Báo cáo khoa học:Bài học về ý nghĩa của khoan dung từ lịch sử đối với hiện tại ở Việt Nam doc

TRIET HOC, SO 9 (232), THANG 9-2010 NGHIEN CCrU VA HOC TAP BAI HOC VE Y NGHIA CUA KHOAN DUNG TU* LICH SU' DOI Vdl HIEN TAI 6 VIET NAM NGUYfiN THI PHUONG MAI'^ Bdi viei trinh bdy vd phdn tich mpt so'bieu hien cda khoan dung trong ijud trinh xdy diing vd bdo ve ddt niidc, trong dodn kei ddn tpc, dodn ke't tdn gido, d Viet Nam. Tii do, tdc gid khdng dinh rang, khoan dung Id mpt gid tri truyin thdng cua ddn tpc Viet Nam. Vd, gid tri truyin thdng ndy cdn phdi diidc ke thiia vd phdt huy trong diiu kien Men nay. ung vdi sfl bung nd cua cac thanb tUu khoa hoc va cdng nghe, van de khoan dung cung dang dflng trfldc nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd •vi tinh hai mat cua viec ap dung nhflng thanh tflu dd vao cuoc sd'ng. va'n de khdng nam d ban than nhflng thanh tiiu do, ma chinh la d •viec con ngfldi sfl dung chung nhu the nao, vi muc dich gi. Ngay nay, chien tranh va xung dot van xay ra d nhieu khu •viic, cuoc chay dua "vu trang dang tac dong rat ldn va nhieu mat den cuoc sd'ng cua con ngfldi, can trd sfl phat trien xa hoi. Ben canh do, qua trinh toan ciu boa dang thu hut va ddi bdi sfl lien ket cac qud'c gia vi muc tieu phat trien. Do vay, •viec hieu va tdn trgng nhflng gia tri vd'n cd cua mdi qud'c gia, moi dan toe cung nhu nhflng gia tri mdi binh thanh la vin de cap thiet. Dd chinh la ly do vi sao trong thdi gian gin day, va'n de khoan dung dUdc nbac den rat nhieu va dfldc tim bieu tfl nhieu gdc do khac nhau. Gia tri cua khoan dung dUdc ghi nhan la cd tac dong khdng nhd den sfl phat trien cua xa hoi. Khoan dung nhU mot each thflc de phat huy hdn nfla gia tri nhan dao cua khoa hoc, ky thuat va cdng nghe trong cuoc sd'ng, ddng thdi, no gop phan gifl gin nhflng gia tri truyen thohg, dao dflc chung mang tinb nhan loai. Bdi vay, chung ta khdng nen coi khoan dung chi la nhflng gia tri dao dflc, gia tri van hda, gia tri chinh tri hay gia tri tdn giao tach rdi nhau. Trong thdi gian gan day, nhat la nhflng thap nien cud'i cua the ky XX, khoan dung dfldc nhac den nhieu vdi vai trd la mgt gia tri dao dflc cua con ngfldi ndi chung. Nd dfldc nhac de'n nhieu trong md'i quan he gifla con ngUdi vdi nhau cung nhU gifla con ngfldi vdi mdi trUdng sd'ng xung quanh minh. Muc dich cua nd la duy tri sfl tdn tai gifla ca hai dd'i tfldng trong ba't ky md'i quan he nao. Den nay, van chfla cd mgt dinh nghia hoan chinh ve khoan dung, bdi nhfl UNESCO da tflng khang dinh, cac dinh nghia ve khoan dung khdng bao chfla bet dUdc ndi dung ma nd phan anh. Song, ve cd ban, khoan dung dUdc hieu "la sU tdn trong, sU chip nhan va sfl thfldng thflc cua sU da dang, phong phu trong nen van boa the gidi, trong cac binh thflc cua sfl diin dat va each thflc cua tdn tai ngfldi", "khoan dung khdng phai la sfl nhfldng bg, sfl ha minh bay nhan dac an", "khoan dung la trach nhiem. Dd la (*) Nghien cfiu vien, Vien Trie't hpc, Vien Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam. 57 NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI sfl duy tri quyen con ngfldi, chu