Untitled TRƯỜNG TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG LÊ TRUNG KIÊN TỔ NGOẠI NGỮ CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI THPT Giáo viên Nguyễn Phước Diệu Hằng CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1 THÌ VÀ SỰ PHỐI HỢP CÁC THÌ A CÁC THÌ HIỆN TẠI Prese[.]
TRƯỜNG TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG LÊ TRUNG KIÊN TỔ NGOẠI NGỮ - CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI THPT Giáo viên: Nguyễn Phước Diệu Hằng CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1: THÌ VÀ SỰ PHỐI HỢP CÁC THÌ A CÁC THÌ HIỆN TẠI Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Hành động xảy khứ, để lại kết rõ ràng Ex1: She has been painting her room (It smells of paint) Ex2: I feel tired I have been running for nearly three hours Hành động xảy khứ, kéo dài đến (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục / kéo dài hành động) Ex: She’s been waiting for two hours but there’s still no sign of him Hành động gây phiền hà ngạc nhiên Ex: What have you been doing to my computer? Thói quen, trạng thái lâu dài Ex: Peter works for ACB bank Hành động định sẵn cho tương lai (thời gian biểu, chương trình, …) Ex: The train leaves at 4:30 so we need to hurry up Quy luật tự nhiên, thật, dẫn mang tính khoa học Ex: Water boils 212oF Văn phong mô tả / kể chuyện / tường thuật việc xảy sách phim ảnh / tiêu đề báo chí Ex1: The lights go out and the figure tears out of the villa Ex2: At the end of the film, the father and the son forgive each other Hành động lặp lặp Hành động vừa lại (gây phiền) đặc biệt sử hoàn tất dụng trạng từ: Ex: She has just painted always, forever, her room Hành động bắt đầu constantly Ex: You’re always khứ, diễn leaving the cap off the đến tại, để lại kết toothpaste Hành động diễn Exq: He has written lúc nói, khoảng thời books gian thời Ex2: She has lost the key, Ex: They’re hunting for a so she has to stay flat outdoors Kế hoạch xác định Hành động, trải tương lai gần nghiệm khứ Ex: They’re going on an không rõ thời gian excursion tomorrow Ex: I have been to Berlin Xu hướng phát triển twice đương thời Hành động lặp lặp Ex: Oil prices are rising lại tiếp diễn at present Ex: He has worked as a Hành động khác với teacher for years (He thói quen thường ngày is still a teacher.) Ex: He usually wears black shoes but today he’s wearing brown ones Time expressions Always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, in the morning, on Mondays … Now, at present, at the Since, yet, for, already, since, for, how long, lately, moment, these days, still, just, ever, so far, recently, recently, … today, tonight, always, lately, still, how long … continually, constantly … Notes: Stative verbs (Tĩnh động từ): Chỉ trạng thái không chia tiếp diễn - Senses: see, hear, smell, feel, taste - Thinking / mental: think, agree, believe, consider, doubt, expect, feel (think) … - Emotion and feeling: feel, forgive, hate, love, loathe, like, dislike, mind, wish … - Others: appear / seem, have (possess), be, belong, keep (continue), matter, owe, possess, own … Compare the form of words in the sentences below* I’m seeing my doctor Do you see those birds? Be quiet! I’m thinking I think you are wrong We were having a good time at the party Now, we have an appartment at the riverside HAVE BEEN TO / HAVE BEEN IN / HAVE GONE TO He has been to Berlin (He has gone and come back) He has gone to Berlin (He hasn’t come back yet) He has been in Berlin for a year (He lives there) B CÁC THÌ TƯƠNG LAI Will / shall dự đốn (khơng cứ), đề nghị giúp đỡ đó, đề nghị lịch sự, lời hứa, đề xuất Ex1: Perhaps, it will rain Ex2: Will you help me with the dishes? định chỗ (onthe-spot) Ex: A: “Your clothes are dirty.” B: “Are they? I’ll wash them.” ý kiến, hy vọng, nỗi sợ, đặc biệt sử dụng với think, expect, fear, hope, suppose … Ex: I think he’ll pass the test Be going to dự định Ex: I know my clothes are dirty I’m going to wash them tomorrow hành động có kế hoạch trước Ex: She’s going to take her driving test next month hành động tương lai tiên đốn trước (kết điều gì) Ex: He doesn’t know how to light a fire He’s going to burn himself việc xảy có Ex: She’s going to have baby (Her belly is already big.) Future continuous hành động diễn thời điểm xác định tương lai Ex: I’ll be flying to Paris this time tomorrow Suy luận logic hành động thời điểm Ex: He will be sleeping now (It’s midnight.) Hành động có kế hoạch từ trước (dùng thay HTTD) Ex: I’ll be seeing Sam tonight Would you like me to tell him the news? Future perfect hành động hoàn tất trước thời điểm định tương lai, thường dùng với before, by, by then, by the time, until / til Ex: By the end of July, he will have been in Athens for two months suy luận logic hành động Ex: He will have gone to sleep by now Future perfect continuous Hành động diễn đến thời điểm tương lai (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục), thường dùng với by, for Notes: by / before dùng với Future perfect Time expressions Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, câu khẳng định, until câu phủ định next week/month/year, in a week/month/year… Ex1: She will have cleaned the house by oclock Ex2: She won’t have cleaned the house until oclock OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE Be + to infinitive: future plans, instructions Ex1: The meeting is to take place on Wednesday Ex2: You are not to leave the premises until 17:00 Be about + to infinitive / Be on the point of + gerund: immediate future (tương lai tức thì) Ex1: They are about to leave (The taxi is coming to pick them up.) Ex2: We are on the point of finalizing the exam paper (in minutes) C CÁC THÌ QUÁ KHỨ Past simple Hành động xảy kết thúc khứ Ex: She left the room one hour ago Thói quen khứ Ex: He traveled / used to travel a lot when he was young Chuỗi hành động ngắn, liên tiếp Ex: She stood up, picked up her briefcase and left the office Hành động khứ không lặp lại Ex: Marilyn Monroe starred in “The Seven Year Itch” Yesterday, then, ago How long ago …? Last night/week/month Past continuous Hành động tiếp diễn thời điểm xác định khứ Ex: She was still working at oclock yesterday evening Hành động xảy hành động khác chen ngang Ex: She was leaving when the phone rang Các hành động diễn song song Ex: While Jane was getting dressed, Tom was enjoying his coffee Yêu cầu lịch Ex: I was wondering if you could help me Past perfect Hành động xảy trước hành động khác khứ Ex: She had already typed all the letters before her boss arrived Hành động xảy trước thời điểm xác định khứ Ex: Maria had gone to sleep by p.m last night Time expressions While, when, as, all Before/by the time, morning/evening/day/night… after, already, just, for … USED TO / GET USED TO / WOULD Used to + to inf: Thói quen khứ He used to work till late at night This theatre used to be school Would + bare inf: hành động lặp lặp lại / lề thói khứ When I was at my grandparents’ cottage, I used to get up early and go for a ride Be / get used to + gerund: thói quen She isn’t used to driving on the left I haven’t got used to living abroad yet Past perfect continuous Hành động kéo dài đến diễn hành động khác khứ Ex: She had been cooking all day long when Tom came home with some fish and chips Hành động để lại kết rõ ràng khứ Ex: She was covered in paint because she had been painting her room For, how long, before, until… LƯU Ý KHI LÀM BÀI TẬP PHẦN THÌ (THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES) Các công thức Simple / Indefinite (đơn) Present (hiện tại) Past (quá khứ) Future (tương lai) S + V (s/es) Continuous / Progressive (tiếp diễn) S + am/is/are + V-ing