Tuy nhien, khdn^ phai mpi chuy?n diu cd the ndi thdng vdi nhau, vi lam nhu vay cd the gay khd khdn cho ngudi tiep nhgn khi tinh de dog the di?n cao hodc cd the lam cho hi?u qud cii
Trang 1NGON NGC
CHIEN Ll/dC GIAO TIEP TRONG LClI THUY KIEU
6 DOAN TRICH "TRAO DUYEN"
TRONG TRUYEN KIEU CUA NGUYEN DU
1 So* lup-c ve chien Vaqc giao
tiep
Trong giao tiep ngdn ngii, de
thyc hi?n dich giao tiep, ngudi ndi
cd the lya chpn nhirng cdch thiic dien
dgt khac nhau Cd till dd Id cdch ndi
vdng vo hay vdo thing vin dl Tuy
nhien, khdn^ phai mpi chuy?n diu
cd the ndi thdng vdi nhau, vi lam nhu
vay cd the gay khd khdn cho ngudi
tiep nhgn (khi tinh de dog the di?n
cao) hodc cd the lam cho hi?u qud
ciia cupc giao tiep thap, khdng nhu
mong mudn De cupc giao tiep dien
ra thuan Ipi, dgt hi?u qua, cdc nhan
vat ddi thogi thudng lya chpn cho minh
nhirng chien lupc giao tiep thich hpp
vdi tinh hudng cy the
Cd the hieu "chiin lugrc giao tiep
la phuong chdm vd cdc biin phdp su
dyng cdc hdnh dgng ndi trong giao
dip nhdm gia the diin vd trdnh de
dog thi diin ciia ngudi tham gia giao
tiip" [4, 107] Chien lupc giao tilp
thudng dupe thyc hi?n theo cdch m ^
nhien, ngudi nghien ciiu can phan
tich kl mdi cd thi nhgn bilt Thdng
thudng, d do, ngudi ndi muon thyc
hi?n dich giao tilp, vd ngudi nghe
thudng CO ging tun bilt cdi dich riao
tilp dd dl cupc giao tilp cd uie dien
ThS BUI THI LAN
ra thugn Ipi Cho nen, vi?c lya chpn tu ngfl:, ket ciu cau, sir dyng cdc bilu thiic rao ddn, loi udm, tir ngii xung
hd cua ngudi ndi deu nhdm the lii?n dich ciia hdnh dpng ndi, co ging 1dm tdng hi?u lyc cua thdng difp dupe dua ra Chiin lupc giao tilp mang dau in cd nhan cua tung ngudi Moi
n ^ d i giao tiep cd y thiic tiiudng cd gdng thyc hipn phep lich sy, co gdng tranh ho$c Idm gidm tinh de dog the di?n ciia phdt ngdn Theo dd vi?c sii dyng ngdn tir it nhieu mang tinh ngh? thugt Thii ngh? thugt ndy dd dupe cdc nhd nghien ciiu chuyen mdn nang len thdnh chien lupc giao tilp
2 Chien Xviifc giao tiep trong loi Thuy Kieu d do^n trich (Lvtrfc
phan tich
2.1 Dogn trich tir Truyin Kiiu Nhan vgt Thiiy Kilu trong Truyin
Kieu dupe md td nhu mpt ngudi con
gdi tdi sic v?n toda Thiiy Kieu khdng
chi cd tdi ve cdm, ki, thi, hga, md cdn
Id ngudi cd tri: "thdng minh vdn sdn
tinh trdi" Qua ngdn ngii cua Thiiy
Kilu, ngudi dpc cd thi cdm nhgn dd
Id mpt con ngudi khdn kheo, lich thi?p, thim nhuan vdn hod, von tri thiic phong phii Tdi ndng vl ngdn tii cua Thuy Kieu khiln ngudi ta nhd
Trang 2Chien iuac 77
den cau ca dan gian "Ngudi thanh
ndi tieng cUng thanh" Cd thi thay
rd hon nhung dieu ndy thdng qua dogn
trich Thiiy Kieu trao duyen ciia minh
vdi Kim Trpng cho em gdi Id Thiiy
Van Trao duyen Id ten gpi chung
lau nay thudng dupe cdc nhd phan
tich ngdn ngfl:, phe binh hay gidng
dgy vdn hpc d^t ten cho dogn trich
tu cau tho 719 den cau tho 756 (gdm
38 cau) trong Truyin Kieu:
Rdng: "Long duong thdn thirc ddy
To duyen cdn vuong mdi ndy chua
xong
Hd mdi ra cung th^n thiing
De Idng thi phu tdm long vdi ai
di Kim lang! Hoi Kim lang
Thdi thdi thiip ddphy chdng tu
day!"
