TRIETHOC, SO 12 (235), THANG
12-2010
•'CBDd<Ddtt DO"
TIT
GOC
NHIN
TRIETHOC,DAO Dlfc HOCVAMYHOC
NGUYEN VAN PHUC*'
Khang dinh "Chieu ddi dd' cua Ly Cong Udn la mot kiet tdc mang nhQng gid tri nhieu
chieu, nhieu ldp co y nghia khong chi ddi vdi qud khd, md con dot vdi hdm nay vd mai sau,
trong bdi viet nay, tdc gid da diia ra vd ludn gidi nhiing gid tri do tdphiiOng dien triet hoc. dao
ddc hpc vd my hpc qua quan niem cua Ly Cong Udn ve menh trdi vd long ddn, ve bdn pkdn va
vai trd cua kinh dd - noi thang dia. Vdi nhiing luan giai do, tdc gid da ldm rd tdm nhin chien
liipc dam tinh triethoc, diic dp nhdn di ldn lao, cam hdng va thi hieu thdm my manh me, tinh
te trong "Chieu ddi do" cua Ly Cdng Udn.
hung
sang
tao van hoa dich
thUc
luon la nhiing khoi da
dien
ma
nhin
nhan
tii
phUdng
dien,
chieu
canh
nao
cung
cd the tim ra va khai
thac
dUdc
nhiing ldp
nghia
va gia tri
cua chiing. Chieu ddi do cua Ly
Cdng
Uan la mot
sang
tao, mot tac
pham
nhd
vay. Da co
nhieu
cdng
trinh
nghien
ciiu,
danh
gia tac
pham
nay tii cac
phUdng
dien
sii hoc, van hoc, chinh tri hoc, van
hoa hoc, xa hoi hoc, dia ly
hoc,
NhUng,
dudng
nhU
cang
nghien
ciiu,
cang
khai
thac
thi Chieu ddi do
cang
anh len
nhiing gia tri
nhieu
chieu,
nhieu
ldp cd y
nghia
khong
chi doi vdi qua khd, ma cdn
ddi vdi
horn
nay va mai sau. Trong tinh
than
dd, bai viet nay
mudn
gdp
phan
tim
hieu
ldp
nghia,
y
nghia
va gia tri ciia
kiet tac nay tii
phudng
dien triethoc,
dqo diic hocvamy hoc.
NhU
chinh ten ciia nd, Chieu ddi do
cd noi
dung
la nhiing ly giai cua Ly
Cdng
Uan ve sU can
thiet
phai
ddi do tii
Hoa Lu ra Dai La de tao
dieu
kien cho
sii
phat
trien dat
nUdc.
Bang
viec
khao
sat nhiing
cuoc
ddi
do
trong
lich
sii Trung Hoa, Ly
Cdng
Uan da chi ra cho moi ngUdi
thay
rang,
nha ThUdng den Ban
canh
da ddi do
nam lan, nha Chu den
Thanh
vUdng da
ddi do ba lan. Nhu vay,
viec
ddi do da cd
tien le va la
hien
tUdng binh thUdng.
Kinh
do, nhU sii ly giai cua Ly
Cdng
Uan, gan lien vdi sU
hung
vong
cua mot
trieu dai, mot dan toe, mot
qud'c
gia.
Mot
trieu dai
mud'n
mUu
toan
nghiep
ldn,
mot
qud'c
gia
mud'n
cUdng
thinh,
ben viing, trUdng ton can
phai
cd mot
kinh do dii tu
each
la dau md'i
giao
thdng,
trung
tam chinh tri, kinh te, van
hoa de
khdng
chi mUu
toan
nghiep
ldn,
(*) Pho
giao
sit, tien si,
Tracing
phong
Dao diic hoc
- Myhoc, Vien Triethoc, Vien
Khoa
hoc xa hoi
Viet
Nam.
11
NGUYEN
VAN
PHUC
dap dng cac yeu cau hien tai, ma cdn
"tinh
ke mudn ddi cho con chau mai
sau"(l). Vi vay, ddi do hay dinh dd b
dau la mot viec he trong. Chinh
tinh
chat
he trong nay da lam cho viec ddi
do, dinh do
lien
quan va bi quy dinh bdi
menh
trdi
va ldng dan. Theo nghia do,
nha ThUdng, nha Chu ddi dd la bdi
"tren
kinh
menh
trdi,
dudi the
theo
ldng
dan", do hoan toan khdng phai la mot
viec lam tuy tien, ngau
hiing.
