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all about particles a handbook of japanese function words

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..snow stl -3 Iniae th sujc of an inrniie veb戸が聞きました。 To ga akmsiaThe door opnd l o l l i - - Knδtmdci no Jak ga ant ni aia to it imsiaYsedy my企indJak sad出athe wanted to meet yo.. who it

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-11:j

i l l - t

; J - l i t i - - i

r - - t

!

CONTENTS t

1 Kua (griくらい(ぐらい)

2 Gaカf

7 8

8

2 Shkaしか2

4 6

87

2.Kr き3

7Towaとは

8 Yaや H

Pu b s d by Kodansha I nea in a L , 1- 4 Otowa 1-chome ,

Bunkyo ・ ku , Tokyo 1 1 - 62 , and Kodansha America , I.

13

3 Mononaraものなら

7 18.0を

ト www 1HJ nsha ・ itcm

Trang 3

feunyte more common fit th le, lt An atep

hs alo ben made to gru patce by menn Nete th

wtot evn a sih chne in meaning or a cran odns

cepn inI priua, tee ar numerous coprsn

bten wa and gbcue of th frqet inepa bewe

as go to Ja Thomas, who di most of th trnlto白 血e

body of th book and 0 能redm叩 yvaube sugsin Wih

ot th coprto of ths the, ti book would nee hae

come ino ben

1 l

! 1

AI About Patce

1 i l

1 a

ip

J 1

什 川 1 1 1 9 u

Trang 4

1 Iniae tht inomto is ben prsne about

some-tig tht isled known or出.tha been idniid

Kni wa muuahi deu gaNhng no bup wa amr muu

ksiu na- deu

Kni問 dfiut,but Jaaee grammar is not vey difclt

会 '

北海道の冬は寒いですが、東京は暖かいです。

Hkad noルyuwa smi deu ga, Tko wa aaaa deu

百leHokkaido witr is cod, bt[e]Tokyo [wne] is warm /

Is cod in Hokkaido h te witr,butwarm in

Trang 5

Because it exesv, 1 won't go to白atretuat I 1 am not

gig to thtetuat beas its too exesv

Dd you buy some butr

1 bought some margarine, but 1 dd' buy組 ybutr1 1 bought

some margarine, but not any butr

5 In th forms Vt wa ir(it example below) and V-masu

bs folwd by wa and sr(eod and thr exmls, 附

GA 1 3お茶は飲みましたが、時間がなかったので食事はしませんでした。

Oh wa noiaht ga, jkn ga nkta no de shkj wa shmsn deht

-1 had some te, but sic thr want much time, 1 dd' ea(ae a ma)

Trang 6

Ano yama 0 mt kuaa Mada yui ga noot ims yo

Lookat白紙muti.Thr' stl snow on it( snow stl

-3 Iniae th sujc of an inrniie veb戸が聞きました。

To ga akmsiaThe door opnd

l o l l i - -

Knδtmdci no Jak ga ant ni aia to it imsiaYsedy my企indJak sad出athe wanted to meet yo

Nt: Hee agiw ( 1 , n 4) ca relcgf cotatv pupssご紹介します。こちらが山田さんで、こちらは鈴木さんです。

Gsδkihmωu Kohr ga Yaaasn de, kcia wa Suui

sn deu

Lt me do th inrdcin Ths is Mr Yamada, and出isisMs

Szk

Trang 7

'

Nz kae ga son koo0 yta ka, wkrmsn

1 dnt know why he di tht [l., ••• smtig lie tht

どうして彼女があんなつまらない本を読んでいるのか、不思議です。

a Suodntcass

母が日本にくる前に、(私は)この部屋をきれいに掃除しなければならない。

Trang 8

h ' i s

%

t 1 1 1

l i - - - j

Nt:Wa ( 1, n 4)ωn relcgf cots:

11Idcts th obet of veb and adetvs of neest(isy d, 仏i)

Trang 9

Hnk wa kon suaahi pueeωo krt- deu yo Soo

kmci ga ursi deuHanako gae me ths wodru prsn Im 50 plae by he

Trang 10

1 1 1 1

-! i l

Trang 12

No soe had th windowbeen opened th叩 teca jumped in

I As soon as1 opened th window th ca jumped in

Wtsi no kasa ni wa, Aeiaてjnmo Cuouてjnmo ia1

Tee ar both Ameias and Chns in my company

日本では子供だけでなく、大人もマンガを読んでいます。

Nhn de wa koooゐJede nauooa mo manga 0 ynde ia

I Jaa, nt ony chlrn red comic books, btaut aswe

4 Shows emhss or abec of doubt cocriga qeto

o tie, qatt, e.“any number of tie, continually ~' あの映画は何度も見ました。

Trang 14

その仕事は私でもできましたから、あなたならすぐできますよ

Trang 15

who it is / Anyone who ca spa Engswld.

