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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HUYNH HOANG LONG RESEARCHING MULTI-CLOUD MARKETPLACE MODEL DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Hanoi - 2022 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HUYNH HOANG LONG RESEARCHING MULTI-CLOUD MARKETPLACE MODEL Major: Information Systems Code: 9480104 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS SUPERVISORS: Ph.D NGUYEN HUU DUC Assoc.Prof LE TRONG VINH Hanoi - 2022 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety I confirm that: • This work was done wholly during in Ph.D student at Hanoi University of Science and Technology • Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted at Hanoi University of Science and Technology or any other institution, this has been clearly stated • Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed • Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work • I have acknowledged all main sources of help • Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself Hanoi, February 22th 2022 Ph.D Student Supervisors i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My dissertation would not have finished without the support of my supervisors, family, co-authors, and colleagues I am grateful to all those people who supported and inspired me while facing academic and personal challenges My supervisors I would like to pay the deepest gratitude to my first supervisor Dr Nguyen Huu Duc for offering me a great environment, plenty of opportunities, and freedom to be creative Working with him marked an auspicious beginning to my doctoral upbringing In critical moments, he has been available to provide sincere and determined opinions, helping me make the right decisions I also thank my second supervisor, Assoc Prof Le Trong Vinh for his advice, encouragements and guidance throughout my Ph.D study His experiences and insights are immensely meaningful for me in my works I am grateful to them for devoting their precious time to discussing research ideas, proofreading, and explaining how to write good research papers I would like to thank them for encouraging my research and empowering me to grow as a research scientist My family I am grateful to my parents for their limitless love and my parents brought me up with great values of life, including humility and patience They always wish I could get Ph.D degree Without their sacrifices and guidance, my education would have been impossible I also thank my grandmother for her advice in every aspect of life My success is also theirs My co-authors Many thanks to my co-authors in our works They had valuable comments for my works Special thanks to Prof Zhenjiang Hu and Assoc Prof Huynh Quyet Thang for giving me an internship trip at National Institute of Informatics, Japan Prof Hu and members of Tsumina Lab warmly welcomed me into their lab and offered the helpful collaboration in research Particularly, Van Dang (Ph.D student at NII) and I achieved a successful combination, our paper was accepted by SOMET 2019 I also thank Mr Le Duc Hung (Ph.D student at TU Wien) for supporting me to implement component-based cloud software on multi-cloud My colleagues Many thanks to my colleagues from Department of Information System, School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology Particularly, Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Kim Anh and Assoc Prof Nguyen Binh Minh for providing such a stimulating and friendly working ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com atmosphere It is fortunate for me to study in an active environment Thank you all! Hanoi, February 22th 2022 Ph.D Student Huynh Hoang Long iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Cloud computing have been an effective delivery model for distributing computing that enables the delivery of applications as services over Internet, as well as platformand infrastructure-level computing resources It has been increasingly used by businesses, organizations and individuals as a cost-effective IT solution Currently, consumers can approach cloud services through several existing service delivery methods in a convenient way as follows: Direct cloud service delivery, Cloud Brokerage, and Cloud Marketplace However, these cloud service delivery models have many limitations on cloud service product information, quality of service, monopoly, competitiveness, etc These problems have been damaging to the benefits of cloud consumers having to pay higher than the real value of cloud services In addition, different commercial cloud providers impose different application architectures that tend to lock consumers into their services and not want to allow the direct competition with others This is the cause of the well-known issue: vendor lock-in In economics, vendor lock-in, also known as proprietary lock-in or customer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs [82] Because they cannot easily move to another cloud provider in the future without experiencing issues such as high costs, legal constraints, technical incompatibilities [59] For example, when a consumer buys WordPress Application on Bitnami, he is first provided two deployment offering options: single-tier and multi-tier Then he is provided several options to launch WordPress Application: Amazon web services, Google cloud platform, and Azure WordPress Application can only be deployed on one of these three services There are two machines that are similar on paper as they both have four cores Amazon VM offers more memory, but the price is very similar In fact, Amazon VM offers almost twice the blended compute capacity over 24 hours than its Google cloud equivalent but database technology of Google is quite better In the first case, if a consumer has been using Google Cloud and he spots a great cloud service pricing from Amazon He is not allowed to move cloud service running on Google Cloud to Amazon Another reason is because cloud technologies are incompatible between Amazon and Google In the second case, it is impossible if WordPress App Server is hosted on Amazon and WordPress