Perfect (hoàn thành) S + have/has + pp (ed/ cột 3) Perfect continuous (hoàn thành tiếp diễn) S + have/has + been + V-ing I play She plays Lina brushes her hair I am playing She is playing Lina is brushing her hair I have played She has played Lina has brushed her hair I have been playing She has been playing Lina has been brushing her hair S + V (ed / cột 2) S + were / was + V-ing S + had + pp (ed/ cột 3) S + had been + V-ing I played They played I was playing They were playing I had played They had played I had been playing They had been playing S + will / shall + V (bare) S + will/shall + be + V-ing S + will/shall + have + pp (ed/ cột 3) S + will/shall + have been + V-ing I will play Tom will write I will be playing Tom will be writing S+ SUGGEST/ PROPOSAL/ PROPOSE It is / was + essential/important/necessary … I will have played Tom will have written I will have been playing Tom will have been writing + that + S + V (bare inf)/ should + V(bare inf) + that + S + V (bare inf)/ should + V(bare inf) The first time / the last time + S1 + V2 + S2 + V2 / V (was / were + V-ing) # This is / It is the first/second… time + S + have / has + pp (ed/ cột 3) This was / It was the first/second… time + S + had + pp (ed/ cột 3) Sự phối hợp động từ mệnh đề mệnh đề phụ (sau THAT) Main clause (MĐ chính) Simple present Simple past Present perfect Past perfect People have said that London has fog He says he was born in 1980 Subordinate clause (MĐ phụ) - Simple present - Present perfect - Present continuous - Simple future/ Near future - Simple past (có thời gian xác định khứ) - Simple past - Past perfect - Past continuous - Would/ was / were+ going to + V bare - Simple present (diễn tả chân lý) - Simple present - Simple past Mary said that she was cooking them Tom says he will visit me again Sự phối hợp động từ MĐ MĐ trạng ngữ thời gian (adverbial clause of time) * Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian thường bắt đầu với từ nối sau: - when / as / if: / - as soon as: sau - as long as: chừng - just as: - until/ till: - since: kể từ - while: - whenever: - before / by the time: trước - after: sau - no sooner … than … vừa … … - hardly / scarely / hardly / barely … when … vừa … … He had no sooner closed the door than the wind blew off the roof No sooner had he closed the door than the wind blew off the roof S + have / has + pp (have / has + been + V-ing) + SINCE + S + V (ed / cột 2) You have been studying / have studied English since you came here Main clause Adverbial clause of time Present tenses - Present tenses Past tenses - Past tenses Future tenses - Present tenses (Present perfect) You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises I often drink coffee while I am watching TV Please wait here until I come back He never goes home before he has finished his work It was raining hard when I got there I had just come when you called BẢNG TĨM TẮT SỰ PHỐI HỢP CÁC THÌ BẰNG LIÊN TỪ S + am/is/are + V-ing S + V-ed / V2 S + was / were + V-ing S + V (s/es) S + had + pp S + had + pp WHILE / WHEN WHEN WHEN BEFORE S + will / shall + have + pp S + V(s/es) S + will / shall + Vo S + V-ed / V2 S + will / shall + have + pp S + had + pp S + have / has + pp S + will / shall + Vo BEFORE BEFORE AFTER AFTER BY THE TIME BY THE TIME SINCE AS SOON AS S + V-ed / V2 AS SOON AS S + will / shall + Vo S + will / shall + Vo S + V-ed / V2 S + V-ed / V2 S + V(s/es) S + V-ed / V2 UNTIL / TILL UNTIL / TILL UNTIL / TILL UNTIL / TILL WHEN WHENEVER EVERY TIME AS LONG AS SO LONG AS AS LONG AS (PROVIDED THAT) S + will / shall + Vo S + can + Vo AS LONG AS SO LONG AS BECAUSE / AS / SINCE S + V-ed / V2 S + say / believe / assume / suppose / THAT hope THAT S + have / has + pp S + said / believed / assumed / supposed / THAT rumoured / reported / alleged / found … S + V-ed / V2 