nghia da dang (ke ca da dang van boa), che do dan chu va luat le", "viec thflc hien van de khoan dung khdng cd nghia la khoan dung cua sU bat cdng xa hgi, sfl tfl bd hay sfl suy nhfldc trong nhan thflc cua mgt ngfldi nao dd. Nd cd nghia la mdi ngUdi deu dUdc tfl do trong viec gifl •vflng nhan thflc cua chinh minh va thfla nhan quyen dd cua ngUdi khac"(l). Qua do, cd the khang dinh rang, khoan dung khdng chi la viec nam lay nhflng nguyen tac sd'ng cd ban, ma cdn la dieu kien cho hda binh, cho phat trien kinh te va cho sfl tien bd xa hdi. Khoan dung phai an sau khdng chi trong tam tri cua moi ngUdi nhU mot thai do flng xfl, ma ca trong nhflng each bd' tri cua sfl van hanh xa hgi va chinh tri, chi phd'i va tao dflng nhflng md'i quan be gifla con ngfldi vdi con ngUdi. Khoan dung khdng chi thuoc ve dao dflc cua mdi ca nhan, ma cdn the bien tinh than yeu hda binh cua mdi dan toe. Trong lich sfl Viet Nam, khoan dung la mot dac tinh hinh thanh trong qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien truyen thd'ng dan tgc. Trai qua nhieu the he, tinh than khoan dung a'y ngay cang dfldc gan lgc va bdi dap them. Tuy nhien, trong bd'i canh toan cau hda, trUdc het la toan cau boa kinb te bien nay, gia tri cua khoan dung dang dflng trUdc nhflng thach thflc mdi va nd cin phai dugc bao tdn va phat huy. Tinh thin khoan dung tham dim trong truyen thd'ng dan tdc Viet Nam dfldc xay dflng va due ket trong sud't tien trinh lich sfl cua dan tdc. Chung ta thfldng ndi rang, doan ket la mgt truyen thd'ng quy bau cua dan tgc ta. Chinh truyen thdng do da the hien tinh than tUdng than, tUdng ai, chap nhan nhflng khac biet de cflng nhau bao ve cugc sd'ng cua minh trfldc sflc manh cua tfl nhien, nang cao dieu kien sd'ng cua ban than. Ban dau, sfl ra ddi cua nha nfldc Van Lang - Au Lac khdng hoan toan la ket qua cua cugc dau tranh bang •vu Iflc trong ndi bg cac cdng ddng, cac tgc ngUdi, ma chinh la de tim mgt sU doan ke't, hen ket tii nguyen nhim tang hieu suit •viec tri thuy. Dd cung la nhan td' tao nen nen mdng dau tien cua tam hdn, dao ly, phong tuc, tap quan, lo'i sd'ng khoan dung cua con ngUdi Viet Nam vdi y nghia ddng bao ca nUdc deu la con Rdng, chau Tien, ndi gid'ng Lac Hdng, coi nhau nhfl anh em trong mdt dai gia dinh cac dan tgc Viet Nam. Cung vdi viec dflng nfldc, dng cha ta cung nhieu lln phai dUdng diu chd'ng cac the llie ngoai xam cd quan ddng va cd vu khi manh hdn nhieu lln de bao ve dat nfldc. Bao ve khdng chi ve mat lanh thd, ma cdn bao ve nen van boa, bao ve truyen thd'ng dan tdc da lam nen ban sic van boa cua Viet Nam. Bdi, kbi mgt dan tgc nay den xam chidm lanh thd cua mgt dan tgc khac thi khdng cbi tien hanh cac hanh dgng quan sfl ma qua do, cdn buy hoai, tan pha, ddng boa van hda dan tgc ly. Ket qua la, nen van boa cua dan tgc bai tran hoac bi ddng hoa, hoac se ddng boa chinh nen van boa cua dan tgc thing tran. Do vay, •viec bao tdn va phat trien ban sac van hda dan tgc la mgt yeu ciu bflc thiet. ' De cd the tdn tai ben canh •viec duy tri ban sac van hda truyen thd'ng, van hda Viet Nam phai cd nhflng boat dgng de tii bao ve trfldc nhflng yeu to' cua van boa ngoai bang. Cha dng ta da tien hanh bao ve ndn van hoa Viet Nam khdng phai bang tu tudng bao thu, cd' chip, tii cao tfl dai, ma da cd sfl tiep bien nhflng nhan to' van hda ngoai nhap de tang len ndi Iflc van hda cua dan tgc. Trong qua trinh dflng nude va gifl nfldc, ni Ypm- hftp//www.une9a3nrefeleran3e^dedam^.hfrrdipnr!