Ndi
each
khac, viec ddi dova dinh do b dau la do
nhiing
yeu cau khach quan quy dinh.
NhU
chiing ta deu biet, cac khai
niem
menh trdi
va
long
ddn von la cac
khai
niem ma Nho giao da dUdc sii
dung phd' bien trong hoc thuat va trong
quan ly xa hdi d Trung Hoa tif cd dai
den bay gid.
Nhiing
khai niem nay dUdc
dan xuat tii mot quan niem tdng the:
Trdi
sinh ra con ngUdi va van vat, vua
la
ngUdi
linh
menh
trdi,
noi
theo
trdi
ma cai tri dan chiing.
Mac du ldn len trong sU giao due ciia
nha
Phat,
chiu nhieu anh hudng cua
Phat
giao, nhUng vdi nhan quan triet
hoc va chinh tri sau sdc, Ly Cdng Uan
van nhan ra Uu the ciia Nho giao trong
xay dung trieu dai va
phat
trien dat
nUdc. Bdi the, dng da van dung cac khai
niem
menh
trdi
va ldng dan lam can cii
ly
luan cho nhiing lap luan cua minh,
ddng thdi dem den cho chung nhiing noi
dung cu the, xac dinh. Menh
trdi
va
long
dan la nhiing khai niem cd nhieu
siic thai y nghia; trong nhieu trUdng
hdp, chung dUdc ly giai mot
each
duy
tam, than bi. Vdi trUdng hdp nay,
theo
chung tdi, Ly Cdng Uan da tan dung ldi
the ciia cap khai niem da dUdc sd dung
phd bien ciia tU duy triethoc chinh tri
dUdng thdi nham khang dinh yeu cau
khach quan ciia viec ddi do, qua do gia
tang
tinh
thuyet
phuc
ve mat ly luan
cho
Chieu
ddi do.
Trong
quan niem Nho giao, menh
trdi
va ldng dan la thd'ng
nha't;
ldng dan
la
bieu hien cua menh
trdi.
NhUng lam
sao cd the biet dUdc menh
trdi
va ldng
dan?
Trong trUdng hdp nay,
nang
liic,
tam nhin chien lUdc cua cac bac de
vUdng,
nhiing ngUdi
linh,
kinh
menh
trdi
la cd y nghia quyet dinh tdi hau.
Ndi
cu the hdn, viec nam bat menh
trdi
va ldng dan the hien b chd: Nhan ra
han che cua
kinh
dd cii ve mat vi tri va
tam vdc ma nd can phai cd, ddng
thdi,
thay dUdc Uu the ciia
viing
da't mdi, ndi
se dinh do.
Theo Ly Cdng Uan, Hoa Lu la vung
da't tha'p, trung, heo lanh,
chat
hep
khdng
dang
lam chd dinh do ciia bac de
vUdng,
khdng dap
iing
dUdc yeu cau
phat
trien dat nUdc trong dieu kien
mdi.
Nha
Dinh,
nha Le khdng nhan ra
dieu do, nghia la khdng biet dUdc y
trdi,
menh
trdi,
vi vay ma "Trieu dai
khdng dUdc ben lau, van so ngan ngdi,
tram ho hao ton, mudn vat tieu dieu".
(1)
NhQng doan
trich
Chieu
ddi do dtfdc dan
lai
til: Ly Cong Uan.
Chieu
doi do, trong
"Lich
sic
tu
tudng Viet
Nam, Van
tuyen,
tap 1". Nxb
Chinh
tri
Quoc
gia, Ha
Noi,
2002, tr.158-159.
12
CHIEU
Ddi DO" TlTGOC
NHIN
TRIETHOC,DAODUCHOCVAMYHOC
Trong
danh gia nay cd ham y rang,
nhung tai di khong chi nha
Dinh,
nha
Le
ma ca tram ho phai ganh chiu
chinh
la do khdng biet, khdng
linh
menh
trdi.