Database is hosted on iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Google Cloud to leverage the benefits of two cloud providers Taking advantage of it is not going to be easy because before he know it, he will be locked into single cloud provider This challenge can be overcome if the WordPress App Server and Wordpress Database could be spread across two cloud providers to benefit from each provider’s best technology and less VM capacity (cheaper but meets the need) More effectively, WordPress components should be described in an open standard so that other providers than those mentioned above can offer cloud services at competitive prices and better capacities, and its components could be easily ported to other cloud To deal with vendor lock-in problem, multi-cloud is the effective approach because a multi-cloud strategy enables consumers to select any cloud service to meet the requirements of a particular application or workload as well as porting cloud software to another cloud In this way, we have an interesting ideal about a multi-cloud service delivery model that facilitates to distribute Software as a Service (SaaS) across various clouds as well as liberates cloud developers from being tied to proprietary technology ecosystems To turn our idea into reality, we sketch O-Marketplace Model (multicloud marketplace model) and define Composable Application Model (componentbased cloud application model) To demonstrate the practicality of two proposed model, research works are focused on as follows: (i) O-Marketplace Model, after analyzing the limitations of existing cloud service delivery methods, a multi-cloud service delivery method is proposed to overcome these limitations, and a promising multi-cloud marketplace model is built up (ii) Composable Application Model, we first build up its concept and its description method, then the experimentation is conducted by transform into TOSCA specification to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed multi-cloud application model Finally, relying on Composable Application Model and O-Marketplace context, some issues of cloud computing are tackled to prove the practicality of two proposed model such as: matchmaking for multi-cloud marketplace application, multi-cloud application portability, multi-cloud application auto-repairing Keywords: Cloud computing, Vendor lock-in, multi-cloud environment, multicloud marketplace, multi-cloud service delivery, multi-cloud application, matchmaking, multi-cloud application portability, multi-cloud application auto-repairing, Composable Application Model, O-Marketplace, Blueprint v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONTENTS DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iv CONTENTS vi x LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii ABBREVIATIONS Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Context 1.2 Thesis research issues and motivation 1.2.1 Research issues 1.2.2 Motivation 1.2.3 Thesis objectives Thesis contributions 1.3.1 O-Marketplace Model 1.3.2 Composable Application Model Thesis outline 11 1.3 1.4 Chapter BACKGROUND 2.1 Cloud Computing 12 2.1.1 Overview of Cloud computing 12 2.1.2 Cloud environment classification 15 2.1.2.1 Single-cloud environment 15 2.1.2.2 Multi-cloud environment 17 The advantages of multi-cloud environment 18 Existing cloud service delivery models 21 2.2.1 Cloud service brokerage 21 2.2.2 Cloud marketplace 24 Related technologies 27 2.1.3 2.2 2.3 12 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2.3.1 tion - TOSCA 27 Settling and Launching Service Applications - SALSA 28 Related works 31 2.4.1 Approaches for cloud application 31 2.4.2 Approaches for cloud application description 31 2.4.3 Approaches for matchmaking cloud services 32 2.4.4 Approaches for cloud portability 33 2.4.5 Approaches for cloud application repairing 34 Summary 34 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applica- Chapter O-MARKETPLACE 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Existing methods for delivering cloud services 36 3.2.1 Simple cloud service delivery method 36 3.2.2 Cloud service delivery through Cloud Brokerage 38 3.2.3 Cloud service delivery through Cloud Marketplace 39 O-Marketplace Model 41 3.3 3.3.1 3.4 The proposed cloud service delivery method for multi-cloud marketplace 41 3.3.2 Overall structure of O-Marketplace 42 3.3.3 The operation mechanism of O-Marketplace 44 The novel approach in SaaS provisioning of O-Marketplace 47 3.5 The feasibility of O-Marketplace Model 49 3.6 The goals of O-Marketplace 49 3.7 Summary 50 Chapter COMPOSABLE APPLICATION MODEL 52 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 General concept of CAM 54 4.2.1 Cloud Application 54 4.2.2 Cloud Software 55 4.2.3 Cloud Platform 56 Simple Definition for CAM 57 4.3 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 4.4 4.5 4.3.1 Matching definition 57 4.3.2 Abstract model of CAM 58 4.3.2.1 Multi-component cloud software model 58 4.3.2.2 Base Component 59 4.3.2.3 Simple Component 60 4.3.2.4 Cloud Software Stack 60 4.3.2.5 Cloud Software Composition 62 4.3.2.6 Cloud Platform 63 Description Templates of CAM 64 4.4.1 CAM-based Multi-cloud Application Description Template 65 4.4.2 General Structure of Cloud Software Component Template 66 4.4.3 Simple Software Component Template 67 4.4.4 Cloud Software Stack Template 68 4.4.5 Cloud Software Composition Template 69 4.4.6 Platform Service Template 70 Experimentation of CAM 71 4.5.1 4.5.2 Overview of CAM-D to TOSCA Specification Transformation Method 71 4.5.1.1 Flattening algorithm 72 4.5.1.2 Mapping to TOSCA 75 Case Study 75 4.5.2.1 CAM-Based Wordpress Application Description 75 4.5.2.2 Transforming Wordpress Description Templates to TOSCA-Based specification 4.5.2.3 4.6 78 Deploying Wordpress Application on multi-cloud by SALSA 80 Applications of CAM in O-Marketplace context 81 4.6.1 CAM-based matchmaking method for O- Marketplace 81 4.6.1.1 The proposed approach for matchmaking method 81 4.6.1.2 Matchmaking context 82 4.6.1.3 Matchmaking algorithm 83 CAM-based multi-cloud application portability 85 4.6.2 4.6.2.1 The proposed approach for