LUẬN án 1

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my special appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Lê Thị Giao Chi who whole-heartedly and conscientiously led me through the whole process of my thesis She gave me timely feedback, useful advice and hearted support, especially inspiring words in exploring the field of translation Her constant encouragement together with endless formal and informal exchanges over varying stages of the research, especially her meticulous attention to details when it comes to proofreading and presenting the research results have enabled me to grow as an independent researcher and inspired me in my research work as well as in my teaching career All of these have contributed to the fruitful completion of this doctoral thesis My gratitude also extends to Assoc Prof Dr Phan Văn Hòa, Assoc Prof Dr Trần Hữu Phúc, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Văn Long, Dr Huỳnh Ngọc Mai Kha, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Assoc Prof Dr Lưu Quý Khương, Dr Ngũ Thiện Hùng, Dr Võ Thị Kim Anh, Assoc Prof Dr Trần Văn Phước, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Tất Thắng, Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn, Dr Võ Duy Đức for their precious and insightful comments in the boards of examiners at the assignments, semina and the pre-final thesis defence I would like to thank University of Foreign Language Studies, The Da Nang University and the Faculty of English for their support and assistance in my research during my years at UFLS and in the completion of my Ph.D I would like to thank the leader of Quang Nam University, Assoc Prof Dr Huynh Trong Duong for creating the best condition for my research work My thanks go to my colleagues and friends for sharing my workload and encouraging me to undertake my thesis And finally, I am indebted to my family for the love and sacrifice they have made, especially my children who are a great source of inspiration in my whole professional and personal life, and above all, the endless support and motivation that enable me to overcome all sorts of difficulty that I have encountered along the way towards fulfilment of this demanding duty iii ABSTRACT This thesis aims at investigating language of graduation, or rather intensification, in English literary discourse through the lens of translation The study builds on the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday (1985; 2004) and the linguistic theory of Appraisal developed by Martin and White (2005) with a view to examining the realisations of intensification as embodied in English literary discourse Via the lens of translation, the thesis stands on the translation models by Nida (2004), Vinay and Darbelnet (2004) and Munday (2012) to analyse the rendering of the expressions of intensification into Vietnamese as well as strategies employed in the process of translation The thesis has been conducted using qualitative methods and descriptive research with quantitative information in order to deal with problems The data collected for this research include a sample of around 2,121 expressions of intensification taken from four selected English literary works of critical realism and socialist realism in the period of mid-18th century and mid-19th century, and 400 expressions chosen with their Vietnamese translated versions for an analysis of translation The research has expanded the category of intensification into three wellprescribed sub-types with examples taken from the literary discourse, namely (i) isolating intensification; (ii) infusing intensification; and (iii) intensification via rhetorical devices This prescription can provide a detailed picture of intensification, especially the various realizations of intensification at different ranks from word level involving lexical words and non-lexical words to above-word level or ranks like groups and clauses The research helps illuminate intensification from a more functional approach rather than from that of structural linguists and grammarians Noticeably, the research has discovered the nuances of the meaning of intensification through the lens of translation When it comes to communicating across languages, the level of intensity can preserve or can be adjusted in the inclination of sliding-up or sliding-down, at the same time, the thesis has demonstrated strategies of translation used in the process of rendering the meaning of intensification into Vietnamese iv Hopefully, the thesis helps language learners and researchers get better insights into the language of intensification as graduation in this genre and apply it to learning and the practice of translation v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Questions .6 1.4 Scope of the Research 1.5 Justification for the Research 1.6 Working Definitions 1.7 Organization of the Research 10 1.8 Chapter Summary 12 Chapter Two 13 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .13 2.1 Review of Previous Studies .13 2.1.1 Appraisal .13 2.1.2 Graduation 17 2.1.3 Intensification .19 2.1.4 Intensification as Graduation and Translation 29 2.2 Theoretical Background 32 2.2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics 32 2.2.1.1 An Overview of Systemic Functional Linguistics 32 2.2.1.2 Meaning in Systemic Functional Linguistics .34 2.2.1.3 Structure and System in Systemic Functional Linguistics .36 2.2.2 