Slide 1 FINDINGS 1 Words with two syllables * In verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions, the second syllable will be stressed if it contains a long vowel or diphthong, or it ends with more than o[.]
FINDINGS Words with two syllables * In verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions, the second syllable will be stressed if it contains a long vowel or diphthong, or it ends with more than one consonant eg: apply /+‘ASa" / attract /+‘CT$EC / alive /+‘Sa"H / divine /D"‘Ha"Q / - If the final syllable contains / +' /, a short vowel and one (or no) final consonant, the first syllable is stressed eg: borrow /‘B.T+' / enter /‘#QC+ / open /‘+'A+Q / envy /‘#QH! / * In nouns, if the second syllable contains a short vowel, the stress will usually come on the first syllable Otherwise, it will be on the second syllable eg: money /‘P)Q" / estate /"‘KC-"C / larynx /‘S$T"REK / design /D"‘La"Q / Three syllable words * In verbs, if the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, that syllable will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the preceding syllable On the other hand, that final syllable will be stressed eg: encounter /"Q‘Ea'QC+ / /D">C*P"Q / entertain /#QC+‘C-"Q / determine resurrect * In nouns, if the final syllable contains a short vowels or /+'/, it is unstressed; if the syllable preceding this final syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, that middle syllable will be stressed eg: potato /A+‘C-"C+' / mimosa /P"‘P+'L+ / disaster /D"‘L%KC+ / - If the middle syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, the first syllable is stressed eg: cinema /‘K"Q+P+ / custody /‘E)KC+D! / * If the final syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong and/or ending with more than one consonant, the stress will be placed on the first syllable eg: intellect /‘"QC+S#EC / marigold /‘P$T"F+'SD / alkali /‘$SE+Sa" / Rules of positions of English word stress • In most dissyllabic words, the stress falls on the initial syllable eg: ready / >T-D"/ mother / >P)J+ / - In dissyllabic words with a prefix which has lost its meaning, the stress falls on the second syllable eg: become /B">E)P / begin /B">F"Q / - In dissyllabic verbs ending _ate, _ise, _ize, _fy the stress falls on the last syllable eg: dictate / D"E>C-"C/ surprise / K+>ATa"L/ defy / D">Ga" / * The stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the verb before the suffixes: _ize, _fy, _ate, and the word before: _logy, _logist, _graphy, _grapher, _cracy psychology recognize / >T-E+FQa"L//Ka">E.S+DN"/ demonstrate / >D-P+QKCT-"C/ biologist qualify / >EV.S"Ga"/ /Ba">.S+DN"KC / geography /DN">.FT+G"/ * The stress falls on the second syllable from the end of the word before the following suffixes: _ian, _ience, _ient, _cient, _al , _ial, _ual, _eous, _ious, _iar eg: physician /G">L"MQ / experience /"E>KA"+T"+QK/ expedient /"E>KA!D!+QC / efficient /">G"MQC/ parental /A+>T-QCW/ essential /">K-QMS / habitual /O+>B"CM'+S/ courageous /E+>T-"DN+K / delicious /D">S"M+K/ familiar /G+>P"S!+ / * The stress falls on the final syllable formed by the suffixes: _ee, _eer, _ier, _ade, _esque The root syllable has secondary stress eg: employ /"P>AS&" / employee / ?-PAS&">! / engine / >-QDN"Q / engineer / ?-QDN">Q"+ / picture / >A"ECM+ / picturesque / ? A"ECM+>T-KE/ lemon />S-P+Q / lemonade / ?S* Stress in/ words with prefixes is governed by the P+>Q-"D/ same rules as those for words without prefixes eg: know / >Q+'Q/ >)Q>Q+'Q/ appear / +>A"+ / unknown / disappear / Compound words - Compounds combine two nouns normally have the stress on the first element eg: typewriter /‘Ca"ATa"C+ /, teacup /‘C!E)A / - Compounds have an adjectival first element and the _ed morpheme at the end; the stress is on the final element eg: bad-‘tempered heavy-‘handed - Compounds in which the first element is a number in some form also tend to have final stress eg: three-‘wheeler, five-‘finger - Compounds functioning as adverbs are usually final-stressed eg: North-‘East, down‘stream - Compounds which function as verbs and have an adverbial first element take final stress eg: down-‘grade ill-‘treat Sentence stress: • Auxiliary and modal verb, as well as the link verb to be, are stressed at the beginning of a sentence, in general and alternative question eg: >Were you ?busy last night? - When they stand for a notional verb, in short answers to general questions eg: >Have you ?seen him? - In contracted negative forms eg: He >doesn’t ?know it - The auxiliary verb to be is stressed when final and preceded by the subject which is unstressed eg: I >don’t >know where he ?was - The auxiliary verb to is stressed in emphatic sentences eg: >Do ?come I >do ?hate him * Preposition are usually stressed if they consist of two or more syllables and are followed by unstressed personal pronoun at the end of the sense-group eg: The >dog ran ?after him * Conjunctions are usually stressed if they stand at the beginning of a sentence and are followed by an unstressed word eg: >If he >drives, he may be >here at >any ? moment * When a personal pronoun is connected by the conjunction and with a noun, they are both stressed eg: >Your mother and >I will be ?busy this ?morning - When a word is repeated, the repetition is generally unstressed, because it conveys no new information eg: >How many >books have you ?got? >Two books -The word one, in good one, black one… each in each other so in so, think so, etc… on and forth in and so on, and so forth as in as well as, as bad as, as much as… are unstressed eg: I >don’t >like this green pen >Show me the >black one They >like each ?other I >think so There are some >branches of >summer sports: >swimming, andto?so on by >Mary as>fishing, >well as>hunting >Lisa goes school >bus - When the word most does not express comparison, but a high degree of a quality and is equivalent to very, extremely, it is not stressed eg: He >listened with the most pro>found at?tention -When the word most serves to form the superlative degree of an adjective, it is usually stressed, the adjective being stressed too eg: It is the >most >interesting >book I’ve >ever ?read - The word street in the names of streets is never stressed eg: >Oxford street, >Regent street - The word road, square, lane, circus, hill, garden, mountain, park… are always stressed in the names of localities eg: >Oxford >Road, >Trafalgar >Square, >Chancery >Lane, >Oxford > Circus, >Beverly >Hill, >Kensington >Gardens, the >Ural >Mountains, >Hyde >Park, etc… - The word sea and ocean are also stressed in geographical names eg: The >North >Sea, the >Black >Sea, the >Baltic >Sea, the >Atlantic >Ocean, the >Pacific >Ocean, …