Nha
Dinh,
nha Le khdng
biet menh
trdi
cdn bdi ho khdng thay
thanh Dai La "d ndi trung tam cua
trdi
dat, dUdc cai the rong ludn hd' chau, da
dung ngdi nam bac tay ddng, lai tien
hddng nhin
sdng
tUa nui, dat rong ma
bang
phang, cao ma thoang mat, dan
cU
khdng khd ve
ngap
lut, mudn vat
rat phdn thinh. Xem
khap
nUdc
Viet,
ndi
ay la ndi td't hdn ca, thUc la ndi hoi
tu
cua bdn phUdng, ndi
kinh
sU td't
nhat
cua mudn ddi".
NhU
vay, vdi Ly Cdng Uan, menh
trdi
va ldng dan khdng phai la nhiing gi
qua
triiu
tUdng, than bi, khdng the
nhan ra. Menh
trdi
va ldng dan gan
lien
vdi
quoic ke, dan sinh; chiing bieu hien
ra qua nhiing han che cua Hoa Lu,
nhiing
tai di phai ganh chiu bdi nhiing
han che do; ddng thdi d nhiing Uu the
cua Dai La dd'i vdi viec dinh do va
phat
trien
da't nUdc. Trong tUdng quan vdi
viec ddi do, dinh do, menh
trdi
chinh la
thien
thdi,
Uu the cua Dai La la dia ldi,
long
dan la nhan hoa. Nhan
thiic,
nam
bat va hdp
nha't
dUdc ca thien
thdi,
dia
ldi,
nhan hoa trong mot quyet
sach,
Ly
Cdng Uan
viia
la nha tU tUdng cd tam
nhin
triet hoc,
viia
la nha chinh tri
sang
sudt
va quyet doan. •
Trong
nhiing lap luan va quyet dinh
ddi
dd cung the hien tu tudng dao diic
va diic do cua Ly Cdng Uan. Ly Cdng
Uan khdng nhin nhan dao diic mdt
each
chung chung,
triiu
tUdng. Quan niem
dao diic cua Ly Cdng Uan gan
lien
vdi
diic
dova hanh dong thiic te cua dng vdi
tU
each
vi vua
sang
sU nghiep. Cd the
ndi,
tU tUdng dao diic bao trum va
xuyen
sudt
Chieu
ddi do la tu tudng ve
bdn phdn.
Theo Ly Cdng Uan, bdn phan
cua con ngUdi bi quy dinh bdi vi the xa
hoi
cua hp. Bac de vUdng la ke thay
trdi
hanh dao, bdi the, bdn phan cua ho la
tren
kinh
menh
trdi,
dudi
theo
ldng dan
ma mUu toan nghiep ldn. Trong dieu
kien
ma Hoa Lu khdng cdn dap
iing
dUdc yeu cau
phat
trien cua da't nUdc
mia
thi bdn phan cua bac de vUdng la
phai ddi do den ndi hoi tu quan yeu cua
bdn phUdng, tao dieu kien cho sU
phat
trien.
Vdi quan niem dd, trong
Chieu
ddi
do, Ly Cdng Uan da phe phan nha
Dinh,
nha Le khdng chi ve mat nhan
thdc, tam nhin, ma cdn tii lap trUdng
dao
diic.
Theo dng, viec coi thUdng
menh
trdi,
khdng
theo
da'u cu ThUdng,
Chu cii ddng do mai d Hoa Lu khong chi
khien
cho cac trieu dai
Dinh,
Le van sd'
ngln
ngdi, ma cdn khien cho tram ho
hao ton, mudn vat tieu dieu. Ly Cdng
Uan to ra rat dau xdt trUdc
tinh
canh
do. Chinh sii thd'ng
nha't
giiia
nhan
thiic
va
tinh
cam, ldng thUdng dan da
khien
cho quyet dinh ddi do khong chi
la
sU tuan thu menh
trdi,
ldng dan,
tiic
nhiing
yeu cau khach quan, ma con do
chinh
sii thdi thuc tii ndi tam, tii menh
lenh dao
diic.
NhU vay,
tinh
thuyet
phuc
cua
Chieu
ddi do khdng chi cd can
13
NGUYEN
VAN
PHUC
cii
6 ly le, chiing
minh,
nghia la d ly
tinh;
nd cdn dUdc the hien bang
tinh
cam, cam xuc, bang ldng thUdng dan
cua Ly Cdng Uan. Chinh vi the, khi dap
lai
nguyen vong ddi do cua Ly Cdng
Uan,
quan than da cam
kich
va nhat tri
tau rang: "Be ha vi thien ha ma lap ke
lau
dai de tren cho cd nghiep to ldn,
dUdc thinh vUdng, dudi cho nhan dan
dUdc giau cua, nhieu
ngUdi,
viec ldi nhu
the, ai dam khdng theo"(2).