Appraisal in Systemic Functional Linguistics 38 2.2.2.1 Overview 38 2.2.2.2 Appraisal in English .40 vi 2.2.2.3 Graduation in Appraisal in English .42 2.2.2.4 Scale and Gradability 45 2.2.2.5 Intensification in Appraisal in English 46 2.2.3 Intensification and Word Classes in Vietnamese .54 2.2.4 Translation and Issues in Translation 55 2.2.4.1 Defining Translation .55 2.2.4.2 Translation in Relation to Linguistic Theory .57 2.2.4.3 Meaning in Translation 59 2.2.4.4 Equivalence in Translation 60 2.2.4.5 Translation Strategies 62 2.3 Chapter Summary 64 Chapter Three 66 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 66 3.1 Research Design 66 3.2 Research Methods 67 3.2.1 Qualitative Method and Quantitative Information .68 3.2.2 Descriptive Research 69 3.3 Sampling 69 3.4 Data Collection 70 3.4.1 Data Source Description .71 3.4.2 Theoretical Framework for Data Collection .72 3.4.3 Criteria for Identifying Intensification .74 3.4.3.1 Identifying Isolating Intensification 75 3.4.3.2 Identifying Infusing Intensification .75 3.4.3.3 Identifying Intensification via Rhetorical Devices 76 3.5 Procedures for Data Collection 79 3.6 Data Analysis 80 3.6.1 Analytical Framework 81 3.6.2 Procedures for Data Analysis .82 vii 3.7 Reliability and Validity 84 3.7.1 Reliability 84 3.7.2 Validity 85 3.8 Chapter Summary 86 Chapter Four .88 LINGUISTIC REALIZATIONS OF INTENSIFICATION AS GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE 88 4.1 Intensification as Graduation Realized via Isolating Intensifiers 89 4.1.1 Preamble .89 4.1.2 Intensification via Isolating Intensifiers 89 4.1.2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities .90 4.1.2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 101 4.1.2.3 Up/Down-scaling in Modalities 104 4.1.3 Intensification via Isolating Maximisers 109 4.1.3.1 Up-scaling in Qualities 111 4.1.3.2 Up-scaling in Verbal Processes 115 4.2 Intensification as Graduation Realized via Infusing Intensifiers 118 4.2.1 Preamble 118 4.2.2 Intensification via Infusing Intensifiers 120 4.2.2.1 Up/Down-scaling in Qualities 120 4.2.2.2 Up/Down-scaling in Verbal Processes 130 4.2.2.3 Up/Down-scaling in Modalities 135 4.3 Intensification Realized via Rhetorical Devices 138 4.3.1 Intensification via Metaphors 139 4.3.2 Intensification via Simile 143 4.3.3 Intensification via Hyperbole 146 4.3.4 Intensification via Repetition 148 4.4 Discussion 152 4.5 Chapter Summary 156 viii Chapter Five 159 ISOLATING INTENSIFICATION AS GRADUATION IN ENGLISH LITERARY DISCOURSE THROUGH THE LENS OF TRANSLATION 159 5.1 Rendering of Isolating Intensification as Graduation into Vietnamese 160 5.1.1 Preserving the Level of Intensity 161 5.1.2 Up-scaling the Level of Intensity 165 5.1.3 Down-scaling the Level of Intensity 168 5.1.4 Loss of Intensity 170 5.2 Discussion 171 5.3 Chapter Summary 172 Chapter Six 175 STRATEGIES IN THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF ISOLATING INTENSIFICATION AS GRADUATION 175 6.1 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Literal Translation 176 6.1.1 Literal Translation 177 6.1.2 Literal Transposition 180 6.2 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Implicitation 183 6.3 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Explicitation 188 6.4 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Restructuring and Transposition 192 6.5 Isolating Intensification as Graduation Rendered via Modulation 194 6.6 Discussion 199 6.7 Chapter Summary 202 Chapter Seven 204 CONCLUSIONS 204 7.1 Summary 204 7.1.1 Summary of the Subject Matter under Research 204 ix 7.1.2 Summary of Key Findings 205 7.2 Implications for the Teaching and Learning of English, Translation, and for the Practice of Translating 209 7.3 Limitations of the Study 212 7.4 Suggestions for Further Research 212 REFERENCES 214 PUBLICATION LISTS 226 APPENDIX 227 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AdvP : Adverb Phrase Adj : Adjective AP : Adjective Phrase CD : Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Cl : Clause Det : Determiner Foc : Focus HIP : Hyperbole Identification Procedure Int : Intensifier Int_Max : Intensifier as Maximiser MIP : Metaphor Identification Procedure MIPVU : Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit N : Noun NP : Noun Phrase PP : Prepositional Phrase VP : Verb Phrase V : Verb VIP : Verbal Irony Procedure S : Sentence SFG : Systemic Functional Grammar SFL : Systemic Functional Linguistics Si : Simile SL : Source Language ST : Source Text TGG : Transformational Generative Grammar TT : Target Text TL : Target Language WH_E : Wuthering Heights (English) xi WH_V : Wuthering Heights (Vietnamese ‘Đỉnh gió hú’) MP_E : The Man of Property (English) MP_V : The Man of Property (Vietnamese ‘Người tư hữu’) MS_E : The Moon and Sixpence (English) MS_V : The Moon and Sixpence (Vietnamese ‘Mặt trăng đồng sáu xu’) VF_E : Vanity Fair (English) VF_V : Vanity Fair (Vietnamese ‘Hội chợ phù hoa’) - : negative + : positive 220 Martin, J R (1995c) Reading Positions/Positioning Readers: JUDGEMENT in English, Prospect: A Journal of Australian TESOL 10 (2), 27-37 Martin, J R (1996) Types of structure: deconstructing notions of constituency in clause and text In E H Hovy & D R Scott (eds), Computational and Conversational Discourse: Burning Issues - An Interdisciplinary Account (pp 39-66) Heidelberg: Springer Martin, J R (1997) Analysing Genre: Functional parameters