Kenneth ruddle 2014 nghien cu tri thc

T a pzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM Bdo tang & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 zyxwvutsrqpon NGHI€ N Cl/ U TRI THI/ C SINH THAI zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUT f>\(\G TRONG CAC XA HQI NGHE CA VIET NAM VA UING DUNG K E N N E T H RUDDLE* Tii k h o a : T h i c h i l n g v6i bien doi, quan ciing v6i moi triidng song c u a loai c6 ly cac ngii trifdng, k i e m t r a gia t h i e t , cong the l a nhving v a t c h i t h i ciia k h i h a u h i e n nghiep niidc mim, cac d u a n nghien ciiu nay, hoac cac dang k h a c c i i a stt t h a y doi cong dong-bao t a n g De lap ke h o a c h c6 h i e u q u a cho vi^c (III Ji CL^zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK L layzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS nio 0cip Gidi t h i e u cong dong, trii6c tien c a n p h a i t i m h i e u Tri thiic s i n h t h a i d i a phUdng c6 v a i cac y e u c a u ve viec d u n g nguon t a i tro tiem n a n g c h i n h dong gop vao viec nguyen hien Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam, phac thao r a cac tieu c h u a n n h a m dieu viec s\i d u n g nguon t a i n g u y e n m o t each chinh va thich n g h i vdi bien doi k h i h a u chi tiet cap d i a phiidng vAn chifa cac ngu trifdng dia phUdng va cac cong dUdc biet den nhi eu H d n the niJa, s o v6i dong lien d6i D i e u n a y thUc sU dac biet cac cong dong nong nghiep, cac cong dong vi cac dieu k i e n s i n h t h a i ngifdi cl cac ngii dan v&n chvta difdc n g h i e n ciiu n h i e u cong dong ngif dan V i e t N a m k h o n g difdc (Nguyen Duy T h i e u 2002, 2007) Su t h i e u nhUng ngiidi ngo&i cong dong h i e u ro Co h u t ve k i e n thvtc p h a i diidc lap day iighia la p h a n 16n c a c tnJdng hop, v i cac cong dong ngiJ d a n c6 the se ngiidi ta i t biet den s\i a n h hUCIng c6 the p h a i doi m a t v6i vS'n dc k h i h a u hoac cac xay va each doi vdi bien doi k h i dang t h a y doi k h a c De l a m diioc di6"u do, hau cf cap cong dong Ngiidc l a i , h a n g ng^y dUdng thUdng d i i n g k h o a hoc nghe c a , n e n d a u v i viec kiem song, c a c each nghien ciiu tiep cSn nhiing ngUdi danh hit c a v a gia d i n h ho bo s u n g t h e m t r i t h i i c s i n h t h a i b a n dia ci vdi cac the he k h a c n h a u trcl t h a n h nhflng cap cong dong ( v i d u T r a n 2009) kho chiJta dUng thong t i n v a t r i thiic thUc K h i dUdc svL d u n g hdp ly, t r i t h i i c s i n h tien ve d a n h b a t c a v a cac m o i trUdng t h a i dia phUdng c6 the h i i u i c h doi v6i cac na6c b dia phUdng Cac q u a n s a t c u a ho muc dich thUc t i e n va dUa r a each tiep bao gom s i i bien doi ciia cac loai muc tieu c a n i t ton k e m Cach tiep c a n n a y c6 the va moi trUdng song c u a c h u n g Cac loai c u n g cap thong t i n n h a n h va tao dieu k i e n cho cac cong dong l a p ke h o a c h v i ldi * Fuji Infomatics, Ashiya, Nhdt Ban i c h n e n t a n g c u a ho (Davis va Ruddle zyxwvutsrqpon 19 Kenneth Ruddle zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 2010) Sinh t h a i hoc la mot "nganh khoa dia phUdng (Davis v a Wagner 2003) Noi hoc ca each k h a c , sU t h a n h cong ciia viec thu 'khoa hoc sinh t h a i ' va t r i thiic sinh t h a i thap dut lieu, thiet ke va thUc h i e n nghien dia phiidng deu c6 nhiJng nhiidc diem c i i u p h u thuoc n h i e u vao viec t i m va sii Tuy nhien, n h i i n g h a n che ciia 'khoa hoc dung dung ngUdi cap t i n khong chinh xac", c6 nghia la sinh t h a i ' l a i la cd hoi de t r i thiic sinh Hdn the n i i a , d i i l i e u tot va nghien ciiu thai dia phufdng dong gop mot each c6 y dUdc thiet ke dUa t r e n d i i l i e u c6 the nghia, n h a n h