1 Linguistically, written language tends to consist of clauses that are => internally complex 2 Under the influence of Bloomfield, and then Chomsky, linguists focused on problems of language for many.
1 Linguistically, written language tends to consist of clauses that are…… => internally complex Under the influence of Bloomfield, and then Chomsky, linguists focused on ……… problems of language for many decades =>formal and structural Spoken language contains many ……, often simply sequences of phrases =>incomplete sentences The writer is …… the speaker => less implicit than According to Carthy (1993), cohesion is a guide to … =>coherence The first official studies on discourse appeared in… => the 1950s The syntax of spoken language is typically …… structured… that of written language.= >much less….than Cohesion is concerned with formal surface structures (syntax and lexis) to interact with underlying …… relations or underlying functional coherence to create textual unity =>semantic According to David Nunan, (1993), ….can be related, not only in terms of the idea they share, but also in terms of their functions within the discourse =>sentences 10 According to Halliday&Hasan, (1976), discourse is …… =>a unit of language in use 11 ……… refers to the relationship between a particular text and other texts which share characteristics with it =>Intertextuality 12 Coherence is the feeling that a text …… => hangs together 13 Informativity depends on the notions of …… and probability =>choice 14 Coherence is concerned with the ……… sequencing of the arrangement of the information, the concepts and relation of the textual world which underlie and are realized by the surface text => logical 15 According to J R Firth, by studying conversations can we understand………… better =>language and its function 16 A discourse can be of any size as long as it forms a =>meaningful whole 17 Passives, it-clefts or wh-clefts are common in…… => spoken language 18 According to J R Firth, all meaning was …… .=>function in context 19 The topic, the purpose of the event and the setting belong to … context => non-linguisic 20 There is a …… relationship between discourse and context =>dialectical 21 According to Nunan (1993) there are …… types of context => two 22 The overhearers or unintended addressees are referred to as… in Dell Hymes’ model of context => audience 23 ………refers to the situation giving rise to the discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded =>Context 24 There is …… of discourse kinds which consist of only one word/phrase/sentence =>a small number 25 The interpretation of one sentence …… without looking back at the previous sentences or referring to the coming ones => is hardly achieved 26 According to J R Firth, the context consists of …….elements => 27 In Dell Hymes’ model of context, Code is a term which is used instead of …… =>language 28 According to Dell Hymes, the context consists of …… elements => 10 29 What does Addresser refer to in Dell Hymes’ model of context? =>the speaker or the writer 30 Utterances are not only dependant on the physical context for their interpretations, they are also …… the language surrounding them =>closely related to 31 ………context is the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis =>Linguistic 32 How many elements are there in Halliday’s model of context? => 33 expresses the relationship of identity which exists between units in discourse => reference 34 Lexical cohesion is divided into reiteration and ……….=>collocation 35 The relation between furninture and table, desk, chair, bed is that of …… =>Superordinate 36 ……….refers to the relation between different words bearing the same meaning or nearly the same meaning => Synonymy 37 reference points the reader or listener forwards =>Cataphoric 38 Contrary, complementary, relational opposite and ordered series are the four subtypes of ……… =>antonymy 39 ……….is the use of one lexical item with the same meaning in more than one sentence =>Repetition 40 Most of the instances of the substitute one/ones are ……… =>anaphoric 41 ………presents a part/whole relationship =>Meronymy 42 …… means either restating an item in a later part of the discourse by direct repetition or else reasserting its meaning by exploiting lexical relations =>Reiteration 43 Based on………, reference is classified into exophoric and endophoric reference =>pointing direction 44 expresses the relationship of identity which exists between units in discourse =>Reference 45 What type of reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing? =>Demonstrative 46 What type of reference is expressed through adjectives and adverbs and serves to compare items within a text in terms of identity or similarity? Comparative 47 Grammatical cohesion is the surface marking of …… links between clauses and sentences in written discourse, and between utterances and turns in speech./ semantic 48 People, object, place, creature are examples ofGeneral words 49 The basic meaning of the …… is ‘contrary to expectation’.adversative relation 50 ‘not…but’ is the basic meaning of / Corrective relations 51 52 is the relation between class and (direct) subclass.Superordinate reference items are expressed through personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and possessive determiners Personal 53 First and second person forms are normally interpreted ……… by reference to the situation.Exophorically 54 .is the use of one lexical item with the same meaning in more than one sentence.Repetition 55 Those conjunctions like likewise, similarly, in the same way, in (just) this way express/ Comparative relations 56 References to assumed, shared worlds outside the text are …… reference./ exophoric 57 Halliday&Hasan divides verbal ellipsis into lexical and operator ellipsis 58 References to the entity/items within the text are …… references.Endophoric 59 refers to those pairs of opposites that are gradable such as thin> Semantic 84 According to Carthy (1993), cohesion is a guide to … => Coherence 85 The first official studies on discourse appeared in… => the 1950s 86 According to Halliday & Hasan, (1976), discourse is …… => a unit of language in use 87 A discourse can be of any size as long as it forms a => meaningful whole [Instruction: In terms of size, a discourse can be realized by a word, a phrase, a clause /sentence, a paragraph, a cluster of paragraphs, a book or even as big as a whole library providing that it forms a meaningful whole.] 