In F Christie & J R Martin (eds.), Genres and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School, (pp 3-39) London: Cassell Martin, J R (2000a) Beyond exchange: APPRAISAL systems in English In S Hunston and G Thompson (eds.), Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse (pp 142-175) Oxford: Oxford University Press Martin, J R (2000b) Close reading: functional linguistics as a tool for critical discourse analysis In L Unsworth (Ed.), Research Language in Schools and Communities: Functional Linguistic Perspectives (pp 275-302) London: Cassell Martin, J R (2003) Introduction Text 23(2), 171-181 Martin, J R and Rose, D (2003) Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause London: Continuum Martin, J R., and Rose, D (2007) Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause Second Edition New York: Continuum Martin, J R and Plum, G (1997) Construing experience: Some story genres Journal of Narrative and Life History (1-4), 299-308 Martin, J R and White, P R R (2005) The Language of Evaluation - Appraisal in English Palgrave Macmillan Matthews, P H (2005) The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press Matthiessen, C., & Halliday, M A K (1997) Systemic Functional Grammar: A first step into the Theory London: Penguin 221 Munday, J (2012) Evaluation in Translation: Critical Points of Translator Decisionmaking London/New York: Routledge Munday, J (2001, 2008) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications London: Routledge Munday, J (2015) Engagement and Graduation resources as markers of translator/interpreter positioning In Munday, J & Zhang, M Target, Discourse Analysis in Translation Studies, 27 (3) (pp 370-386) John Benjamins Publishing Company Avaliable at doi: 10.1075/target.27.3 International Journal of Translation Studies Newmark, P (1988a) Approaches to Translation Pergamon Press Newmark, P (1988b) A TextBook of Translation London: Longman Nida, E.A (2001) Contexts in Translating Amsterdam: John Benjamins Nida, E A (1964, 2004) Principles of Correspondence In L Venuti (Ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp 126-140) Nida, E A and Taber, C R (1969, 2003) The Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: Brill O’Donnell, M (2012) Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics for Discourse Analysis Language, Function and Cognition Universidad 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(1989) Text (1) Ochs, E and Schiefflen, B (1989) Language has a heart Text (1), 7-25 Palmer, F R (1986) Mood and Modality Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Paradis, C (2000) It's well weird: Degree Modifiers of Adjectives Revisited: The Nineties In John M Kirk (Ed.) 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In A Mauranen and P Kujiamaki (eds.), 15-32 Triệu Thu Hằng (2015) A translation quality assessment on Vietnamese translation of “The Great Gatsby” by F Scott Fotzgerald Unpublished master thesis Hanoi: VNU Library and Information Center Venuti, L (ed.) (2004) The Translation Studies Reader London: Routledge Vinay, J., & Darbelnet, J (1958, 1995, 2004) A Methodology for Translation In L Venuti (ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp 84-93) Vo Duy Duc (2011) Style, Structure and Ideology in English and Vietnamese Business Hard News Reporting - A Comparative Study Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Adelaide Vo, P T (2011) The Translation of English Adverbs in Harry Potter into Vietnamese PhD Thesis Ho Chi Minh City: National University of Ho Chi Minh City White, P R R (1997) Death, disruption and the moral order: The narrative impulse in mass ‘hard news’ reporting In Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School, F Christie and J R Martin (eds.), 101-133 London: Cassell White, P R R (1998) Telling Media Tales: the News Story As Rhetoric Unpublished PhD Thesis Sydney: University of Sydney White, P R R (2000) Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging Working with dialog Malcolm Coulthard, Janet Cotterill and Frances Rock (eds), 67-80 Tubingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag White, P R R (2001) Appraisal website: www.grammatics.com/appraisal White, P R R (2002) Appraisal - the Language of Evaluation and Stance In J Verschueren, J Östman, J Blommaert, & C Bulcaen (eds.) The Handbook of Pragmatics (pp 1-23), Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins 224 White, P R R (2003) Beyond modality and hedging: A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance Text, 23 (2), 259-284 Available at doi: 10.1515/text.2003.011 Walliman, N (2011) Research Methods - The Basics London and New York: Routledge Vietnamese Diệp Quan Ban (1989) Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt phổ thông (tập2) Nhà xuất Đại học & Giáo dục phổ thông (trans General Vietnamese Grammar - Volumn Hanoi: University and General Education Press) Đinh Văn Đức (1986) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (từ loại) Nhà xuất Đại học & Trung học chuyên nghiệp (trans Vietnamese Grammar - Word Classes Hanoi: University and Professional High School Press) Hồng Phê (1984) Tốn tử logic-tình thái Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ số Viện Ngơn ngữ (trans Modality Operators Language Magazine (4) Hanoi: Lingistic Institution) Hoàng Phê (2016) Từ điển tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Hồng Đức (trans Vietnamese Dictionary Hanoi: Hong Duc Press) Hữu Quỳnh (1980) Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt đại Nhà xuất Giáo dục (trans Modern Vietnamese Grammar Hanoi: Education) Lê Biên (1993) Từ Vựng Tiếng Việt đại Nhà xuất Đại học Sư phạm Hà nội (trans Modern Vietnamese Vocabulary Hanoi: Ha noi Education University 1) Lê Hùng Tiến (2001) Phê bình đánh giá dịch thuật Anh-Việt, http://tainguyenso.vn.edu.vn/jspui/handle/123456789/24031, pp, 237-247 (trans Criticism and Assessment on English - Vietnamese translation) Lê Hùng Tiến (2008) Lý thuyết thực tiễn dịch thuật Anh-Việt: số vấn đề lý luận phương pháp Thông tin khoa học số 4-2008 Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội (trans Theory and Practice in English - Vietnamese Translation: some basic theoretical issues and methods Scientific Information (8) Hanoi: Vietnam National University Press) Lê Hùng Tiến (2015) Mơ hình đánh giá dịch thuật tác phẩm văn học Anh-Việt Kỷ yếu hội thảo khu vực “Nghiên cứu liên ngành ngôn ngữ học giảng dạy ngôn ngữ Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ Huế (trans models of Translation Assessment on English 225 - Vietnamese Translation of literary works The regional conference preceedings on interdisciplinary research of linguistics and language teaching University of Foreign Languages - Hue University ) Lê Hùng Tiến (2018) Phê bình đánh giá Dịch thuật - Một số vấn đề lý luận thực tiễn dịch thuật Anh - Việt Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội (trans Criticism and Translation Quality Assessment on English - Vietnamese Translation Hanoi: Vietnam National University Press) Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988) Hư từ Tiếng Việt đại Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội (trans Modern Vietnamese Particles Hanoi: Social and Science Press) Nguyễn Minh Thuyết & Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (1998) Thành phần câu Tiếng Việt Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội (trans Vietnamese Sentence Elements Hanoi: Hanoi National University Press) Phạm Hùng Việt (2003) Trợ từ Tiếng Việt đại Nhà xuất Khoa học Xã hội (trans Modern Vietnamese Particles Hanoi: Social and Science Press) SOURCES OF DATA Brontë, E J (1947) Wuthering Heights London: Thomas Cautley Newby Galsworthy, J (1906) The Man of Property Moscow: Progress Press Maugham, W S (1919) The Moon and Sixpence Portsmouth: Heinemann Thackeray, W M (1847) Vanity Fair London: Punch Vietnamese Versions Hoàng Túy & Cảnh Lâm (1986) Người Tư hữu Nhà xuất Văn học Nguyễn Thành Thống (1987) Mặt trăng đồng sáu xu Nhà xuất Phú Khánh Nguyễn Vân Hà (2018) Đỉnh gió hú Nhà xuất Văn học Trần Kiệm (2006) Hội chợ phù hoa Nhà xuất Văn học 226 PUBLICATION LISTS Le Thi Giao Chi, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Investigating Infusing intensifiers in English literary discourse and shifts in their Vietnamese Translation Journal of Language and Life, (285), 57-66 ISSN 0868-3409 Luu Quy Khuong, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Chafe’s Semantic Structure Processes Versus Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar Processes IJSFL International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 1(2), 57-66 E-ISSN 26144255; ISSN 2614-4247 Published June 17, 2019 from https://www.ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijsfl/article/view/1075 Doan Phan Anh Truc (2019) Strategies for Translating English isolating intensifiers from Wuthering Heights by Bronté into Vietnamese Quang Nam University Journal of Science 19, 115-126; ISSN 0866-7586 Le Thi Giao Chi, Doan Phan Anh Truc (2021) Isolating Intensifiers in Verbal Processes Found in English Literary Discourse IJSFL - International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 3(2), 90-97 E-ISSN 2614-4255; ISSN 2614-4247 Published July 13, 2021 from https://www.ejournal.warmadewa.ac.id/index.php/ijsfl/article/view/1075 Doan Phan Anh Truc (2021) Intensification via Rhetorical Devices in English Literary Discourse Kỷ yếu Hội thảo Khoa học Quốc gia Nghiên cứu giảng dạy Ngoại ngữ, ngôn ngữ quốc tế học Việt Nam Nhà xuất Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội 227 APPENDIX APPENDIX - ISOLATING INTENSIFICATION IN QUALITIES MAN OF PROPERTY rather distinguished to be found down there; his slightly curved and fattish nose; fairly shaken; very distressing to me rather a nice point (DOWN-SCALING), rather a poor thing, rather a square build, rather a good-looking fellow, a very warm man, a very pleasant sense of her extreme value, very satisfactory day, a very beautiful figure, very low water, certainly quite a feeling for Nature PRENP rather tall, rather contemptuous, rather transparent, rather bald, rather short-sighted, rather high, rather dangerous, rather risky, rather high, rather deaf, rather nice, somewhat pale, somewhat upset, a bit thick, very haughty, very glad, very shaky, very artistic, very clever, very pale, very vexed, very silent, very sorry, very lonely, very well2, very queer4, very artistic, very poor, very white, very late, very blank, very strange, very wrong, very vague, very naked, very intriguee, very old, very bland, very sound, very original, very white, very chic , very sorry, very amusing, very indifferent, very extreme, very faint, evidently very wrong, very quick, so very plain, very pretty, very strange, very artistic, very good, very hard