^^ 58 BAI HOC VE Y NGHiA CUA KHOAN DUNG van boa Viet Nam da cd nhflng cudc tiep xuc, tie'p bien cac nen van hda ldn thanh cong, nhu sfl truyen ba hda binh cua Phat giao tfl An Do sang; sfl tiep xuc, tiep bien thanh cdng ddi vdi van hda Trung Hoa, bang ca con dudng cUdng bflc va tfl nguyen cac yeu to' van hda Han va sfl tiep xuc vdi van hda phUOng Tay. Song, van hda Viet Nam khdng nhflng khdng bi ddng hoa, ma da sang lgc va tiep thu nhflng yeu to' mdi phu hdp vdi gia tri nen tang cua van hda dan tgc Viet. Nhd dd, van hda Viet Nam vfla gifl dUdc ban sic dan tdc, vfla trd nen phong phu hdn. Cung bdi vay, du trai qua mgt nghin nam Bic thudc va hdn 100 nam dudi ach thd'ng tri cua thflc dan - de qud'c, khdng nhflng dan tgc Viet Nam da khdng bi ddng hda, ma van boa Viet Nam van tdn tai ben vflng, khdng bi hda tan. Dd chinh la nhd tinh thin khoan dung da tfl lau dan dfldc td dam trong nen van hda dan tdc Viet Nam. Vdi tinh thin khoan dung ve van hda vd'n CO va nhfl la mgt gia tri cO ban, cudc sd'ng tinh thin cua mdi con ngUdi, mdi tdc ngUdi sinh sd'ng tren da't nfldc Viet Nam nhin chung deu dUdc tfl do, ke ca tfl do ve mat tin ngUdng, tdn giao. Do do, xet ve mat tdn giao, cd the ndi, trong lich sfl Viet Nam khdng cd chien tranh gifla cac tdn giao nhfl da tflng dien ra d mgt sd' nfldc khac. Va, hiem cd ndi nao ma cac tdn giao, cac tin ngUdng khac nhau lai chung sd'ng hda binh nhu d Viet Nam. Chang ban, khi thoat khdi ach dd hg cua phong kien Trung Hoa, dan tgc ta budc vao xay dflng nen van minh Dai Viet. Phat giao dUdc tdn lam qud'c giao, nhflng tfl trieu dinh trung Udng den cac lang xa deu khdng cd sfl ky thi tdn giao. Tinh hinh nay chi dflt gly trong mgt thdi gian ngan khi cd cue dien truyen dao Cdng giao "bat thUdng" trfle tiep lien quan den chinh tri, den chu quyen qud'c gia, Cdng giao xam nhap vao nUdc ta cung vdi ddi quan xam lUdc cua thUc dan Phap. Do vay, da cd luc bgn thflc dan - de qud'c da tim mgi each ldi dung, kich dgng, chia re cac tdn giao de thflc hien da tam xam lUdc va thd'ng tri cua chung. NhUng, mgi am mUu va hanh dgng do deu that bai trUdc tinh thin khoan dung va doan ket cua dan tgc ta. O Viet Nam, tinh than khoan dung trong linh vUc tdn giao khdng chi the hien d sfl tdn trgng nhu du tam linh, ma da cd sfl nhan thflc rang, cac tdn giao ldn deu ed mdt diem chung la day con ngfldi lam dieu thien, tranh dieu dfl, hudng con ngUdi den cdi ngudn chung cua loai ngUdi, hudng de'n Chan - Thien - My. Neu Nho giao day con ngUdi ve nhan nghia, Dao giao day con ngUdi biet quy trgng va sd'ng hai hda vdi tU nhien, Cdng giao day con ngUdi ve cdng bang va binh dang, thi Phat giao day con ngUdi ta ve tfl, bi, hi, xa, vi tha, Do biet hda ddng va dung hdp gifla cac tdn giao, nen du cd dng vua nao dd coi