[3, 76 - 77]
Day la mpt tirong nhirng dogn
d^c sic cua Truyin Kieu xet ve nhieu
phuong di?n Trong^ dd, ngdn ngur
cua nhan vgt Thiiy Kilu Id ylu td dupe
nhieu nhd nghien cim quan tam Nhieu
bai vilt hay vl ngh? tiiugt kl chuy?n;
vl hanh dpng ridi tryc tiep, gian tiep;
ve ngdn ngu: ddi thogi, dpc thogi cua
Thiiy Kilu dd dupe ddng d mpt
sd bao, tgp chi hay ki ylu hpi thao
Gan day nhit Id bdi vilt Li thuyit
"hdnh dgng ngdn nga" vdi dogn tho
trao duyen cua Truyin Kieu cua Bui
Minh Todn ddng d sd 5 (175)/ 2010
cua Tgp chi Ngdn ngu & Ddi sdng
Bai viet dd nghien ciiu khd day du
vl cdc nhdm hanh dpng ndi dupe
Thiiy Kilu sir dyng ti:ong dogn tiio
nhu- tdi hi^n, thinh cdu, trinh bdy,
than vdn, cdm on, xin Idi [8] Dogn
trich tren cd tiie xem nhu mpt cupc
giao tilp Chung tdi, ti-ong bai viet
ndy, se tap trung nghien ciai cdc chien lugrc Ifch su trong giao tilp cua Thiiy
Kieu, nhd dd Kieu dgt dupe dich giao tiep mong mudn
2.2 Cdc chien lupc lich sy trong Idi ndi cua Kieu
2.2.1 So lupc ve chien lupc lich sy Hodn cdnh giao tiep cua dogn trich nay Id vdo dem khuya, trong phdng n^ii Cac nhan vgt giao tiep la Thiiy Kieu vd em Id Thiiy Van Npi dung giao tiep chinh Id cupc trao giri duyen cua Thiiy Kieu vdi Kim Trpng cho Thiiy Van Dich cua cupc giao tilp la Thiiy Kilu nhd Thiiy Van tiiay mmh ndi duyen ciing Kim Trpng De dgt dupe dich iy, nhan vgt Thiiy Kieu
da sir dyng mpt each kheo leo cdc
chiin luge Ifch su Dd "Id mgt hay mgt logt chiin lugrc dugrc ngudi ndi diing di hodn thdnh mgt sd myc dich nhu thiit Igp vd duy tri nhiing tjuan
hi hdi hod'' [2, 581] Li tiiuyet vl
Uch sy chiin lupc dupe Brown vd Levinson xay dyng tren co sd khdi
ni?m thi diin Dd "Id cdm gide vi gid tri cd nhdn ciia mdi ngudi hay
Id hinh dnh ve ta Cdi hinh dnh ndy
cd thi bf lam tdn hgi, dugrc gia gin hay dugrc di cao trong tuong tdc"
[2, 588] Thi di?n thudng dupe phan thanh hai logi Id till di?n am tinh vd thi di?n duong tinh Lich sy ti-ong giao tilp giiip cac nhan vgt giu: dupe thi di?n cho nhau, de dang dgt dich cua cupc |iao tilp Tuong ling vdi hai logi the di?n am tinh yd till di?n duong tmh cd hai logi chiin lupc Uch
sy la Ifch su dm tinh vd Ifch su duong tinh Brown vd Levinson dd gpi do
la hai "sieu chiin lupc", moi sieu chiin lupc nhu vay bao gom mpt logt chiin lupc, cd 15 chiin lupc cho sieu
Trang 378 Ngdn ngflr sd 11 nam 2010
chien lupc Uch sy duong ti'nh, 10 chiin
lupc cho sieu chien lupc Uch sy am
tinh Ngdn ngu- cua Thiiy Kieu qua
doan trich da vgn dyng khd nhuin
nhuyen cac chien lupc ndy
2.2.2 Chien lupc Uch sy duong
tinh
Cd the thay Thiiy Kieu da sii
dyng cac chien lupc Ijch sir duong
tinh mpt each cd hi?u qua Lich sy
duong tinh the hifn d sy ndi ndng
lam tdn vinh the di?n duong tinh cho
ngudi nghe The di?n duong tinh la
cai "dugrc phdn dnh trong y mudn/
cdi dugrc minh (ngudi) ua thich, tdn
thudng, tdn trgng, ddnh gid cao, Id
