Slide 1 A Ways to add es/ s into V (singular V form) Rules Examples 1 add “s” after an ordinary V 2 “es” after Vs end by “o, ch, ce, ge, sh, x” 3 “y” change into “ies” if preceded with consonants, wit[.]
A Ways to add es/ s into V (singular V form) Rules add “s” after an ordinary V “es” after Vs end by “o, ch, ce, ge, sh, x” “y” change into “ies” if preceded with consonants, without changing if vowels Examples sees, lives, loves, watches, finishes, goes, faxes, taxes, … study->studies, flies, replies, …… play-> plays, stays, ………… B Ways to add “ed/ ing” in past and continuous tenses Continuous Adding Past tenses Verbs (Vs) 1.Vs end in “e” 2.Vs end in “ee” Add only “d”: hoped, dated, invited, appeared, … Not drop “e”: agreed, freed, Drop “e” then add “ing”: hoping, dating, inviting,… agreeing, seeing, freeing, fleeing, … Vs end with a vowel and a consonant * one-syllable Vs + vowel-> doubles consonant stopped, robbed; begged, …… Except: “-w, -x” not double Ex: plowed, fixed, taxed, faxed, rowed, bowed, towed, showed, … + vowels-> consonant Ex: rained, fooled, dreamed, … Except: quitted, * two-syllable Vs: 1st stressed-> consonant Ex: listened, fastened, offered, opened, answered, traveled, …… - 2nd stressed-> consonants Ex: preferred, controlled, permitted, admitted, … * one-syllable Vs vowel-> doubles consonant Ex: stopping, robbing, begging, … Except: “-w, -x” not double Ex: plowing, swallowing, fixing, bowing, showing, towing,… + vowels-> consonant Ex: raining, fooling, dreaming, Except : quitting, * two-syllable Vs: 1st stressed-> consonant Ex: listening, offering, opening, answering, … - 2nd stressed-> consonants Ex: preferring, controlling, traveling, admitting, beginning,… Vs end in two consonants - Add “ed” Ex: started, folded, … - Add “ing” Ex: starting, folding, … Vs end with “y” -Keep “y” if preceded by a vowel Ex: played, prayed, enjoyed, - Change “y” into “i” then add “ed” Ex: studied, tried, replied,… - add “ing” only Ex: playing, studying, replying, … Vs end with “ie” - Add “d” only Ex: died, tied, lied, … Change “ie” into “y” then add “ing” Ex: dying, lying, tying,… CONCORD OF VERB AND ITS SUBJECT RULES EXAMPLES two or more Ss joined by You and I go to the school “and” -> plural V a collective N: poultry, cattle, police, people, children,….-> plural V or singular if considered as a Whole A herd of cattle are eating on the meadow The police is coming “or, nor, either, neither, but also”-> V mentioned last Neither he or you are right Not only he but also his parents come 4 two or more Ss joined by The girl with flowers is “as well as, together with, no smiling with me less than,”-> V mentioned 1st Plural expression of money, weight, measure, value, time, distance-> V singular Ten tons is a big weight for that lorry Eight hours to sleep is enough for a man each/ every one/ any/ one of/ (one, each, every) + plural N -> singular V none/ some of+ plural N-> Plu V none/ some of + sing-> sing V Each of boys receives a candy Some of fruit in this bowl is rotten None/some of them are right None of the boy is here the + A -> plural V The rich are not always happy the number of -> singular The number of Net’s users is V increasing rapidly a number of -> plural V A number of students are getting near-sightedness 10 the N1 of/in/ on/ at/… N2-> V1 The idea of the book is good The pictures of the book are lovely 11 there + singular V + There’s a book on the table singular N There are many students in There + plural V + plural N the class now 12 uncountable N-> sing V A lot of equipment is new 13 Gerund-> sing V Collecting stamps is my hobby Fishing is her favorite sport 14 some Ns end with “s/ es” but used as Sing N-> sing V (maths, physics, news, USA, Philippines, Sears, U.nations, … ) The news is interesting Sears is a department store 15 Some N having the A herd of sheep are eating same form in both number on the lawn (sheep, fish, salmon, Her sheep is sick trout, swine,….) ... number of students are getting near-sightedness 10 the N1 of/in/ on/ at/… N2-> V1 The idea of the book is good The pictures of the book are lovely 11 there + singular V + There’s a book on the... plural V + plural N the class now 12 uncountable N-> sing V A lot of equipment is new 13 Gerund-> sing V Collecting stamps is my hobby Fishing is her favorite sport 14 some Ns end with “s/ es” but... towing,… + vowels-> consonant Ex: raining, fooling, dreaming, Except : quitting, * two-syllable Vs: 1st stressed-> consonant Ex: listening, offering, opening, answering, … - 2nd stressed-> consonants