trgng hoac dinh kien vdi tdn giao cu the nhflng da la ngUdi Viet ai cung coi trgng tuc thd cung td tien, hudng ve ngudn cdi chung. Ben canh dd, tinh chat khoan dung cdn the hien rat ro trong md'i quan he gifla con ngUdi vdi nhau khdng ke dan tgc, dang cap, chung tdc, tdn giao, Dd la md'i quan he cao quy nha't cua cudc sd'ng va nd cung lam nen gia tri nhan van cua truyen thd'ng dan tdc. Chinh vi vay, khi tinh the bit buoc phai dung vu Iflc de bao ve da't nUdc, den khi chien thang, dfl cam thu quan xam lUOc bao nhieu chang nfla, ke ca tflng cd khi "cam giac nfldc the khdng cflng sd'ng", nhUng khi dat nUdc da dUdc yen binh, dgc lap thi thai do flng xfl cua dan tdc Viet van la khoan dung dd'i vdi ke thu bai tran: "the long trdi td lUdng hieu sinh". Dieu nay the 59 NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI hien rd nha't hanh ddng mang tinh cha't khoan dung cua dan tdc ta. Dd'i vdi quan xam lUdc da nhU vay, dd'i vdi ddng bao trong cung cdi ngudn thi tinh than khoan dung cung the hien ra't sau sac. Cha dng ta da tflng day "danh ke chay di, khdng ai danh ngUdi chay lai". Du cd mac ldi den may thi cung sfla dUdc va khi da nhan ra ldi lam thi cdn quy hdn ra't nhieu. Tfl mdt sd' bieu hien cu the tren day, cd the nhan dinh rang, tinh than khoan dung Viet Nam dfldc due ket tfl chinh truyen thd'ng da'u tranh dflng nUdc va gifl nUdc qua hang nghin nam lich sfl. Tuy khdng cd mdt he tho'ng ly thuyet hoan chinh, song, den nay, tinh thin khoan dung do van dUde ke thfla va tiep tuc phat huy trUdc nhflng thach thflc ldn cua thdi dai. Cung qua day, chung ta tha'y rang, khoan dung trong tinh than cua ngUdi Viet Nam khdng phai la nhflng ly luan cao sieu, ma dd la nhflng triet ly gian di cd the tim tha'y trong boat ddng sd'ng hang ngay cua nhflng con ngfldi Viet Nam, ke ca nhflng ngfldi binh di nhit. C6 the, thuat ngfl trong nhflng triet ly ay khdng xua't phat tfl chinh ngdn ngfl cua dan tdc, nhflng ban chat cua tinh than do thi khdng the lan dUdc. Chinh lich sfl da kiem chflng cho nhflng gia tri td't dep cua dan tdc ta thi khdng le nao, trong thdi ky cd nhflng bien chuyen manh me ve mgi mat trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi nhfl hien nay, nhflng gia tri dd lai khdng phat huy bet y nghia cua minh. Va'n de la, nhflng gia tri dd da dUdc coi trgng va hieu dung hay chUa. Ben canh dd, tfl bai hgc lich sfl, chung ta cd the rut ra nhflng kinh nghiem quy gia, trong dd cd gia tri cua tinh than khoan dung. Gia tri cua tinh thin dd ddng gdp dang ke trong sii phat trien cua qud'c gia khdng chi trong qua khfl, ma nd cdn dfldc nhin nhan nhfl la mdt cdng cu cho sfl phat trien hien nay cua da't nfldc. Viet Nam cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac tren the gidi dang dflng trUdc sfl bung nd cdng nghe thdng tin, qua trinh dd thi hda, sfl di dan, hdp tac kinh td, trao dd'i van hda, du lich, v.v Sfl bung nd dd •vfla thuc day cac qud'c gia xich lai gan nhau, vfla md ra cd hgi thuan ldi de phat trien kinh te, van hda, ddng thdi cai td't, cai xa'u, cai tieu cflc cua van hda dgc bai tfl ben ngoai cung theo dd ma xam nhap vao