up2, so very thick, very deaf, very high rather strong words, much rather doubtful praise of this house, a rather sardonic mask, a rather deplorable sign, slightly confuse things, a somewhat military look to his face, somewhat luxurious taste (D-SCL), somewhat mysterious awe (D-SCL), in a somewhat low, but distinct voice (D-SCL), a very talented architect (U-SCL), a very sweet look, very charming little house, very lame excuses, very distant traffic, very good designs, very pooty little cellar, a very nice wine, a very charming woman, very queer eyes, very large bow ties, the very same thing, a very different sense of injury, very good care, very small beer, a very considerable income, a very considerable income, a very white face, a very good husband, very hot blood, very nice point, very nice one, a very fair price, a very talented architect, a very clear proposition, very wan in his great armchair, very thin lavender kid gloves smelling strongly of Russia leather somewhat difficult to fit, very clever of her, very different from the other, very well in myself, very extraordinary to Soames, very dear about there, very nice for dear June, very good of dear Soames, very red in the face, very well for people, very fond of you, very close to the architect, very dreadful for him, very alarming in her attitude towards his news, very fond of Jo, a bit puffy about the gills, rather fond of Frances–Francie very comfortably, very plainly, very upright, very sadly, very far, very well dressed, very slowly, very naturally, very slowly, very heavily, very well6, very low2, very poorly, very likely, very still, very well versed in irony, somewhat confidently, rather greedily PREADJ PREP.PART a bit–a bit up in the air 10 59 PREADJ IN NP 36 PREADJ +PP 17 PREADV 24 PREPP VANITY FAIR 10 rather flushed from the dining-room; very trifling merits; very trifling stupid talk; very pleasing leer; fairly ensconced in her usual armchair in the drawing-room; a very hurried and discomfited manner; a very hesitating humble manner now PREP.PART (IN NP) rather a dubious and timid air; rather a rare accomplishment; rather an absurd constrained manner; very good; rather shabby; very large, odd, and attractive; very kind and good; very rich3; very handsome; rather loud; very red, very modest; very quiet; very good; rather dark; very witty; very brilliant; very cool; very nervous; so very timid and quiet; very big and mighty; very terrible; very good; very close; very mild; very successful; very happy; very earnest; very wealthy; rather more interesting, very apoplectic, very clever2; very gracious and good; very happy; very dismal; very ill; very wise; very obliging; very kind; very pretty and white; very kind, very affectionate and affected; very miserable; very sweet; very melancholy; very softhearted; very pale; very haggard and pale; very anxious; very pale; very pale and grave; very NP ADJ 78 228 11 12 13 14 serious; very romantic; very dirty, and friendly, and happy; very strong; very plain; very respectful; very mute; very wicked and selfish; very confused and silent; very welcome; very stupid; very true; very high; very fat; very bad; very long; very different; very good; very great; rather ridiculous; pretty simple; pretty clear; pretty good; pretty similar; pretty comfortable; pretty clear; pretty transparent a very small and weather-beaten old cow's- skin trunk; a very unconcerned manner; a very frigid smile and bow; a very agitated countenance; very amiable motives for religious gratitude; a very large income; a very stout, puffy man; a very beautiful pair of braces; a very handsome man; a very fine man; very high-flown and ingenious novels; very big words; a very high popularity among the Swishtail youth; a very mild one; a very important one too; a very considerable number of persons in the Russell Square world; very good fun for Dobbin; a very foolish vain fellow, a very painful; very genteel connexions; a very stingy; rather unsteady in his gait; a very vain, wicked, foolish place, full of all sorts of humbugs and falsenesses and pretensions; a very polite and proper gentleman; a very reserved and polite manner; very considerable influence and competency; a very clever woman, a very large young dandy, very twinkling eyes, very low ebb in the county of Hants; a very low curtsey; a very great compliment to a woman; fairly interested in the war until the abdication of the Emperor; very little will; a very short one; very pretty company; a very frank and unreserved manner; a very agreeable acquaintance; a very happy and submissive married man; very good blood and fashion in this city; a very kind old man; very famous events and personages; very remarkable obligations to another; pretty comfortable in their minds, a very bad character indeed; very small account; a very humble way in the New Road; a very considerable doubt; a very warm; a very nice young man, very deep bass, very worthy practitioner in Vanity Fair; a very old attachment; a very brave champion in you; very grave news; very good friend; a very shabby dividend; a very hearty appetite; a very early hour in the morning; a very supercilious manner; very hot weather; a very large, very numerous family, a very timid sort; a very large; a very good sport, very thin insig-nificant little chits of ten and eight years old; a very vain, wicked, foolish place; a very stingy, avaricious