5 Used wih two or more nouns which sev as exmls of a

Aa-a to POTωa wa Fuasゾindeu

Aan and Pal ar Frnh白いゆりと赤いぱらの花を買いましょう。

Kono kasa to soo kasaωd wa, sio-i ga chgiau

Ti company and tht company haedfeet amounts of臼p凶.

Trang 16

The day of th opnn ceremony of th Olmis arie (Lt

I became th day of th opnn ceremony of th Olmis)

Ano kasa to wa nio to toiii0 siau na

1 dnt want to hae delns wih白紙 companyevr agi

(it1 dnt want to hae delns wih tht company two

tms [bcueIv del wih them one aled and know what thyr lie

1 U sed afe onomatopoeic adverbs, or follows a word,

dause, or sentence and precedes such verbs, as i叫 k k

組 domou t iniae whatωmeonesaid 鎚ke d 也ought,

Watanabe sad tht you shud come to hi ofieby nie o'lc

/ Watanabe ase tht you come to th ofie by nie o'lck

Trang 19

Tbr no ue ni, ouh ya yaioi ya tepr nao ga arms.

On te tal, tee ar suh thnsassi, ykt同 組dtepr.私の部屋には、コンビューターやステレオが置いてあります。

Wtsi no hea ni wa, knyt ya suee ga oi arms

I my room thr is a cmue, a see, ad suh

* In th idoai exrsiny in ya (floig a vr rot:

“ 邸sonas, no sonr ha.駅に着くやいなや、電車が出てしまった。

.kni βtl~uyl引nq ya, _ d~$hag4detg _ shimatta

No soe ha 1 arvd at th stto血anth tri le.おふろに入るやいなや、電話が鳴った。

Ouo ni har ya in ya, dna ga na飢

No soe ha 1 gte ino th bah出anth phn rn

Trang 20

s TOKA

プレゼントを買うなら、真珠のブローチなんかいいんじゃないんですか。

Trang 21

Tnk-a nado wa,削emoshco ni wa naea

Tees no way白 紙 組yone肱eT叩 aa[伽t也elie ofTan北a

cud become prsdn of th comp組 y

あの人琢んか、選挙に出てもだめですよ。

Anoh抑 制nka,snかon dee mo dame deu yo

Is no us fo someone lie him to run fo elcin

Ymmt-a ga soo kost gaωtm yoatnadoωi,

iaht yoYamamoto was saig tht th cocr was qutgood [and sc

出血g]./ Yamamoto was saig soehn abu the cnet

big vey god 彼はその仕事を自分がやったなどと言っている

Kr附 dreno kaa deu ka

Whoe umrla is血i明日のパーティーに行きますか。

Aht no pai ni ikms kaAre you gon to白epa比ytomorrow?

Trang 22

Todays Monday, i itそろそろ夏も終わりか。

Trang 23

48 KA

試験があるのか、みんな図書館で勉強していますよ。

Sie ga ar nok mna toh・knde bekδ ,sie ims yO

1 wonder if thr' a ts-evroes stdig at th lirr

3Used wi出aninergtv word, idctn suh meanings部

“oehn, ayhn; someone, ayn

Ei ni tsk ka tskni uci ni desa ga kiω

1 had hady arie at th stto when th tri cae おふろに入るか入らないうちに電話が鳴った。

Trang 25

Yamada・snwa gna Yosy ni sud ims.Yamada lie in Y osy at prsnt

寺田さんは新宿の銀行に勤めています。

Trd-a wa Shnuu no gik ni tstmt ims.Terada works (i wokn) at a bank in Sh吋uu

Nt:The vrshtrkadsio0 sr( wok ar prcdd byd

b Used wih veb由atiniae tht an acin ha tae (o is to

tk) plc and出 !rslig codto is (owlb) sti.百l

ls setne exmlfe th paeteia deiiinあのいすに座って本を読んでいる人は、誰ですか。

Ano is ni suat ho 0 yne ir hio wa, dr deu ka

-Who i血epesr sitn白 血atchi aid redn a book?