S + will / shall + Vo S + would / could / might S + would / could / might + have + pp S + have / has + pp S + am / is / are + V-ing S + was / were + V-ing S + will/ shall + have + pp S + had + pp S + am/is/are + V-ing S + was / were + V-ing S + was / were + V-ing S + am/is/are + V-ing S + V-ed / V2 S + V-ed / V2 Thời gian khứ S + V(s/es) S + have / has + pp S + V(s/es) / S + have / has + pp S + had + pp S + V(s/es) S + V-ed / V2 S + V-ed / V2 S + V(s/es) S + have/has + pp S + had + pp S + V-ed / V2 S + have / has + pp S + V(s/es) S + had + pp S + V-ed / V2 S + V(s/es) S + V-ed / V2 S + V(s/es) S + V(s/es) S + was / were + V-ing S + had + pp S + will / shall + Vo S + V (s/es) S + would + Vo S + V2 S + had + pp S + V (s/es) (điều đúng) IF / UNLESS S + V (s/es) IF / UNLESS S + V2 IF / UNLESS S + had + pp UNTIL NOW UP TO NOW YET RECENTLY LATELY JUST IN RECENT YEARS SO FAR in THE PAST FEW YEARS AT THE MOMENT AT PRESENT NOW FOR THE TIME BEING AT + thời điểm xác định khứ AT THIS TIME + thời điểm xác định khứ BY / PRIOR TO + thời điểm xác định tương lai BY / PRIOR TO + thời điểm xác định khứ CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2: SỰ HÒA HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ ĐỘNG TỪ Nếu chủ ngữ nối “and” diễn tả ý chung động từ chia số Example: Bread and butter is my favorite food Nếu chủ ngữ nối với “or”, “nor”, “neither … nor”, “either …or”, “not only …but also” động từ chia theo chủ ngữ gần Example: It is you or I who am to go Neither John nor his friends have seen this movie before Các chủ ngữ nối với bẳng “and” có “every, each, many” động từ chia số Example: Each boy and each girl has their own story Trường hợp đồng chủ ngữ, danh từ nối với “as well as”, “no less than”, “together with”, “along with”, “accompanied by” động từ chia theo chủ ngữ Example: Mr Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is leaving tonight None of, any of dùng động từ số số nhiều, tùy thuộc vào danh từ sau danh từ đếm hay không đếm Example: None of my friends lives near my house One of, each of, every of, either of động từ chia số Example: One of my family’s members is going to Singapore nest month The number + N: Động từ chia số (với ý nghĩa Số lượng những…….) A number +N: Động từ chia số nhiều (với ý nghĩa Một số những…….) Example: The number of bears decreases day by day A number of books in this library are really big Những chủ ngữ danh từ phận (glasses, pants, trousers, scissors,…) động từ ln chia số nhiều Example: Her glassses are really nice Những danh từ quốc tịch động từ ln chia số nhiều Example: Vietnamese always want to spend their time with family in Tet Holiday 10 Những chủ ngữ có “s” ý nghĩa số động từ chia số Example: – News, Mathematics, Physics, Economics, Politics, Statistics, Electronics, Linguistics, Electronics, … – Measles, Mumps, Rabises, Diabetes, Rickets, … – Atheletics, Aerobics, … 11 Chủ ngữ danh từ tập hợp (family, class, school, group, team, government …) động từ chia số tổng thể, động từ chia số nhiều nhấn vào cá nhân tổng Example: My family opens a coffee shop (Cả nhà mở tiệm coffee.) My family open a coffee shop (Mỗi người gia đình mở tiệm coffee.) 12 Khi tính từ dùng danh từ (để tập hợp) động từ ln chia số nhiều Example: The vulnerable are really poor (Những người khốn khổ thực nghèo.) 13 People, the police, the human race, man (lồi người) động từ ln chia số nhiều 14 Các từ lường, tiền bạc, thời gian số đơn động từ ln chia số Example: hours of sleeping is enough 15 Nếu sử dụng chủ ngữ giả “It” động từ chia theo chủ ngữ Example: It is her dogs that often bite people 16 Khi chủ ngữ To + infinitive/V-ing/Mệnh đề danh từ/Tựa đề động từ số Example: To jog/ Jogging everyday is good for your health./ What he said wasn’t true./ That you get high mark in school is very good./ “Tom and Jerry” is my son’s favourite cartoon 17 Chủ ngữ hai danh từ nối of: chia theo danh từ phía trước danh từ phía trước none, some, all, most, majority, enough, minority, half, phân số … lại phải chia theo danh từ phía sau.