su thod mdn khi mgt gid trf eiia minh
dugrc tdn thudng" (dan theo [2, 588])
2.2.2.1 Sir dyng "le thudng"
a) Mong dupe chia se
Vi?c thd Ip tinh cam rieng tu cua
minh cho ngudi khac la dieu vd cimg
khd ndi Nhung khdng vi the ma im
lang Thiiy Kieu dd bpc bgch nhiing
gi sau kin nhat cua ddi minh bang
vi?c sir dyng "16 thudng", ngudi cd
noi niem tam sy thudng cd lihu ciu
bpc bgch vdi ngudi khdc, vdi hi vpng
dupe cam thdng, dupe chia se
Rdng: "Long duong thdn thuc day
To duyen cdn vuong mdi ndy chua
xong
Hd mdi ra cung th^n thiing
€>e Idng thi phy tdm long vdi ai"
Sau khi ddi tdc khdng cd dau
hi?u tir choi, n^udi ndi mdi tiep tyc
ndi ra nhiing dieu can phdi ndi
b) Neu cac cdn cii
Tilp dd, trong cupc giao tiep
quan trpng den thi, Thiiy Kilu phdi
sii dyng chiin lupc "neu li do ciia
hdnh dpng", ti-ong ti-udng hpp ndy Id cac "cdn cii" Trudc khi dua ra hdnh dpng yeu ciu doi tdc 1dm mpt vi?c qud Idn, ngudi dua ra Idi yeu cdu khdng thi khdng neu li do, neu cdn cii mpt each diy du, chinh dang, dii sire thuyet phye ddi tdc Cdc cdn cii
cd the dupe dua ra trudc ho^c sau Idi
de nghi, cd thi mang tinh khach quan hay chu quan, nhung tit cd deu hudng tdi vi?c bo sung, tdng cudng cho y kien hodc mong muon cua ngudi ndi
De nhd Thiiy Van thay loi nude
non (loi the giua Kieu vdi Kim Trpng),
Kieu da neu ra hai can cur khd thuyet phye: mpt cdn cii cd tinh khdch quan tir ben ngodi gia dinh, nhu Id cdi "li" bat cdng md khdng cudng dupe, vd mpt cdn cii khdc Id sy thgt ben trong gia dinh, nhu Id cdi tinh mdu mu cd the chap nhgn dupe (do tgp quan) Cdn cii khach quan Id tai hog qud Idn bat ngd gp den:
Su ddu sdng gid bdt ki Hieu tinh khdn de hai bi v^n hai
Trudc mpt sy vi?c Idn md hiiu
tinh khdn de hai be v^n hai thi ngudi
con cd hieu khdng the 1dm khac dupe:
hi sinh tinh yeu cua mmh dk 1dm trdn
chii hieu, dieu md Thuy Van - ciing
Id mpt ngudi con trong gia dinh - khdng the phu nhgn
Ben cgnh dd, Thiiy Kieu ciing neu ra mpt sy thyc Id cdi khd ndn^ cho phep (theo tgp quan) gidi quyet phan vi?c cd lien quan din moi tinh rieng tu cua Kilu, dl ciru vdt thanh danh ciia ndng (do da timg cd Idi thi nguy?n) va ciing la de khdi qua dau Idng ddi vdi ngudi tinh cua nang, m^c
du Id bupc Idng phdi ddt Thuy Van vdo mpt thi bit ngd, khd nghl Thuy Kilu da hudng ve Thuy Van md ndi nhu trong nude mit:
Trang 4Chiehhrpc^^
Ngdy xudn em hay cdn ddi
Xdt tinh mdu mii thay Idi nude non
Ldi tho nghe sao xdt xa, nghe
nhu dao cira vao long, may ai cd thi
cim Idng dupe, hudng chi Thuy Van
la em rapt ciia Thuy Kilu Vd nhu
vgy, Thuy Van khdng thi khdng xdt
tinh mdu mu md tir choi chi minh, cho
dii nang chua bao gid vd cung khdng
the ndo tudng tupng ra dupe cdi sy
thyc dau long den nhudng ay
Nhu vgy, Kieu dd dupe togi nguy?n
tiong vi?c dau long hi sinh tinh yeu
de giii dupe chur hiiu, vd dl vdt vdt
lgi phan ndo cai the Hieu tinh khdn
de hai be v^n hai!