nUdc ta. TrUdc tinh hinh ay, khi giao lUu kinh te, van hda, chung ta phai gifl vflng dde lap, chu quyen, tiep thu mdt each cd chgn lgc nhflng gia tri td't dep cua nen van hda hien dai the gidi, ddng thdi phai da'u tranh chd'ng lai sfl xam nhap cua van hda dgc hai, ud'n nan kip thdi khuynh hudng sung ngoai, mat gd'c, lai cang, bat chap dao ly, coi thudng cac gia tri nhan ai, khoan dung vd'n da trd thanh truyen thd'ng, thanh gia tri dao dflc va van boa quy bau cua dan tdc. Cha dng ta da xay diing nen tang doan ket dan tgc va nd da dUdc hun due lai bang chinh sflc Iflc va sfl hy sinh cua nhflng ngUdi con dat Viet. Den nay, truyen thd'ng dd van dang dfldc duy tri va can phai dfldc phat huy manh me bdn nfla. Bdi, du dieu kien lich sfl - xa hgi da thay dd'i, nhflng muc tieu cua doan ket dan tgc thi khdng thay dd'i. Chi khac la, viec chd'ng lai ke thu, bao ve da't nUdc se khdng chi bang vu Iflc nfla, ma cdn bang nhieu hinh thflc khac, nhfl bang van boa, bang kinh te, Viec dflng nUdc khdng phai chi la md rdng lanh thd ve mat dia ly, ma cdn la phat huy mgi ngudn lUc de phat trien da't nfldc. Ngudn liie dd khdng chi la nhflng ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien sin cd, ma cdn la ngudn tai nguyen tri tue, tri thflc cua mdi con ngudi. Trong nhflng nam gin day, Dang va Nha nUdc ta nhlc nhieu den viec phat trien 60 BAI HOC VE Y NGHIA CUA KHOAN DUNG ngudn nhan luc Dd la tai san quy gia nhat ma qud'c gia cd. Tai san dd khong chi cd d ca nhan, ma dd cdn la sfl lien ket gifla cac ca nhan dd nfla, vi "Mgt cay lam chang nen non; Ba cay chum lai nen hdn nui cao". Hdn nfla, •viec xay dflng khd'i dai doan ket cua dan tgc Viet Nam khdng chi bao gdm mgi ngfldi dan trong nUdc, ma cdn mdt bg phan khdng nhd nhflng ngUdi con sd'ng ly hUdng. Nhflng ngUdi Viet Nam, vi bat cfl ly do gi ma phai sd'ng xa que hfldng, deu mong mud'n trd ve giup ich cho nUdc nha. Vi vay, nhflng gi da xay ra trong qua khfl neu khdng dUdc hieu va cam thdng thi do se la rao can mgi ngUdi con Viet Nam ddng gdp sflc Iflc xay dflng que hUdng. Mgt lan nfla, gia tri cua khoan dung dang giup da't nUdc phat huy mgi ngudn Iflc de dfla Viet Nam "sanh vai vdi cac cfldng qud'c nam chau". Ddng thdi, doan ket dan tdc khdng chi de phat trien kinb te, ma dd cdn la bflc tUdng thanh •vflng chac de bao ve Td qud'c trUdc mgi sfl xam Iflde. Bat cfl qud'c gia nao cung deu cd nen van hoa cua rieng minh va viec bao ve nd la dieu kien tien quyet de bao ve da't nUdc. Bdi, neu mat nUdc ve mat lanh thd thi cd the da'u tranh de gianh lai dUdc, cdn neu mat nUdc ve mat van boa thi qud'c gia do coi nhu da tieu vong. Hdn nfla, van boa khdng phai la mgt san pham tinh than chet cflng; trai lai, nd cung cd sfl van dgng do sfl phat trien ngay cang phong phu cua ddi sd'ng vat chat. Neu coi van boa la mgt cai gi dd bat bien, thi cd nghia la chung ta dang buy hoai, pha bd van boa, pha bd chinh cudc song tinh than cua chung ta. Bdi, van boa cung cin phai thich flng vdi nhflng thay ddi cua dieu kien xa hdi de tdn tai. Neu khdng thich flng kip vdi nhflng bien chuyen cua thdi gian, thi ddi sd'ng tinh than ndi