\ – The study of how living things work is called philosophy – Some of the students are late for class - Two-fifths of the rice is ruined 18 Use singular or plural verbs for subjects plural in form but plural or singular in meaning depending on the context: “The economics of the situation are complicated,” but “Economics is a complicated topic.” 19 Use plural verbs in constructions of the form “one of those (blank) who ” “I am one of those eccentrics who not tweet.” 20 Use singular verbs in constructions of the form “the only one of those (blank) who ” “I am the only one of my friends who does not tweet.” 21 Use singular verbs in construction of the forms “every (blank) ” and “many a (blank) ” “Every good boy does fine”; “Many a true word is spoken in jest.” 22 "population" có nghĩa "dân số" dùng động từ số Nếu có nghĩa "số người" dùng động từ số nhiều The population of China is larger than that of Japan One third of the population here are workers 23 Trong câu đảo, động từ thống với chủ ngữ phía sau Ví dụ mở đầu "here, there" "be" thống với số chủ ngữ phía sau There is a dog near the door Here comes the bus 24 A LOT OF/LOTS OF A LOT OF/LOTS OF + N (số nhiều) + V (số nhiều) A LOT OF/LOTS OF + N (số ít) + V (số ít) A LOT OF/LOTS OF + đại từ + V (chia theo đại từ) A lot of effort is needed to finish this project on time Lots of us don’t want to go to school today A lot of time is needed to learn a language Lots of us think it is time for an election 25 PLENTY OF PLENTY OF + N (đếm số nhiều) + V (số nhiều) PLENTY OF + N (khơng đếm được) + V (số ít) There is plenty of time Plenty of shops accept credit cards Don’t rush, there’s plenty of time 26 A LARGE AMOUNT OF, A GREAT DEAL OF A LARGE AMOUNT OF + N (không đếm được) + V (số ít) A GREAT DEAL OF + N (khơng đếm ) + V (số ít) There’s a great deal of truth in what he said She has spent a great deal of time in Europe If you go to Heathrow at the moment with a lot of hand baggages, you will end up with a great deal of trouble Rule (Quy tắc) Tenses (Thì) Modal verbs (Động từ khuyết thiếu) Adverb of place (Trạng từ nơi chốn) Adverb of time (Trạng từ thời gian) Subject/ Object (Chủ ngữ/ tân ngữ) CHUYÊN ĐỀ 3: REPORTED SPEECH Direct speech (Trực tiếp) Reported speech (Gián tiếp) Present simple (V/ Vs/ es) Past simple (Ved) Hiện đơn Quá khứ đơn Past progressive (was/ were + Ving) Present progressive (is/ am/ are + Ving) Hiện tiếp diễn Quá khứ tiếp diễn Past perfect (had + VPII) Present perfect (have/ has + VpII) Hiện hoàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành Past simple (Ved) Past perfect (had + VpII) Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ hoàn thành Past progressive/ Past progressive (was/ were + Ving) Past perfect progressive (had + been + Ving) Quá khứ tiếp diễn Quá khứ tiếp diễn/ Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn Past perfect Past perfect Quá khứ hoàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành Future simple (will + V) Future in the past (would + V) Tương lai đơn Tương lai khứ Was/ were + going to + V Near future (is/ am/ are + going to + V) Tương lai gần Can May Must This That These Here Now Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Ago This week Last week Last night Next week I/ me We/ our You/ you Could Might Must/ Had to That That Those There Then That day The day before/ the previous day Two days before The day after/ the next (following) day Two days after/ in two days’ time Before That week The week before/ the previous week The night before The week after/ the following week She, he/ Her, him They/ them I, we/ me, us