山の上に雪が積もっていますね。

Yama no ue ni yui ga tsmte ims neSnow is pie up on to of th mountain, int it Tee is snow

on th mountaintop, int thr.すみませんが、壁に掛かっている私のコートを取ってくれますか。

Smmsn ga, kb ni kaat ir waah no koo0 tt kuemasu ka

Excs me, but would you ge my ca hagn on th wal

Trang 26

Koe Waaaesn wa reih-aki ni hata

Ls yer Waatb jond a hsoia soit.あなたはぼくの夢の中に何度も出てきました。

Aaa wa bou no戸4eno naa ni nad mo dee kiaht

You hae aperd白mydreams any number of tie

5 Iniae movement toad a pae“o"

Nt:E (1, n.1cnas be usd heeアメリカに千子きたい。

Trang 27

1 rcie a peet from my企indat Chita 昨日フランスにいるナンシーに手紙を出してあげた

Kn Fuas ni ir Nasi ni teai0 dsie aea

Ysedy 1 sn a lte to Nancy泊Fac

8 Iniae th reut of a cag or an impending chneジョンさんは大学を卒業じて、医者になった。

Trang 31

~ason: “since, be伺 use."

I you sa ony ths kid of thns, yur gon to be dilkdbyeveryone [s stp saig thm / Ifyou kep saig thns

The emlye of血i∞mpanywork from nie o'cock ti fie

Trang 32

The to of th mountain was ve可cl出atda; it evn stre

soig in th evnn.I The mountaintop was so cod出a

Sn rysi wa kooo no byk ga・nounaa, znzia 0

stt mo it made kagee it

Iter chl would ony ge wel, te paet thuh白atthywould evn sarfc al te owe.I The chl' paet wee[ ee] prprd to sarfc al血eyowned if ony h/h would

Trazghδkkmd

Fr yor reeec (LtリFrth moment, a fa as a rprt

*.I th form made mo na(hc folw veb rot),

empha-szs exet or dere th copee phae may be trnltd

“hr is no need to"

明日のパーティーにはわざわざ行くまでもない。

Aht no pai ni wa waaaa ik made mo na

Tee is no ned to go ou of on' way [t make a seil efot

t ated toorw's pryI Tomorrow's pry is hady wor出

gigo

Trang 33

1 Used between two nouns, indicating that the fis

possesses or is rnodi均rngthe second; alo used in place

of ga to iniae the sujc in rnodi均rngdauses

これは坂本さんの描いた油絵です。

Kr wa Saaoosn no kat abre deu

Ti is th oi panig tht Sakamoto p;lne

Trang 34

Kih, hno ni yaeu noYou rely qutig th company?

明日は何時に出かけるの。

Aht wa naj ni deaeu noWhat tie you levn tomorrow?

Anaωwa daat irb ii noYou jut kep quet (L., As fo you, i you kep siet, is good.)

Trang 35

She had he hand bitn by a dg

3 Idcts th pesn or thn made to do soehn in a cu

Miih Shnuuei de chkttu0 oiau

1 gt of th subway at Sh吋ukuStto evr da

?

Trang 37

1 was so embarrassed由a1 ft lie crwig in a hl (Lt, i

tee had been a hl, 1 would have wanted to go in it

Trang 38

Hrd-a wa pao baai de nau, ua mo umin deu yo・Harada is good not ony at th pin but as at sign.英語ばかりでなく、フランス語も勉強したいんです。

b

向a白ai∞on蹴1匂a必i碍ssa dge of d必i鈍apoalwhcdkμ,de not課長はこの頃ウイスキーばかり飲んでいますね。

Kcδwa koooo uiui baai nod ims nι The seto che is drnig nothing but whiskey ths das

Trang 39

rao由athe wat to buy a see Watanabe wns t buy

Knδkrs ni kia gaue wa, gnn dae deht仏,Only fie stdns came to cls yetra.今日は1時間だlオテレビを見ました。

Kyowa iciてjkndae teei0 mmsiaToday 1 wthd TV fr ony an hor

Trang 40

佐藤きんは英国の大学で勉強しただげあって、英語がうまいですね。

Trang 42

Ao加 samade niu kii da kaa, Yamamo削 a附 ttmoma・

n-wni dao

The tri levs in jut two miue, s it vey uniey thtYamamoto wil make it i tie

お金は 1万円きりしかないから、あのコンビューターを買うのは無理だ。

Trang 44

1Used between two clue to iniae出a血eyareopposed in

meaning:“but, atog

1 cle T aeci, but sh was out

2 Used at th end of a snec, ipis slltig tbt qulfe

Mada hasa made ihゴianmo arms keo, d'iah ka

Tees st出anhour uni [te tri] deat, [o what shl we

do [i th meanwhile l・

谷ですけど、知子さんいらっしゃいますか。

Tn deu keo, Tmk-a irshiau ka

Ti [my name is is Tani Is Tomoko thr?