Tren
binh dien dao
diic,
viec ddi do la
mot
hanh dong dao
diic,
hanh dong
dUdc
thdi
thiic
bdi dong cd bao ham va
la
sii thong nhat
giiia
nhan
thiic
va
tinh
cam.
Dieu
do
ciing
vdi toan bo sii
nghiep tri vi day nhan
diic
da khien cho
Ly
Cdng Uan trd thanh mot tam giidng
dao
diic
cd anh hUdng xuyen sudt
trieu
dai
nha Ly. Cac vi vua nha Ly vdn ndi
tie'ng
nhan
til,
thUdng dan
ciing
bdi ho
cd
mot vi vua
sang
nghiep la mot tam
gUdng
ldn ve nhan
til,
diic
do.
Ciing
vdi nhiing tU tUdng ve triet
hoc, dao
diic,
Chieu
doido cung the
hien
mot nhan quan tham my ddc dao.
Vdi
Ly Cdng Uan,
kinh
dd cua mot qud'c
gia
hung manh khdng chi la mot trung
tam
chinh tri,
kinh
te, van hoa, ma cdn
la
mot
bieu trtfng quyen Itfc
-
thdm
my.
Vi
vay, vdi tham vong xay dung mot
qudc gia cUdng
thinh,
dng can mot ndi
thdng
dia de dinh dova xay
diing
kinh
do.
Dieu
do cho thay, Ly Cdng Uan
nhan
thiic
va danh gia rat cao vai trd
cua cdi dep, ma trong trUdng hdp nay la
cai
dep cua
kinh
do ddi vdi sii phat
trien,
sU tU cUdng dan tdc.
NhU
sU the hien trong
Chieu
ddi do,
ndi
dinh dovado do,
kinh
do phai la sU
ket hdp hai hoa cua nhieu Uu the, nhieu
ve dep. Vdi mot nang lUc nhan
thiic
tham my sac sao, mot thi hieu tham my
tinh
te, Ly Cdng Uan da nhan thay sii
hdi
tu nhiing Uu the, nhiing ve dep nay
d
thanh Dai La.
Theo Ly Cdng Uan, thanh Dai La cd
Uu
the ve mat vi tri, d vao "trung tam
cua
trdi
da't,
diing
ngdi nam bac tay
ddng". Trong danh gia nay, khdng chi
the hien yeu cau ve thuan ldi giao
thdng phuc vu cho viec quan ly va phat
trien
da't nUdc; hon the, nd cdn cho thay
uy
the va siic hap dan tham my
ciia
trieu
dai; bdi da la trung tam cua
trdi
da't thi le dUdng nhien bdn phUdng deu
phai
va mong mud'n quy tu ve. Uy the
va siic hap dan
ciia
Dai La vado do,
ciia
trieu
dai cdn gia tang hdn, bdi nd cd cai
the
ciia
"rdng
lUdn
hd chau, lai tien
hudng nhin sdng tUa nui". Trong trUdng
hdp nay, cai dep
ciia
the da't la cai dep
dUdc nhin nhan theo quan diem phong
thuy:
The da't hdp phong thuy la the
da't dep; nd bieu thi sU an toan, sU
viing
chai va sU trUdng ton.
Khdng
chi the, Dai La cdn la ndi hoi
tu
dUdc nhiing dieu kien dia ly, khi
hau, thd nhudng td'i Uu cho siic khoe,
cuoc sd'ng con ngUdi va van vat. Day la
ndi
"da't rong ma bang phang, cao ma
thoang mat, dan cU khdng khd vi
ngap
(2)
Ly
Cong
Uan.
Chieu doi do.
Sdd.,
tr.161.
14
'CHIEU
Ddi DO" TtTGOC
NHIN
TRIETHOC,DAODUCHOCVAMYHOC
hit,
muon vat rat phon thinh". Gan yeu
cau hinh song the nui v6i yeu cau
quoc
ke, dan sinh, Ly Cdng Uan da the hien
tu
tUdng ve moi
lien
he,
tinh
quy dinh
cua cai nhan thdc, cai dao ddc vdi cai
tham my. Trong moi
lien
he nay, cai
nhan
thiic,
cai dao diic trd thanh nhiing
thanh
td'
va la cd sd cua cai dep, lam cho
cai
dep trd thanh cai dep mang
tinh
tri
tue va dao
diic.