chung, van boa ndi rieng cua con ngUdi se khd cflng ma chet dan. Cd the ndi, do chinh la sfl the hien quy luat dao thai cua tfl nhien trong Hnh vfle van boa. Trong khi dd, cd tien bd ve mat van boa thi mdi cd tien bd ve mat ky thuat, ve mat kinh te va ve mat xa hgi. Ma de phat trien van boa thi phai dfla tren truyen thd'ng td't dep cflng vdi viec tiep bien nhflng gia tri van boa cua thdi dai. Lich sfl Viet Nam da chflng minh ri't ro rang, qua nhieu lln tiep xuc, tiep bien, van boa Viet Nam da cd nhflng phat trien nha't dinh, ddng thdi, nhflng gia tri td't dep cua truyen thd'ng dan tgc lai dfldc khang dinh, dUdc bao ve td't nha't va cd nhflng bUdc tien nha't dinh. Viec phat trien tfl nen van boa Ddng Sdn, nen van boa dfldc coi la thuan Viet, tien len nen van boa Dai Viet vdi nhflng thanh tflu rflc rd la vi du dien hinh cho viec biet tiep nhan va vUdt bd. Den nay, bai hgc nay dang cd y nghia ra't ldn dd'i vdi viec phat trien van boa cua dan tgc ta bien nay. Tinh than khoan dung cua dan tgc, mgt lan nfla, phai dUdc chgn lgc, dUdc tiep sflc va nang dp trong bd'i canh "van boa md", vd'n rat phdng khoang, nhflng cung rit dfl ddi nay. Ngay nay, kinh te tri thflc dang phat trien manh me va cung chi phd'i den hanh dgng, dinh hudng cua mdi ngUdi, mdi qud'c gia. Do dd, de hudng tdi kinh te tri thflc, giao due dUdc coi la "qud'c sach hang diu". Song, hien nay, cd the ndi, chung ta dang qua chu trgng den viec day kien thflc ly thuyet khoa hgc sach vd ma quen mat ring, viec tham gia cac boat ddng xa hgi, boat dgng ngoai khda mdi la nhflng boat ddng day ngUdi ta nhflng kien thflc ve y thflc dao dflc, y thflc ve hd trd lan nhau trong boat ddng, trong cudc sd'ng. Do vay, •viec giao due tinh thin khoan dung Viet Nam cdn can dfldc thflc hien tren nhflng binh dien khac nfla. Dd la, giao due nham phat trien tU duy, phat trien tri tue phai gan vdi •viec giao due phat trien nhieu mat con ngUdi thdng qua 61 NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI thUe tien, giao due ca ve mat tu tudng, dao dflc, tam hdn, tinh cam, lln ldi sd'ng cua con ngfldi va phai chd'ng lai sfl lanh Iflng, sfl vd cam, chu nghia ca nhan thflc dung. Trong cudc sd'ng, van de ldi ich van chi phd'i mgi hanh dgng cua con ngUdi. NhUng de mdi hanh ddng vi ldi ich eua minh khdng lam ton hai den ldi ich cua ngUdi khac, thi cin dinh hUdng dung din sfl hinh thanh nhu cau phat trien eua con ngUdi, cung nhU phat trien mdt each nhan van xa hgi. Dd deu la nhflng van de cap thiet dang dat ra trong xa hgi hien dai. Do vay, van de giao due dao dflc ve mgt sfl khoan dung de hudng vao sfl tii giac khoan dung khdng ich ky, vu ldi, du d bit cfl khia canh nao khdng chi la van de cua mdi ca nhan, ma cdn la va'n de cua ca cdng ddng xa hgi trong bd'i canh toan ciu boa hien nay. Ben canh dd, de bao ve dao dflc khoan dung d mdi con ngudi, tfl dd bao ve dao dflc khoan dung cua dan tgc, khdng cd each nao khac la giao due truyen thd'ng cua dan tgc. Giao due khdng chi bang nhflng kien thflc tfl sach vd, ma cdn tfl chinh boat dgng cua con ngfldi trong xa hgi; khdng chi cd tinh "xa hgi" ap dat, ma cdn la