Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice Hall © 2002 General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th Edition[.]
General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th Edition Chapter 14: Solutions and Their Physical Properties Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice-Hall © 2002 Contents 14-1 14-2 14-3 14-4 14-5 14-6 14-7 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology Solution Concentration Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process Solution Formation and Equilibrium Solubilities of Gases Vapor Pressure of Solutions Osmotic Pressure Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 Contents 14-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte solutions 14-9 Solutions of Electrolytes 14-10 Colloidal Mixtures Focus on Chromatography Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 13-1 Types of Solution: Some Terminology • Solutions are homogeneous mixtures – Uniform throughout • Solvent – Determines the state of matter in which the solution exists – Is the largest component • Solute – Other solution components said to be dissolved in the solution Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 Table 14.1 Some Common Solutions Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 14-2 Solution Concentration • Mass percent • Volume percent • Mass/volume percent (m/m) (v/v) (m/v) • Isotonic saline is prepared by dissolving 0.9 g of NaCl in 100 mL of water and is said to be: 0.9% NaCl (mass/volume) Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 10% Ethanol Solution (v/v) Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 ppm, ppb and ppt • Very low solute concentrations are expressed as: ppm: parts per million ppb: parts per billion ppt: parts per trillion (µg/g, mg/L) (ng/g, µg/L) (pg/g, ng/L) note that 1.0 L 1.0 g/mL = 1000 g ppm, ppb, and ppt are properly m/m or v/v Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 Mole Fraction and Mole Percent χ= Amount of component i (in moles) Total amount of all components (in moles) χ1 + χ2 + χ3 + …χn = Mole % i = χi 100% Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 46 Molarity and Molality Molarity (M) = Molality (m) = Prentice-Hall Amount of solute (in moles) Volume of solution (in liters) Amount of solute (in moles) Mass of solvent (in kilograms) General Chemistry: C Slide 10 of 46