Md'i
lien
he va
tinh
quy
dinh
nay khdng chi the hien d chd,
kinh
do dep phai la ndi tao ra nhiing dieu
kien
tdi Uu cho
qud'c
ke, dan sinh, cho
cuoc
sd'ng ngUdi dan ndi
kinh
dd, ma
con phai la ndi hdi tu cua bdn phUdng,
nghia la phai tao ra sU hai hoa khdng
chi
cue bo, ma cdn la sU hai hoa tdng
the, hai hoa ldn tren pham vi ca nUdc.
Hdn
the, sii hai hoa nay khdng chi la
hai
hoa tren binh dien ddng dai, ma con
la
sU hai hoa tren binh dien
lich
dai.
Kinh
dd khdng chi la
kinh
dd cua mot
thdi,
ma cdn phai la ndi
khdi
ngudn va
tao ra nhiing dieu kien cho van nUdc
dai
lau, phong tuc phdn thinh.
Vdi
Chieu
ddi do, nhiing nang lUc
nhan
thiic,
dao
diic,
tham my
ciia
Ly
Cdng Uan boc Id mot
each
nic rd: Tdm
nhin chien liiOc
dam
tinh triet
hgc,
diic
do nhdn
di ldn lao, cam
hitng
vd thi
hieu thdm
my
manh
me,
tinh
te. Sii
thdng nha't
ciia
nhiing nang lUc nay da
dUa Ly Cdng Uan den mot quyet dinh
hdp ly ve mat nhan
thiic,
chinh dang ve
mat dao
diic,
hap dan ve mat tham my;
dd
la quyet dinh ddi do, la quyet chon
dinh
dd d ndi
thdng
dia - Dqi La lam
can cii cho sU nghiep xay dung va phat
trien
da't nUdc. Danh gia thanh
tiiu
nay, sii gia Ngd Thi Si ca ngdi: "Ly Thai
To
len ngdi,
chua
vdi lam viec khac, ma
trUdc
tien mUu
tinh
viec dinh do dat
dinh,
xet ve sii quyet doan
sang
sudt,
mUu
ke anh hung, thUc nhiing vua tam
thUdng
khdng the
theo
kip. Cho nen
truyen
ngdi hdn hai tram nam, danh
giac Td'ng, dep giac Chiem, nUdc manh,
dan giau, cd the goi la ddi rat thinh tri.
Cac vua ddi sau noi
theo
deu
giii
dUdc
ngdi
vua, chd'ng choi vdi Trung Qud'c.
Ly
Thai To cd the ndi la mot bac vua
biet mUu
tinh
viec ldn da'y"(3).
Vdi
nhiing noi dung tren,
Chieu
ddi
do
khdng tii
gidi
han d viec
giai
thich
ly
do ddi do tii Hoa Lu ra Dai La. Viec
ddi
do gan
lien
vdi
qud'c
ke, dan sinh.
Do
vay,
Chieu
ddi do cdn la va thUc sU
la
mot
Tuyen ngdn,
mot
Chien liCOc
xdy diing
vd
phdt trien
ddt
niidc
hudng den muc tieu: Ddn
giau, niidc
manh, phong
tuc
phdn thinh,
bin lau.
Nhiing
tU tudng triethoc chinh tri,
dao
diic,
tham my trong
Chieu
ddi do
cho thay tam nhin chien hide, quyet
tam chan hung dat nUdc cua Ly Cdng
Uan.
Vdi
tinh
than dd, Ly Cdng Uan
va trieu dai do dng
sang
lap, nhu su*
danh gia
ciia
Tran Qud'c Tuan
thdi
Tran,
da thuc sii md nen cho da't nUdc;
md
nen nghia la dat nen mong va md
ra mot
thdi
dai mdi:
Thdi
dqi doc lap
vd
tU
ciidng
ddn tqc. •
(3)
Ly
Cong
Uan.
Chieu dai do.
Sdd.,
tr.161.
15
. ldn, (*) Pho giao sit, tien si, Tracing phong Dao diic hoc - My hoc, Vien Triet hoc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam. 11 NGUYEN VAN PHUC dap dng cac yeu cau hien tai, ma cdn "tinh