person; slightly sarcastic, air; a slightly imperious air and patronizing manner; a pretty comfortable unromantic sort of existence in the down and the straw; pretty treachery truth; pretty accurate news; very proud of her wit; very kind to me as a child; very happy to see you; very bad in Bengal; rather ashamed of his champion; very cruel of you to laugh; very unkind to him; rather fond of books; very generous of his money; very red in the face; very fond of each other's society; very fond of Amelia; very handsome for Amelia; very good of you to inquire; very kind of you to come and see us; very unwell after the sudden family event; very glad to see you; very happy to see her ladyship; always very cold to me; very kind to her here; very different to that look of sentimental wonder; very happy to see the Captain immediately; very hard in Mr Chopper's face; very eager to get to London; very kind to her; pretty easy about his adversary in the encounter; pretty well to do; pretty stout at breakfast-time; quite different, pretty sure of beating his enemy thoroughly before the night was over; rather suddenly; very graciously; very modestly behind them; rather wistfully; very ruefully at her friend; very well; rather dubiously; very eagerly; very handsomely dressed in a court suit; very heavily; very kindly in one of his several great coats; very well; very slow for the last two stages on the road; very well know; very lightly about divorce; very soon; very demurely; very readily; very well; very likely; very satisfactorily; very pleasantly; very like coldness towards her; very prudently; very often; very late from the City; very far indeed; very palely and calmly; very quietly; very best to serve him; very strongly; very well, very unwell; very well; very smartly dressed; very well; very keenly; very low; very humbly; very generously; very early in the morning; very early the next morning; very warmly; very wisely; very surlily; very warmly; very carefully; very suddenly; very well; pretty gaily; pretty well; pretty cheerfully; pretty frequently; pretty easily; pretty correctly; pretty cheerfully in smoking; pretty nearly opposite to the Earl of Bareacres very like a sigh out of his big chest; very like moisture glistening in his eyes ADJ IN NP ADJ +PP (PP=toinf) 74 30 ADV 57 PP DINH GIO HU 15 rather disposed to defer the sequel of her narrative my-self; so very frightened; rather inclined 16 rather a rough mess; rather a triumphant tone PREP.PART (IN NP) NP 229 17 18 19 20 21 an old man: very old; very fair; rather golden; very well2, and very hand-some; not very happy; rather severe sometimes; rather thin (D-SCL); very black (U-SCL); very unhappy (USCL); very strange; very grateful; very likely2; rather exasperating, very uncomfortable; very, very sad; very precarious; very wrong; very languid; very flattering; very pretty and very silly; very contrite; very kind; very snappish; very bad breeding; very delicate; very unwell; very hard; very likely; very ill3; very stiff; very young; rather sallower: very wicked; very quiet; very kind; very dull; very mean and malignant; very careful; very wet; very soon a fit of coughing took her a very slight one; a very agreeable portrait (U-SCL), rather expensive material, a very unlikely hour to be troubling people; a very naughty look; very worthless trash to me; very idle curiosity fairly mad at him (U-SCL); very sad for Hind-ley’s sake (U-SCL); very queer to think it; very capable of being as obstinate as you; very prejudicial to Mrs Linton; rather more anxious about me; very kind to him; fairly lord of their estates; very sensitive to suspected slights; very naughty to dare to repeat what he says; very happy with my little Cathy; rather slovenly; very conveniently; very low (D-SCL); very quick; very far ; rather too indulgent in humouring her caprices; very uncertainly; very plain; so very reluctantly; rather unwillingly; very late; very stealthily; very punctually; rather contemptuously; a bit late in the evening; a bit further; a bit farther back; somewhat later than usual; pretty sharply, very well fairly in; ADJ 47 ADJ IN NP ADJ +PP (PP=toinf) ADV 11 20 PP MOON-SIXPENCE 22 rather ill-cut bread-and-butter, somewhat embarrassed, slightly outraged at his lack of spirit 23 somewhat the idea; rather an advantage; rather a compliment; 24 rather tall and plump; rather sallow; rather uncomfortable; slightly vexed; slightly coloured; somewhat undignified; fairly prosperous; rather silent, rather mysterious; very strange; rather tall; very inconvenient; very young; very romantic; very severe; very dul; very quiet; very young; very uncomfortable; very clever; very sweet; very fond; very short; very gay; very good; very reliable; very glad; very improbable; very long; very easy; very expensive; very unhappy; very cunning; very amusing; very young; very good; very strong; a bit surly; a pretty shrewd idea of it a rather indifferent hand to shake; a rather dull man; rather absurd incident; a rather pleasing sensation; somewhat realistic details on the subject; somewhat copious notes at the time; very discreet proportions; a very nice party; a very quiet youth in the country; rather more formidable tea-parties; a very dull evening; a very strange letter under the circumstances; a very natural jealousy; a very small room; a very small washstand; a fairly coherent picture of their lives; slightly