4 Used at th end of a snec, emphasizes th ses tht血esekr wants th evn to come ou as sttd“i would be nie if,

Trang 45

Ymmt-a no pai ni wa ikniωia no ni, d sht ik・ n

ds ka

・Yousad you wolnt go to Yamamoto's pat, s why ar you

gig / Why ae you gon to Yamamoto's pat when you

Trang 46

Dsie th fat出athe ha no ablt, a he wantisau.

2 Used at th end of a snec to exrscnue or contemptあなただってできないくせに・

Aaa dat deia kue ni

As ifo col do it yoreELt,Dsie出efat thtee YOU

cud' do ityu ar trig to te me how t o l ) ' 自分でもわからないくせに…-

Trang 47

1Used between two clue to~dicate ta thy ar opposed in

meaning; te reut is0 負enunxetd (a bad reut b good

Trang 49

3 Used at th end of a snec to iniae iriaino impa

-tec, wi出ameaning something lie“1 tl you, Im t~ing _ you."

Nt:Whees wihte abv usgs-ris add toa vrseI th

sm way as th pattne enig-ω, i ths uae・trladdt th・t

回d・nsifr of veb 早くしてった5・ ・

a H

、 凶

ι S

L 4 A

ωi

な 附 加

寝 間 旬

Tmdci no ie e ia仏krewa ruu dta

When 1 went to my耐edso出[1found tht he was out / 1 went

t my fin's home, but he was ou.ホテルに電話をした5、部屋はいっぱいだ、った。

Htr ni dew 0 siaa, hy wa ipa dat

When 1 cle th hoe, [ found也a]al th rooms were fl / 1

cle th hoe, but al th rooms were tae

Trang 50

Sn modi naa, mo kies shmsiaAsfor白atproblem, i had aled been sete.和歌の参考書砿5、佐々木先生の研究室にある。

Aaa ni deiu mono naayte mie kuaa

I it something you ca do, go ahead and do it / Iyou thnk you ca do it, go ahead and tr

Trang 51

Iyu workanymore [ayadr thn出i,yur gon to di,

you know / I you cotne working th way you ar now, you

彼は今成田に着いたところです。

Kr wa im Naia ni tsia tooo deu

He js now arie at Naia[i ot

15

Trang 52

Mis teei0 mngraaaoa0 tbms.Eey morning, 1 watch teeiin as 1 et brafst (Ltぃ.1 et

bekat as 1 wth teeiin)青木さんはいつも音楽を聞きなが5勉強している。

Tkg-a wa kaaa ga yoaωingr, yk yrooumade

sk0 nne ir

A血oughTaai sas he was a weak cosiuin[orhat),

he ofe drns unilt at nih

Trang 53

Time pasd qucl duig由e仕i,what wih gon to museums,

byn sovnr fo pepe back home, and suh

Kngr soo haかuno koo 0 trb ya zasi de kial mial

siωuTee das we [otn se and her abu tht aco on TV and

i th maaie

3 Iniae reeiin of cotatn acin.そんなにテレビをつけたり消したりしないでちょうだい。5na ni teei 0 tueai kehtr shnie chδd

So tunn th TV on and 0 百lktat今週、株は上がったり下がったりしています。Knh, kb wa agtai saatr sht imωu

Sok ar gon up and down ths week

4 Used wi由 曲 目 釘neveb in poiie and neaie fom:“some

-tre 1 do and sometimes 1 dnt"

父は体の調子によって、ゴルフに行ったり行かなかったりします。

Cih wa kaaa no chsi ni yot, grf ni ital iknktal

siau

My fte gos to ply gof [ad no to ply gofdpndig on

hs phscl codto

Trang 54

ー_ ;~つ家なら、少な三ーともl 億円}まする舎でしょう o _

Kono ie naa, sknk tomo icik-n wa suu deh

Ti hos would cot at Ies 10 milo ye.この事故で死んだ人は、多くとも1 0人ぐらいだろう。

Kono jio de shna hiωwa, ou too hyknn gua dao

The [number of faate in也isaciet was 10 pepe at most

Trang 55

Anohiωnr don koo ga ar tomo,抑留'made gabr dao

No matr what hapn, he [i anoe wl stc it ou to th

bte en

明日は雪が降ろうとも、行くつもりだ。

Aht wa yk ga戸r如mo,iu tsmr da

Even if it shud snow tomorrow, 1 itn to go

持5Inth form tm ar(on伊“ofal-epe (tig)"

