Chapter 1: Matter and Measurement

Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice Hall © 2002 General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th Edition[.]

General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th Edition Chapter 17: Acids and Bases Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada N9B 3P4 Prentice-Hall © 2002 Contents 17-1 17-2 17-3 17-4 17-5 17-6 17-7 17-8 17-8 The Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases The Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale Strong Acids and Strong Bases Weak Acids and Weak Bases Polyprotic Acids Ions as Acids and Bases Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior Lewis Acids and Bases Focus On Acid Rain Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 17-1 The Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review H 2O HCl(g) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H 2O NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) Arrhenius theory did not handle non OHbases such as ammonia very well Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 17-2 Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases • An acid is a proton donor • A base is a proton acceptor base acid id se c a a b e ate gat g u u j j n co NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OHNH4+ + OH-  NH3 + H2O acid Prentice-Hall base General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 Base Ionization Constant base acid conjugate conjugate NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH[NH4+][OH-] Kc= [NH3][H2O] [NH4+][OH-] Kb= Kc[H2O] = = 1.810-5 [NH3] Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 Acid Ionization Constant acid base conjugate conjugate CH3CO2H + H2O  CH3CO2- + H3O+ [CH3CO2-][H3O+] Kc= [CH3CO2H][H2O] Ka= Kc[H2O] = Prentice-Hall [CH3CO2-][H3O+] = 1.810-5 [CH3CO2H] General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 Table 17.1 Relative Strengths of Some Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases HCl + OH-  Cl- + H2O HClO4 + H2O  ClO4- + H3O+ Prentice-Hall NH4+ + CO32-  NH3 + HCO3H2O + I-  OH- + HI General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 17-3 The Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 Ion Product of Water base acid conjugate conjugate H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH[H3O+][OH-] Kc= [H2O][H2O] KW= Kc[H2O][H2O] = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.010-14 Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide of 47 pH and pOH • The potential of the hydrogen ion was defined in 1909 as the negative of the logarithm of [H+] pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-] KW = [H3O+][OH-]= 1.010-14 -logKW = -log[H3O+]-log[OH-]= -log(1.010-14) pKW = pH + pOH= -(-14) pKW = pH + pOH = 14 Prentice-Hall General Chemistry: C Slide 10 of 47