pious expression; a very strange letter under the circumstances very sorry for her; very fond of them; very ingenuous of me 25 26 27 28 somewhat anxiously; somewhat tartly; very well together; very naturally; very politely; somewhat impressively; pretty well3 somewhat at random; somewhat to my surprise PREP.PART (IN NP) NP 3 ADJ 39 ADJ IN NP 18 ADJ +PP (PP=toinf) ADV PP 230 APPENDIX - ISOLATING MAXIMISERS UP/DOWN-SCALING OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ITEMS Quite OCCURENCES DESCRIPTION 176 + ADJ (alone, disappointed, wicked, red, clear, pale, unconscious, quick, natral, right, harmless, wild, cheerful, savage, superfluous, proud, dry, incomprehensible, convenient, lonely, deserted, cordial, natural, flighty, true, strong, healthy, clear, alone, responsible, sane, innocent, normal, inexplicable, ugly, sincere, comfort-ably, amiss, fair, good-tempered); never quite devoid, quite like the look of Charlie + AP Adj + to inf (quite ready to kiss, quite common to see the women, quite painful to see, quite delighted to see his old friend perched on the roof, quite ready to come back ); A + PP (quite proud of the bandbox, quite worth of the place, quite regardless of all the world besides, quite ignorant of all their plans regarding her, quite amazed at his own facility of composition, quite pleased with himself for his magnificence of spirit, quite angry with the usurper, quite wild with exultation, quite proud to be able to claim such an acquaintance) perfectly 48 most 38 + ADV: well, suddenly, patiently, happily, eagerly, unsuspiciously, contentedly, naturally, rudely, gaily, fondly, quite differently, still, quite unexpectedly, comfortably, quietly, differently, seriously, plain + as well + to V (quite as well to sit), + as well + PP (quite as well for our dear Amelia, quite out of cash, quite like this) + NP (quite a different person, quite a frantic emphasis, quite a guity and unworthy person, quite a different taste, quite a domestic character, quite a tropical ardour, quite an effort, quite a long time) + Participales serving as Adj (frightened, astonished, surprised, charmed, delighted, busting, satisfied, loving, edifying, unshaken, confounded, contented, enchanted, pleased, justified) + AP with Head as Participale and Complement as PP: quite cured of seeking pleasure, completely overdone with sleep, quite concealed, quite lost + Participles: quite neglected + Gerund: quite forgetting + PP (quite in a flurry to see her dear Misses Osborne, quite at ease) + ADJ (perfectly guilty, happy, good-humoured, justifiable, dumb, stupid, clear, miserable, natural, unintelligible, trite, quiet, right, silent, friendly, happy, cool, round, silent, free) + AP (perfectly sick of their chatter, perfectly unworthy of one) + ADJ with ing / ed forms (perfectly contented, bewildered) + ADJ in NP (a perfectly innocent victim, a perfectly genuine horror) + ADV (well, still) + PP (perfectly at home) + pp (qualified) + ADV: most rudely and insolently, most graciously, most cruelly, (tore the proud father’s heart) most keenly + ADJ: most anxious, most generous and kind, most indignant, most dangerous In NP: a most eligible family connection, a most dangerous and ignorant practitioner, made a most delightful and majest-ic impression, a most creditable younger brother, a most safe and advantageous way, another most blissful morning, a most respectful obeis-ance, a most cautious and delicate manner, a most respectable family, a most delightful and affable per-son, a very strong party, a most injured wo-man 231 entirely 21 extremely 20 greatly 14 completely 10 altogether 11 absolutely 12 thoroughly 10 exceedingly highly utterly fully terribly + AP: most extraordin-arily eager in the conduct of it, most anxious to keep the en-gagement, most intimate at Naples, + adj: dumb, miserable, foolish, different + PP (entirely of this opinion, entirely on him-self, entirely out of the question, entirely through your own fault, entirely for sorrow + ADV: left entirely alone + NP: entirely her former self In NP: an entirely unim-portant person entirely dissimilar reasons + adj: talkative, tender, miser-able, angry, extremely and foolishly indulgent, silent + pp: pleased, surprised + adv: well, extremely slovenly, wrong + pp: relieved, + PP: greatly to the relief of the small party whom he left, greatly to the annoyance of Firkin, greatly in favour of her own country + adj with ed/ing form: greatly exhausted, greatly interested in NP: a completely normal man + completely rendered + gerund: com-pletely ruining + ADJ: altogether honest AP: altogether unconscious of the state of af-fairs + NP: absolutely no gift an altogether accurate account + adj: absolutely desperate, dumb, final + Adj with ing / ed forms: “Absolutely unchanged, exhausted + NP: absolutely no gift thoroughly indifferent, unhappy + PP: thoroughly in debt + Ing / ed forms: thoroughly moved and alarmed, a thoroughly dull party + ADJ: exceedingly red, exceedingly ill, exceedingly awkward and un-gainly, exceedingly grave, exceedingly naughty, + AP: perfectly proud of his own skill in speaking the French language, In NP: an exceedingly snug and well- appointed house Adj: agreeable, highly creditable highly pleased, highly delighted, + participale: highly flattered a highly excited state utterly impruden t young fellow + pp (utterly without companionship during their