,
dieu kien de day tdi diem den
cua mdt tu tudng nhdn vdn sdu sdc vd cao dep.
Cdi
logich
tinh
each
cua nhdn
vdt
chinh
phuc
ngudi
dgc mdt
each
tham thia, hieu qua vd ngudi dgc
thdy Idp lanh gid
trj
y niem dam sdu ben trong gid
trj
true cdm cua nhdn vdt: bi
kjch
dau ddn cho cdi
gid
Idm ngudi, sue mgnh to Idn cua hai rieng con
ngudi,
cdi ngudi. Dd Id bi
kjch
khat them luong
thien
md khdng
dugc
luang thien, khat them hoi
ngudi md bj day ra ngoai cdi ngudi, ghe sg cdi
xdu
nhung phai Idm dieu xdu. NamCao thyc sy
dd
«khoi nhung nguon chua
ai
khai
va
sang
tgo
nhung
gi
chua
co" (Gidng
sang)
(5).
Viec
phdn
tich
hinh tugng Chi
Pheo
tu gdc do
thi
phdp gdp phdn Idm tdng
tinh
hdp dan, thuyet
phuc
ciia
bdi dgy;
kich
thich hung phdn vd
sang
tgo
ciia
ngudi hgc. Bdi nd khdng chi trd Idi
dugc
cho cdu hdi «ld cdi
gi"
md con trd
Idi
cho cdc cdu
hdi
«tgi
sao",
«nhu
the ndo",
«nhung
chi tiet,
tinh
tiet
ndo",
«thdi
gian vd khdng gian ndo", «de Idm
gi
vd dgt
tdi
dieu
gi".
Dieu dd cung cd the it nhieu
gdp phdn cdi thien vd ndng cao chdt lugng dgy
van vd hgc vdn trong nhd trudng hien nay.Q
(1) Nhieu tac gia. Ngu van 11 (Sach giao vien). NXB
Gido
due,
H.2009.
(2),
(3), (4) M. Bakhtin. Nhung van de thi
phap
Ddtxtdiepxki
(Tran
Dinh
Su.
Lai
Nguyen
An,
Vuong
Tri
Nhan
djch).
NXB
Gido
due,
H.
1998.
(5) Nam
Cao. Tuyen tap.
NXB Vdn hpc. H.
1997.
Tai
lieu
tham
khao
1.
Nhieu tac
gia. Ngu van 11. NXB
Gido
due,
H.2009.
2.
Nhieu tac gia. Nam Cao, ve tac gia va tac pham
NXB
Gido
due.
H.1999.
. III DIEM NHIN WMMllMWIflT QUA THI PHAP NAM CAO O TS. HOANG TRONG QUYEN* C hi Pheo la nhan vat trung tam trong kiet tac Chi Pheo cua Nam Cao. Nhin tu thi phap, chung ta thay dugc . cudi cung trong mot cuoc quyet ddu gay gat va cang thang cua hai con nguai trong Chi: con nguai ac thu va con nguai luong thien da xung dot a dinh diem mau thuan, con nguai luang thien da. mat. Nam Cao dd rdt tdi tinh khi he Id mot phdn nhung song ngam ndi dau cua con ngudi thu hai trong Chi qua tieng chui cua Chi. Cd the coi tieng chui cua Chi Id nhjp cdu ndi giua hai con