Td-aw仏 側 , oeiaa ii如mowaruiωmoieaωie maht.Tada sad tht he coud' sa whte th movie was good or

bd / Tada sad tht it was had to sa whte th movie was

, good or ba.その値段は、高いとも安いとも言えませんね。

Sn,ndn wa, tki tomo yau tomo ieae nι

I' had to sa whte th prc is hih or lo

7 At th end of a snec, ad deiiees to a pstv sttment“ined, crany, o coreプ

-この本を借りていいですか。

いいとも。

Kono ho 0 krt ii d匂uka

Itm.May1 borrow血isbok

Crany

Trang 57

NR 1 '

い。

Iu dano ikni danoωiaa de, dciak ni kiee kuaa

So saig血atyou wil go, 叩dthn tht you wnt 80 make

up yor mind one way or th ote.オーストラリアは、今寒いだの、 暑いだのと雷う人がいて、どちらなのかわかりません。

Trang 58

Dk ni de mo, di nai sh nai modi wa ar deh.Tee ar problems everywhere-some bi, some sml / Eeyone ha problems, wehr thy be bi or sml

Ncかδbini sht wa, dpt ga sut ims ne

Fr a Sunday, te deatet strs ar no veycodd

Trang 59

“You ca' fih on an empty stmc, pol of ol sad

b In th form ・tewa koau:“teewl be prbes if you

1 cno rean siet abu出isprbe

Ano hio wa shsi dooo no haah ja naue, maru detna

Ftu wa icijkn gua kaau ga, kn wa mih ga kod it,

iiゴiandooo ka saてjknmo kaat

Odnrl it tae an hour, bt yetra th rod wee socrowded由a,f釘omone hour, i tok the

M 4 1

Trang 61

Kk made)ωt・ndeu kaa, oai made yau yoi hoa na deh

Sne we've done ths much, tee is nothing ele to do but fiih

it / Sne wev come出isfa, w'l jut have to fiihit

Tie da kaa, dni ga tsk made mat Ir yol hoani

Bcue it power falr, tee is nohn estdo but wat ti

te elcrct comes on / Sne thr'been a power ouae,

w'l simply hae to wat uni th elcrctcomes on

Trang 63

百lr釘emany setneedn patceiJpns Used

com-monly ite spoken lagae, tee patce, aog wih th

tn of vociwhich thy ar used, hl convey emtoa

nuances,o食enwihu aculy aleigiany way th exlct

cnet of th setne e., oea shms, oaa shms ne

and oea shms yoae al siiar白 血at由eyexrs a rqet,

bt ar so食enedor emhszs by th appended patce Fute

-more, cran setneedn patce ar used predominantly

by men, ohr by women Some patce hae both en-fsn

tne and mi-etne usgs, such as K'k, kramaden,

Dkrb zei ongi shms ne

NB 1

I posbe, pe泡sebe su四 to[d it / Ifyou would [d tht, I'd

srl aprcae it必ず手紙を下さいね。

Y ou bruh me出atbook,d白'tyou [a 1 akdyou tl / 1 sup

-ps you brought tht book fo me

Trang 64

Kyo wa ki'oi deu yo

Today is Frdy, you knw (Sae, fr exml, atr someone

hs clie otews

Trang 68

Aaa no ie wa doo dat-k.Now, wee wa yoros?I Whee di you sayu hos wa?

2 Iniae tht th spae is reebrn some也ig合om

te ditn patこの辺に学校があったつけ。

Kono he ni gak ga atake

Dd' thr usd tobe a sho訂oundhee? 1 se to reebr

出atthr wa a sho arud heeあの人とよく酒を飲んだっけ。

Anohiωt you sae0 nna・ke

Bc in th ol das 1 ue to go合加knga 1 wihhm11

remem-br gon drnig wih him qut a bt

Trang 69

Im teln you血atyoucan't do itu1es you us th coptr

/ Youwon't ge anywhere u1es you us th computer, Id sy

ー rIdcts an exue, a dsaifcih, onf ds詑"tobeinugd

or pampered Used by woman

a Reason or exue

あの映画は面白くないんですもの。だから、行かなかったのよ。

Ano eia wa omsiou na- deu moo Da kaa, iaaat

ny

Tha movie is s泊 中lyto boigThats why 1 dd' go

Trang 70

Srsr kag0 hjmr zo

Lets gt th metn under wa

Trang 71

14 MONOKA

今度そんなことしたら、絶対に許さないぞ。

Iyu do出atagi, Im no gon to le you ge away wih it / I

you do antig lie tht agi, yur gon to pay fo it

もう少し待っていたら、雨がやんだろうに。

Mo ~ukoshi mteitar~ ame gaya!dran~ ~

Dsie th fat tht if we had watd a lt logr, te ranmight hae stpe [w dint wat / I ony we had watd a

lt logr, te ra泊mighthae le up

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