sfl tfl giac, "tfl nguyen", "tfl giao due" cua mdi ca nhan. Trong bd'i canh toan cau hda hien nay, cac gia tri truyen thd'ng cua dan tgc ta, trong dd cd gia tri khoan dung, dang chiu nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd trUdc sflc manh cua vat chat, sflc manh cua "ddng tien". Do vay, van de la lam sao de bao ve dfldc cac gia tri dao dflc truyen thd'ng dd, ddng thdi lai phai phat huy dUdc cae gia tri ay trong hoan canh mdi cung nhfl tiep thu dfldc nhflng gia tri mdi cua nhan loai nham bd sung cho he gia tri truyen thd'ng cua chung ta? Ben canh dd, nhflng gi trong truyen thd'ng cua dan tdc ta cdn mang tinh bao thu cin phai dfldc thanh lgc. Kinh nghiem cua nhieu qud'c gia cho tha'y, "bit cfl sfl cd' ging nao dat den sfl tang trudng kinh te ma khdng tinh tdi nhflng dac diem van hda dan tgc nha't dinh din de'n sfl pha hoai nghiem trgng cd ca'u kinh te va gia tri van hda, din den lam suy yeu nghiem trgng toan bg tiem nang sang tao cua qudc gia" (2). Dd cung la bai hgc dd'i vdi Viet Nam trong viec bao ve va phat huy dao dflc khoan dung noi rieng, cac gia tri truyen thd'ng dao dflc ndi chung. De cung phat trien, yeu cau ve sii hieu biet lan nhau, ve viec nhan dien va tiep thu nhflng gi la td't dep cho sfl phat trien la rat cin thiet. Gia tri cua tinh than khoan dung hoan toan phfl hdp khdng chi trong lich sfl, ma edn d hien tai. Chung ta chap nhan nhflng gi la tien bd de xa hdi tien len phia trfldc, ddng thdi, phai biet diu tranh, loai bd nhflng gi khdng thich dang. Dd la gia tri ldn nha't ma tinh thin khoan dung mang lai cho chung ta trong bd'i canh toan cau boa hien nay. Nhu vay, nhflng bai hgc eua lich sfl the hien tinh thin khoan dung da giup bao ve da't nUde trUdc ke thu thi den nay, chung van cdn nhflng gia tri de dinh hfldng xay dflng va phat trien dat nfldc trong bd'i canh lich sfl mdi. Nhflng bai hgc dd dfl khdng de lai nhflng gia tri vat chat, nhflng la diem tfla tinh than vflng chac trong ddi sd'ng tinh thin ciia dan tgc Viet Nam. Viec hieu va tdn trgng nhflng dac trflng cua tflng tgc ngfldi d Viet Nam de doan ket dan tgc, •viec hieu va phat huy nhflng gia tri tich cflc cua van hoa dan tdc, viec hieu va tdn trgng tfl do tin ngUdng cua mdi ngfldi la nhflng bai hgc cu the dfldc due ket tfl trong truyen thd'ng cua dan tdc ma ngay nay, Dang va Nha nUde ta dang cd' ging duy tri va phat huy de hudng den •viec xay dflng mgt nUde Viet Nam boa binh, d'n dinh va phat trien. • , , . (2) F.Mayor. "Thap ky the gi6i phat trien van hoa", Tgp chi NgUdi dUa tin UNESCO, so 11, 1988, tr.5. 62 . nghia hoan chinh ve khoan dung, bdi nhfl UNESCO da tflng khang dinh, cac dinh nghia ve khoan dung khdng bao chfla bet dUdc ndi dung ma nd phan anh. Song, ve cd ban, khoan dung dUdc hieu "la . de khoan dung dUdc nbac den rat nhieu va dfldc tim bieu tfl nhieu gdc do khac nhau. Gia tri cua khoan dung dUdc ghi nhan la cd tac dong khdng nhd den sfl phat trien cua xa hoi. Khoan dung. Y NGHIA CUA KHOAN DUNG TU* LICH SU' DOI Vdl HIEN TAI 6 VIET NAM NGUYfiN THI PHUONG MAI'^ Bdi viei trinh bdy vd phdn tich mpt so'bieu hien cda khoan dung trong ijud