mother’s illness + Adj: worthy + AP: fully worthy of the praises sleepy awfully + ADJ: awfully proud enormously enormously rich extraordinarily extraordinarily nice dreadfully dreadfully painful excessively an excessively large top hat Total 395 232 APPENDIX 3- ISOLATING MAXIMISERS UP/DOWN-SCALING OF PROCESSES ITEMS OCCURENCES PROCESSES Quite 14 completely 11 * Material V- (quite) win, cure, restore, do, ignore, overcome, gone down; VP- quite approved of her as a sister-in-law, quite masters me, quite made up * Mental - (quite) know, understand, agree; VP: remembered him quite well on the Vauxhall night, quite confounded me * Material - yielded completely, completely averted, so completely removed, completely beaten in the race, completely banished, completely slipped, victimised him completely * Mental - forget so completely, make up someone’s mind completely, * behavior - deceived completely * completely given me up greatly * Material - increase greatly, changed greatly * Mental - suffer greatly, greatly agitate, greatly perturb, greatly shocked at * Behaviour – greatly encourage, respect entirely altogether thoroughly * Material - yielded herself entirely to her sister’s orders, move out of this country entirely, dropped entirely, saw it burn entirely * Mental - entirely refused, entirely disapproved * Rational - entirely contained * Behaviour - unbosom himself entirely * Material - altogether disappeared, kill her altogether, gone out altogether * Mental - altogether believe, refused altogether * Rational - remained altogether, retired altogether * Material - thoroughly gain, thoroughly cured, thoroughly wetted, thoroughly gauged * Mental - thoroughly believe, thoroughly comprehend exceedingly utterly perfectly * Material - perfectly , (perfectly) melt, recovered * Mental - knew the fact perfectly, understood his secret perfectly absolutely Material - rule (she ruled absolutely) Mental - absolutely forbid, absolutely seize, absolutely REQUIRE to know + VP (proposed to her) highly fully Material - applauded my resolution highly Mental - highly admired, highly disgusted Mental - fully expect, fully believed, fully agreed, most extremely terribly * Material - terribly change * Behaviour - crying terribly totally * Mental - totally forget Total 86 * Mental - disliked her elder nephew exceedingly, wished to go exceedingly, depressed me exceedingly, liked exceedingly to act the little mistress Material - fade utterly Mental - rebel against sth utterly, utterly perplexed me, Rational - entirely owing to the situation + PARTICIPALE: so utterly divided * Material - bit his nails most completely, * Mental - spoke most highly, * Mental - hurt me extremely, wanted to have them extremely 233 APPENDIX 4- INFUSING INTENSIFICATION BEING ADJECTIVES QUALITY sorrow feeling badness/ unpleasantness NEG/POS - sadness / unhappiness weather beauty - kindness joy perfectness Pleasantness / temper light boringness / unhappiness - - -à+ - dim gloomy dark darksome dreary - tightened lips / set lipsà parted lips shining eyes, scintillating eye bloodshot red (eyes) flaxen; dark green; dark grey; gooseberry-coloured eyes; flaming (hair) (maximiser) old face; white face; white cheek, bloodless lip; whey-faced (maximiser) pale white (face) flush terrible efforts: negative – very great marvelous effort: positive (maximiser) thin face heavy face; thin-veined hands; light silk (maximiser) frightened horrified horror (frightened eye) excited, wild, glad keen wit, keen feelings, and a keen temper resentful (look) darkened deep-set eyes cold (cold house) bitter (contempt) distress great (weakness) flushed and gloomy stupid to absurdity! misty darkness painful dreary, and chill, and dismal dimmed and drowned detestation and disgust a pale, delicate, effeminate boy cunning, mean, selfish, foolish, disreputable delightful horrid (horrid woman) worn hollow dirty, ragged colour bad feeling of fear and shock - chararter INFUSING INTENSIFICATION desperate disappointed hopeless keen, sharp, sharp look , sourish (keen eyes) dreadful / abominable / horrible frightful / awful dreadful day/feeling/ pain; abominable mixture; abominable;horrible barbarity; (frightful sympathetic grins) sad / melancholy mournful doleful / gloomy (doleful silence, melancholy voice); miserable chill / cold cool warm hot oppressive amiable fascinating charming kind, sweet, good wretched contented happy good excellent (excellent spirit / position) cool cold warm + - 234 APPENDIX 5- INFUSING INTENSIFICATION BEING NOUNS AND ADVERBS NOUNS ADVERBS fool idiot (stupid fool) warmly coldly coolly tenderly sorrow, hope – fear moodily sadly mournfully pitiless fierce, detestably, softly, fearfully, foolishly, desperately, grieved bitterly, seedy-lookin’ chaps sorrowfully, sworn frightfully, dreadfully feverish bewilderment madness detestation and disgust sorrow grief disappointment ... Qualities 11 1 4 .1. 3.2 Up-scaling in Verbal Processes 11 5 4.2 Intensification as Graduation Realized via Infusing Intensifiers 11 8 4.2 .1 Preamble 11 8 4.2.2 Intensification... 11 0 Table 4 .11 Isolating Maximisers modifying Qualities and Verbal Processes 11 1 Table 4 .12 Distribution of Isolating Intensifiers of Adjectives and Adverbs 11 2 Table 4 .13 Distribution... 1. 1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1. 2 .1 Aims 1. 2.2 Objectives 1. 3 Research Questions .6 1. 4 Scope of the Research 1. 5