va i t ton k e m de hieu cac p h a i chap n h a n b i k h a o s a t k y liidng va he sinh t h a i va sii phiic tap ciia cac p h a i dap sinh t h a i (Davis va Ruddle he l a i sii phe b i n h mot each day 2010; t h u y e t p h u c N o i each k h a c , k e t q u a ciia Ruddle va Davis 2010) T i n h h i i u ich ciia cac giai doan thiic dia mot nghien t r i thiic sinh t h a i dia phUdng ciing da c i i u p h a i du m a n h de cho'ng l a i sii phe diidc m i n h chiing t r o n g hoat dongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGF ngU p h a n gay gat t i i cong c h u n g noi chung, nghiep va cac san p h a m iii bien ciia Viet ciing n h i i t i i n h i i n g bo p h a n dac biet nhii Nam n h i i n g ngiidi i i n g ho t a i c h i n h , cac (Nguydn Duy Ruddle 1986, 2005, Thieu 2007; 2002, 2007; Ruddle va Davis 2010) ldi dUdc dam bao bat d i bat dich, hoac n h i i n g ngiidi v i c h i i a dat M a t khac, n h i i n g dong chay van hoc tren khSp the gi6i ve t r i thiic sinh t h a i quyen nghien c i i u ma diidc ket qua bo q u a mot n g h i e n ciiu tiem n a n g ban dia hoat dong nghe ca da khien T r o n g bai viet nay, triidc tien toi khao ngUcii ta hoai nghi ve gia t r i va nang suat s a t each ma toi g i n k e t vcli tri thiic sinh ciia hoat dong nay, dac biet la giCta cac t h a i dia nha khoa hoc nghien ciiu ve bien va ngii m i n h ve nghe ca va cac xa hoi n g h i ca d nghiep dUdc dao tao cl phiidng Tay mot V i e t N a m t i i n h i i n g n a m 80 va 90 ciia the k h u viJc rong 16n t h i chu nghia hoai nghi ky XX Sau do, toi s i i dung mot so'y kien diidc m i n h chiing bdi each tiep can c h u n g CO dUdc t i i n h i i n g k i n h nghiem khong CO can cii ciia mot so" ngUdi l i n g ho thUc ti§n de thao l u a n bo'n each tiep t r i thiic sinh t h a i dia phvfdng gia mao la c a n d i i a n n g h i e n c i i u t i e m n a n g ci cac xa 2010; hoi nghe c a V i e t N a m Do l a viec sii dung Ruddle va Davis 2013) Viec t h u thap d i i tri thiic s i n h t h a i dia phiidng quan lieu diidc thiet ke ngheo nan va thUc hien ly nghe ca thong qua v a n c h a i ; phac hoa khong tot se khong t r u y e n diidc sii t i i t i n sU t h i c h l i n g ciia dia phUdng v6i bien doi va hieu biet tien bo cho cong dong ngU k h i h a u ; h i e u dUdc n h i i n g t h a y doi c6 the dan Thong t i n ngheo nan thUdng lUa xay r a n g a n h cong nghiep nifclc chon sai nguon t a i lieu t i i n h i i n g ngiicJi m i m ; v a cuo'i ciing l a cac nghien ciiu ve t h u thap thong t i n ve t r i thiic sinh t h a i thong tin ket hdp cung cac bao tang, diia zyxwvutsrqponm cac 20 hoc gia (Davis va Ruddle phiidng n g h i e n ciiu ciia T a p c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZ so 2-2014 vao nhiing ngiidi danh bat ca va t r i thiic dia phUdng, chiing to ring cac dieu kien sinh thai dia phiidng ciia cac x a hoi nghe ca ciia dia phildng c6 the dong v a i tro quan Thong t i n n h a n manh v a i tro quan t r o n g ciia t r i thiic sinh t h a i ban dia trvCdc day ve t r i thijfc Nghien c i i uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA sinh thai dia phiiofng cua nhufng de xac d i n h gia t h i e t chung ve cac bo'i ngifcri danh bat ca of Viet Nam: K h a i niem canh dia phiidng va chi n h i i n g ndi ma va phiidng p h a p nghien ciiu khoa hoc diia t r e n sii lay mau Trong cac nghien ciiu thUc d i a cua Ruddle ci Viet N a m n h i i n g nam 80 ciia t i i n g k h u viic r i e n g biet can phai l a m n h i i vay va 90 ctia the k y XX, t r i thiic sinh t h a i Trong mot nghien ciiu ve ntfcic mdm len dia phiidng ciia n h i i n g ngiidi danh hit ca men va cac san p h a m ca len men khac ci CO vai tro quan de xac nhan nhving UongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA A (lshige va Ruddle i y » / , i&90) khia canh chinh t r o n g gia t h u y e t ciia ong Ruddle (1986) da khao sat cac ve thdi gian gio mCia va s i i sin c6 ciia cac nhan t i i nhien va sinh vat hoc ve t i n h san loai ca dung de len m e n (dac biet de san CO cua cac loai sinh vat bien va ciia cac dia xuat nxidc mam) V a i tro cua t r i thiic sinh diem danh bat Co the ket l u a n r&ng sii thai dia phiidng viec l a m noi bat san CO cua ca p h u thuoc vao chu k y gio "nhiing viec k h o n g b i n h t h i i d n g " hoac mua va cac loai gio lien tuc tu! ben ngoai nhiJng phan can x e m xet l a i hay c a n nhac thdi den se quyet d i n h viQC san xuat ca Ix'ii l^i cua gia thuyet ciing ciln dii(?c chii y v i chiing tao v i i n g niidc troi (hoac nitdc (Ruddle 1986; chuyen dong thAng diing) Cac v i i n g n\Xdc Ruddle va Ruddle wh Duvis 2010) Lshige 2005; Chiing h^n, tri nguyen khOi phuc khj\g sinli Kan da bj zyxwvutsrqponmlkj thiic sinh t l i a i d j a phUdng ciiu n h i i n g Huy you r) cac loM thu9C cac \dp phin tren ngU6i danh hit ri bi^n k h i n g d i n h nhijtng ciia bien (3 Dong N a m A, quii t r i n h nfty vftn CO b a n ciia gin t h u y e t ve thcii vy (liidc gay r u chii yeu bcii giA mila thO'i iii ciia cac hoat dfing d a n h but t a i cdc k h u dA't lien bien Do do, vi t r i cua v i i n g vite gnn brJ chu k ^ gi6 mCia Doi \6i nu6c troi ven bien ciing n h u cac hoat dong ca com, nhom quan nhSit ciia danh bat ca da thay doi theo mCia va cac loai ca len men, ho ciing d a xac nhan ket qua ve pham v i v a nghien ciiu ban d a u giong n h i i cong t r i n h da diidc T h a m cong bo (1974) hudng gio thiidng thdi k h u vUc T u y n h i e n , ci V i e t N a m , cac miu b i n h chung cua v u n g niidc t r o i ven bien gio gay r a da b i bop m6o bcii cac dong Mot so dac t i n h khong the giai thich chay, chat d i n h d i i d n g va nU6c ngot tCi dddc thong qua cac b i n h m a u ve thdi song chay r a , t i i m i i a , sii d i i t quang diem c6 gio miia Cac dac t i n h ciing ciia cac loai gio va dong chay gan cac bd diidc bao cao thong q u a t r i thiic sinh t h a i bien c6 dao nam r a i rac n h i e u n d i , zyxwvutsrqponm 21 Kenneth Ruddle zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA v u n gzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA nUdc t r o i gio m i i a gay r a c6 the t r i i n g CO the vao thdi diem sau k h i dUdc t a n g cUdng, che gio giau hoac hoan mua thdi t i i bien ve dat lien V i vay, dac toan b i p h i i n h a n bdi cac n h a n to' dia trUng boat dong theo miia va moi trUdng phiidng n h i i vay cung cap cho nganh cong nghiep len men K h i hau va thdi t i e t ciing la nhan to la sii tap hdp thiic an cua au triing d chinh bop meo n h i i n g d i i doan cua gia k h u viic bien nong gan bd va nvidc Id c^a thuyet Dieu dac biet quan t r o n g ci mien song Chang ban, ngiidi t a cho rSng thdi Nam Viet N a m la mot liidng nifdc ngot gian de triing d cac bd bien phia dong se Idn cua he thong song Me Cong bien dien vao thdi gian cudi ciia gio mua suot mua mUa Do c6 the la yeu to' dong hkc; do au triing c6 the an tac dong chinh den cac hoat dong ciia ca thiic an ci v u n g nUdc t r o i ven bd gio nham giam bdt m a n va t a n g due miia tay n a m gay r a cua nu6c ven bd Sii chuyen dich ciia nhiing cdn bao 16n ciing c6 anh hiidng den Phvto'ng phap luan nghien man, due theo m i i a va theo k h u cijfu nhufng n a m 80 v a 90 c u a t h e k y X X viic N h i i n g hien tiidng t i i n h i e n diidc De hieu dUdc sii san c6 ciia loai theo chi qua each l i n g xii cua n h i i n g ngiidi mua, cac d i i lieu da t h u thap diidc giai danh b i t ca thich thdi gian 1985-1986 v6i n h i i n g Ruddle (1986) diia r a gia t h u y e t rang ghi chep k h