88 The syntax of spoken language is typically …….structured… that of written language => much less….than1923 89 ……… refers to the relationship between a particular text and other texts which share characteristics with it => Intertextuality 90 According to J R Firth, by studying conversations can we understand………… better => language and its function 91 Coherence is concerned with the ……… sequencing of the arrangement of the information, the concepts and relation of the textual world which underlie and are realized by the surface text =>Logical 92 decades => formal and structural [Instruction: During that time, under the influence of Bloomfield, and then Chomsky, linguists only focused on formal and structural problems of language for many decades, and, for this reason, meaning was put aside] 93 Coherence is the feeling that a text …… =>hangs together.[Instruction: Coherence is something created by the reader in the act of reading the text It is the feeling that a text hangs together, that it makes sense and that it is not just a jumble of sentences.] 94 ……refers to the situation giving rise to the discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded => Context 95 In Dell Hymes’ model of context, Code is a term which is used instead of …… => language 96 The overhearers or unintended addressees are referred to as… in Dell Hymes’ model of context => audience 97 There is …… of discourse kinds which consist of only one word/phrase/sentence => a small number 98 Utterances are not only dependant on the physical context for their interpretations, they are also …… the language surrounding them => closely related to 99 The interpretation of one sentence …… without looking back at the previous sentences or referring to the coming ones =>is hardly achieved 100 What does Addresser refer to in Dell Hymes’ model of context? => the speaker or the writer 101 First and second person forms are normally interpreted ……… by reference to the situation =>Exophorically 102 Echoing and auxiliary contrasting are the two types of ……… => verbal ellipsis 103 Lexical cohesion is divided into reiteration and ……… => collocation 104 What type of conjunction is ‘only’ in the following text? I’d love to join in Only I don’t know how to play=>Adversative 105 Halliday & Hasan divides verbal ellipsis into ……… => lexical and operator ellipsis 106 Clausal substitution is expressed through ……… =>So and not 107 ……….refers to the relation between different words bearing the same meaning or nearly the same meaning => Synonymy 108 …… means either restating an item in a later part of the discourse by direct repetition or else reasserting its meaning by exploiting lexical relations => Reiteration 109 .expresses the relationship of identity which exists between units in discourse => Reference 110 reference items are expressed through personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and possessive determiners => Personal 111 The basic meaning of the …… is ‘contrary to expectation’ =>Adversative relation 112 ……… is the relation between class and (direct) subclass => Superordinate 113 ……….is the use of one lexical item with the same meaning in more than one sentence => Repetition 114 The basic meaning of the …… is ‘there is something more to be said’ =>Additive relation 115 The three environments in which clausal substitution takes place are ……… => report, condition and modality 116 According to Halliday & Hasan, substitution is a relation within the text on the ……… level =>lexico-grammatical 117 Most of the instances of the substitute one/ones are ……… =>Anaphoric 118 …………refers to those pairs of opposites that are gradable such as thin> Contrary relation 119 It’s the way I like to go to work One person and one line of enquiry at a time Otherwise, there’s a muddle In the above text, otherwise is a……… conjunction =>Causal 120 ……… reference: points the reader/listener backwards to a previously mentioned entity, process or state => Anaphoric 121 References to the entity/items within the text are …… references => Endophoric 122 People, object, place, creature are examples of……… => General words 123 Nominal substitution is the use of a substitute item to replace the ……of a corresponding noun phrase =>Head noun 124 Grammatical cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis and ……… => conjunction 125 reference points the reader or listener forwards => Cataphoric 126 Reiteration includes repetition, synonymy, antonymy, superodinate,…… and general word =>Meronymy 127 …… is not an anaphoric relation =>Conjunction 128 There are ……… types of substitution => 129 ……… state(s) the ‘essence’ of the act, i.e., that the utterance ‘counts as’ speech act x or y or z 130 Essential condition 131 Which type of presupposition is in Where did you go last night?? / Structural 132 Presuppositions ……… under negation./ remain constant 133 Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is……… 134 a done 135 b shown 136 c said 137 d signalled 138 139 140 So, to cut a long story short, we grabbed our stuff and ran In the above sentence, to cut a long story short is …… a a quality hedge 141 b a relation hedge 142 c a quantity hedge 143 d a manner hedge 144 A ……… act is the act of saying something which is meaningful and can be understood 145 a locutionary 146 b All are correct 147 c perlocutionary 148 d illocutionary 149 150 151 152 153 grouped illocutionary acts into ……… classes /five Actions performed via utterances are generally called………./ speech acts I’m not sure if this makes sense, but the car had no lights In the above sentence, I’m not sure if this makes sense is ……./ a quantity hedge A presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case …… making an utterance./ before 154 Presuppositions ……… under negation./ remain constant 155 Which is NOT an IFID? 156 a performative verb 157 b word order 158 c punctuation 159 d Intonation 160 The basic meaning of the …… is ‘there is something more to be said’./ temporal relation/ adversative relation/ additive relation 161 Coherence is the feeling that a text / hangs together 162 References to the entity/items within the text are …… references./ endophoric 163 Most of the instances of the substitute one/ones are ……… / anaphoric 164 The relation between furninture and table, desk, chair, bed is that of …… / Superordinate 165 ……… is the relation between class and (direct) subclass./ Superordinate 166 The first official studies on discourse appeared in…./ the 1950s 167 A discourse can be of any size as long as it forms a/ meaningful whole 168 The overhearers or unintended addressees are referred to as… in Dell Hymes’ model of context./ audience 169 Utterances are not only dependant on the physical context for their interpretations, they are also …… the language surrounding them/ closely related to 170 …… means either restating an item in a later part of the discourse by direct repetition or else reasserting its meaning by exploiting lexical relations./ Reiteration 171 reference items are expressed through personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and possessive determiners./ Personal 172 …………refers to those pairs of opposites that are gradable such as thin>