c) Bay td sy mang on
Vi?c bdy td sy mang on ngudi
nghe tir phia ngudi chiu on ciing Id
mpt chien lupc trong sieu chiin lupc
Uch sy duong tinh [2, 595] Kieu dd
tiiyc hi?n vi?c nay tiong may ddng tho:
Chf dii thit ndt xuong mdn
Ngdm cudi chin sudi hdy cdn thom
ldy
Thi diy, khdng chi khi chi cdn
sdng, ma cd khi thdc di roi (thit dd
ndt, xuong da mdn), thi d cdi am chi
van cdn cam nhgn dupe tieng khen
(tilng thom) md em da tgo ra qua vi?c
em lam ngdy hdm nay ddi vdi chi,
do Id cdi on md em dd lam cho chi:
em thay chi thyc hi?n ldi thi thieng
heng vdi Kun Trpng, dl chi khdi mang
tilng Id ngudi phy tinh, bgc nghia
22.3 Cdc chiin lupc Uch sy am tinh
Mudi chiin lupc cua sieu chien
lupc Uch sy ani tinh [2, 595] do Brown
vd Levmson de ra ciing dupe the hi?n
tiong ldi Thuy Kieu khd tinh tl Nhu
dd bilt, ngupe vdi Uch sy duon^ tmh,
Uch sy am tinh hudng vdo the di?n
am tinh cua ngudi nghe Lich sy am
tinh bieu hi?n rd d sy ne tranh, khdng dimg cac hanh dpng de dog the di?n (Face Threatening Acts)
2.2.3.1 Sir dung hdnh dgng ndi gidn tiep
Chien lupc Uch sy am tinh diu tien dupe Thiiy Kieu sir dyng dd Id each "dimg loi ndi gidn tilp" D I tin^c hi?n dich cua cupc giao tilp nay, Kieu
da "tiiinh cau" em gai mmh bdng nhung hanh dpng ndi gian tilp nhu:
Gida dudng ddt gdnh tuong tu Keo loan chdp mdi to thua mac em
Hay:
Ngdy xudn em hdy cdn ddi Xdt tinh mdu mil thay ldi nude non
Dich ciia nhung hdnh dpng ndy Id cau khien nhung Kieu da sii dung hinh thiic ngdn hdnh nguyen cap (hay ngdn hdnh ham an - imphcit)
d day khdng cd he cd dpng tir ngdn hdnh vd cung khdng cd cdc dau hi?u
cua ldi cau khien nhu: hdy, ndo, di (tir hdy trong cau tho nay cd nghia nhu dang hay vdn) Bdng ldi ndi gian tiep nhu vgy, Kieu dd "gidm thieu su
dp ddt cho ngudi nghe" [2, 595] Day
ciing la each thi hi?n Uch sy am tinh ciia ngudi ndi, ngudi ndi mdc dii dd rit tin tudng vdo ngudi nghe Id em gai minh, hi vpng Thiiy Van s8 Id nguoi
cd thi thay minh thyc hi?n ldi the thieng lieng vdi Kim Trpng Nhung ngh? thugt sir dyng tir rigfl: ciia Kieu, cho thiy Kilu khdng h i dp dgt Thiiy Van md van nhudng quyen quyet dinh cho Van, va lgi, ciing khdng the khac dupe trong mpt vi?c h? trpng nhu vi?c nay
2.2.3.2 Sir dyng ldi rdo ddn vd ldi udm
Ngodi ra, trudc mpt sy vi?c Idn lao nhu vgy, Kieu ciing phai dimg
Trang 580 Ngdn ngiif sd 11 ndm 2010 den nhung ldi "rdo ddn" (hedge) can
trpng Trong trudng hpp nay, ldi rdo
ddn lien quan den phuong chdm vl
each thiic (vi?c rieng khd ndi mpt each
Ip lieu):
Hd mdi ra ciing th^n thiing
De long thi phy tdm Idng vdi ai