i tiidng hoc, cac so lieu hai qua t r i n h sinh vat hoc cd ban diidc nghe dvidng hoc sd cS'p cGng nhu; cac thong t i n ca k h a i thac de cung cap cho cong nghiep t h i i cap ve boat dong ciia ca Viec l^m len men chinh la sU nuoi 16n va d i cii c6 sang to cac nhan to t i i nhien gay viing chon loc ciia ca cdm chiia t r i i o n g t h a n h nUcic troi cue bo Trong chien liidc sinh s6i ncl cua nhiing qua t r i n h sinh vat hoc lap l a i ciia chiing, n h i i n g loai ca d i cU tu: cac cac loai lien quan (Ruddle 1986) dan t6i gia thuyet ve vung ven bd v6i ty le an t h i t v6 cung cao M o t nghien ciiu k i n h te-xa hoi ciia cac den cac vung bien xa bd dc de t r i i n g Day zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCB t i n h Ba Rja - V u n g T a u , B i n h T h u a n , \k nhiing ndi ma siic ep i t khac nghiet K h a n h Hoa, Q u a n g N a m Da N a n g va hdn, ci t r i i n g va au t r i i n g se dUdc day Q u a n g B i n h da dUdc thiic hien vong ve phia bd Gio, dong chay va sii hoi t h a n g cua chuyen dam bao cho t r i i n g , au t r i i n g va dung cac bang hoi c6 bd sung n h i i n g ban cac dang sau au t r i i n g t r o i dUdc ve phia liet ke cac muc can k i e m t r a cho cac cuoc bd Do do, pham v i boat dong s6m cua au phong v a n ban cau triic v6i cac ben lien t r i i n g dien ci cac k h u viic day bien gan quan V d i 403 cuoc phong v a n thUc hien bd - nhiing ndi c6 nhieu thiic an la cac theo each sinh vat phii du V i vay, thdi gian de ngiidi sii dung lvi6i nang va lii6i keo diidc zyxwvutsrqponm 22 nam 1995, (Ruddle 1996 1996), Ho sii nhiing T a p c h izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM Bdo tdng & Nhdn hoc, so 2-2014 xem nhil nhiJng ngiidizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA am tiidng c h u y e u khac gay t r o n g k h u vUc nghe ca b i ve hoat dong c u a cac loai Day la cac cong h a n che va kho d i i doan (Maina va cac cu chinh ciia 28% tac gia 2013) D i e u cac mo h i n h tong so' t a u t h u y e n cong hdp n h a t k e t n d i cac qua t r i n h t i i nhien nghiep len m e n Ben c a n h n h i i n g c a u hoi va sinh t h a i v6i cac dac diem k i n h te cua cho thuyen tracing va t h u y e n v i e n ve t i n h cac xa hoi nghe ca can diidc cai t h i e n , miia vu, k h i h a u , thdi k y gio m i i a , v i t r i dac biet d cac danh hit va cac thong sd t i i n h i e n ve k h u n h i i n g ngiidi d a n h bat ca p h a i chiu d i i n g viic danh bat, cac sii anh hudng ciia bien ddi k h i hau va cung cap n g u y e n l i e u cho n g a n h t h a n h v i e n ciia tieu cap nhom dac biet n a y dUdc hoi n h i i n g c a u cac hoi dac biet lien q u a n den k i c h c9 ca, m i i a phan 16n tac dong ciia sii bien ddi den danh bat, cac v a t c h i t h i ( n h i i hoat dong n h i i n g ngiidi l i e n quan cua chim bien) ve sii c6 m a t c u a ca t r i c h n h i i n g ngiidi d a n h bat ca vazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfed d nhiing nho va cac loai diing de l e n m e n D i i lieu ngiidi l a m cac cong viec lien quan cl ca cac ve thdi vu t h u diidc t i i n h i i n g cuoc phong n g i i t r i i d n g nho va cac ngxX t r i i d n g nhiet van difdc lap t h a n h b a n g theo t h a n g ddi ven bd van can phai diidc khao sat va xep loai theo mCia "to't" va " t h u a n ldi" (xem Ruddle 2013 va cac t a i lieu t h a m xet ve dung cu d a n h hit, loai, dia diem khao do) V i vay, van de cap bach la danh bat va toe d a n h bat cac loai diing can sii dung t r i thiic sinh t h a i dia phiidng cho viec len lap day n h i i n g k h o a n g t r o n g vc thong t i n men, tac dong k e m dia phUdng ndi theo H d n the niia, t r i i c tiep nhii n h a m tao cac nen tang chinh xac de Sii dung tri thiic siiili thiii diu phU