Mdt khdc ciing khdng the thieu
dupe ldi "udm" nhu Id mpt sy chuan
bi chu ddo trudc mpt hdnh dpng ndi
cd tinh de dog the di?n cao:
Cdy em em cd chju ldi
Ngdi len cho chf lgy rdi se thua
Hai ddng tho ndy, tir quan diem
phan ti'ch hpi thogi, cd nghia ring "day
Id vi?c chi phai nhd den em, nhung
em cd nhan ldi thi phdi de cho chi
dupe lgy em rdi chi mdi ndi"; mpt
ldi vdi y nhu vgy Id sy bdo trudc ring
"vi?c chi nhd day Id rat h? trpng vd
rat khd thyc hi?n", day Id "ldi udm
yeu cau" (prerequest) Vdi each trinh
bdy nay, Kieu da td ra rat kinh trpng
ngudi nghe dii dd Id em gai minh
Hg minh va tdn vinh ngudi nghe la
mpt phep trong chien lupc Uch sy
am tinh
3 Ket luan
Dogn trich thi hi?n khd rd diu
an ca nhan cua Thiiy Kieu trong giao
tiep: dd la mpt con ngudi cd vdn hod,
luon ludn tdn trpng ngudi khdc vd
biet nghl cho ngudi khac Nhu cd thi
thay, trong tien trinh ciia cupc giao
tiep nay, Thuy Kieu Id ngudi chiem
vi the giao tiep mgnh Theo ddng cdm
xiic, Kieu dd ndi mpt mgch cho den
khi "cgn ldi" Vdi nhirng chien lupc
Uch sy khdc nhau, ldi le Thiiy Kieu
cii the tudn trao, mdc du cd liic vi qud
xiic dpng tudng chimg nhu Kieu khdng
cdn lam chu dupe ban than Dang
ddi thogi vdi em gai, ndng 'gi quay
vl ndi vdi chinh minh vd roi lgi ndi vdi Kim Trpng, xin Kim Trpng tha thii nhung cung dong tiidi xm loi Thiiy Van vi Kilu dd 1dm "lien lyy" din
em Thi nhung trudc sau nhu mpt,
Kieu van ludn giur dupe tinh Ijch su
trong ldi ndi ciia minh
Bing tiem tinic, Kilu da thyc hi?n cdc chien lupc giao tiep thich hpp khdc nhau mpt cdch thuan thyc
vd de ddng, thgt xiing ddng la con cua mpt gia dinh gia giao, ne nep
v l phia tdc gid Truyin Kiiu,
Nguyen Du dd cho Thuy Kilu ndi len nhung ldi khdn kheo de chimg minh cai "phin hon" ciia Kilu so vdi Thuy Van, khi md tdc gid dd ddt Thuv Van d cai dp "Hoa cudi ngpc thot doan trang"!
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1 Diep Quang Ban, Giao tilp, dien ngon va cau tgo cua vdn ban, Nxb GD,
H 2009
2 Dd Hiru Chdu, Tuyen tgp, Tgp 2, Nxb GD, H, 2005
3 Nguyen Du, Truy?n Kilu, Nxb
GD H, 1972
4 Nguyen Thien Gidp, Dyng hpc Vi?t ngii, Nxb DHQG, H, 2000
5 Nguyen Thien Gidp, Chiin lupc giao tilp, T/c Kiin thirc ngdy nay, 9/2000
6 Dd Thf Kim Lien, Ngft nghia ldi hpi tiiogi, Nxb GD, H, 1999
1 Le Vdn Lit, Tim hilu tir ngii Truyen Kiiu, Nxb DHQG, Tp Ho Chi Minh 2000
8 Vu Thi Nga, Mpt so chiin lupc
rao don trong hpi thogi cua ngudi Vi?t,
T/c Ngdn ngir So 3, 2005
9 Biii Minh Todn, Li thuyet "hanli
dpng ngon ngCr" vdi dogn tiio trao duyen
cua Truyen Kieu, T/c Ngdn ngU vd Dai song So 5, 2010 ,; ;,