multi-cloud application portability 85 viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the crucial functionality of the multi-cloud marketplace The result is showed in Subsection 4.6.2 (iv) Value-added cloud developers: Developers may develop cloud software without worrying about the underlying incompatible cloud platforms They can write, pack and deliver the codes of their cloud software for deployment on various clouds By this way, cloud developers will achieve the highest work performance from cloud computing This facilitates cloud developers who not own cloud infrastructure to enter deeper into the cloud market.This advantage is achieved through the results in Sections 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 (v) Value-added cloud consumers: Because consumers can spread their cloud application across various cloud providers, they can approach competitive prices that reduce burden on their IT spending budget The multi-cloud approach allows them to choose the provider and services that best fit their needs This is also the way for enterprises choose to innovate its own applications and services is not restricted by the limitations of a single cloud Cloud providers have to compete to offer the best services for everything consumers need to accomplish This optimal benefit is obtained through the results in Section 3.3 and Subsection 4.6.1 Developing multi-cloud application model (i) Modeling multi-cloud application: CAM brings a novel approach to model SaaS which is organized as a distributed system including software components reside on various cloud platform services A component-based cloud software is designed without having to consider the intricacies of underlying runtime systems Cloud platform is therefore eliminated out of cloud software development CAM not only enhances the portability, but also support fault tolerance of multi-cloud application as well as facilitating match-making cloud services (ii) Reusing cloud software components: CAM-based application allows the ability to incorporated individual software components into various software compositions developed by others Each software component can be freely implemented on various cloud platforms without having to re-develop So developing a cloud software could be done with less cost and time (iii) Supporting matchmaking for multi-cloud marketplace application: CAM is the basis for developing a matchmaking solution which supports finding opti101 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com mal compatible platforms for a specific component-based cloud software The proposed matchmaking method not only gives the consumer the flexibility to use the cloud services and services as they refer but also promotes the cloud service development from both developers and cloud providers (iv) Supporting auto-repairing for multi-cloud marketplace application: CAM is utilized as a Blueprint for multi-cloud application This brings an promising approaches for auto-repairing multi-cloud application if there is any faulty service component (v) The superiority of CAM over TOSCA: To evaluate the advantages of CAM-D in particular and CAM in general, a comparison between CAM-D and TOSCA Specification is showed in Table 5.1 because TOSCA has been the well-known standard However, TOSCA Specification has not totally developed for multicloud application specification Table 5.1: The comparison between CAM-D and TOSCA Specification FEATURES Topology CAM-D TOSCA Specification Nested structure Flat structure YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO Cloud software portability Component-based cloud application description Synthesized from component specifications Multi-cloud service matchmaking The comparison showed the superior features of CAM-D compared with TOSCA specification CAM-D especially supports Cloud software portability, Componentbased cloud application description, Synthesized from component specifications, and Multi-cloud service matchmaking These features have proved the feasibility of our proposal with distinct advantages for multi-cloud application development By the achieved results, the thesis completed all goals of the assignment and contributed for cloud computing evolution: 102 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com (i) Introduction is the view on research issues, motivation, research objective Background is the view on cloud computing, cloud environment, existing cloud service delivery model, related technologies and related works (Chapter 1, 2) (ii) Analyzing and constructing O-Marketplace model (Chapter 3) (iii) Defining Composable Application Model and CAM-D The experimentation of Composable Application Model is expressed through a case study (WordPress Application) and the stransformation CAM-D into TOSCA specification Proving the possibility of CAM in matchmaking for multi-cloud application, enhancing multi-cloud application portability, and auto-repairing multi-cloud application (Chapter 4) 5.2 Future works The contributions presented in this thesis open multiple research routes for the future works, including both short term and long term perspectives The routes for short term perspectives are as follows: (i) Improvement of O-Marketplace: we are going to develop technical features of O-Marketplace like user interface, storage, download, upload, authorization, authentication, especial payment method, etc (ii) Improvement of CAM: we are going to improve CAM model in detail and prove more effective applications of CAM (iii) Extension of CAM evaluation: the results of this thesis were successfully experimented, evaluated, validated by transforming to TOSCA standard and deploying a realistic application on multiple cloud infrastructures However, CAM should be continued to evaluate based on the outcomes of on-going projects utilizing CAM (iv) Developing CAM-runtime: building up a runtime engine that utilizes to deploy and configure multi-cloud application according CAM concept The research routes for long term perspectives are as follows: (i) Mechanism for managing SaaS on multi-cloud: the wider range of cloud services an enterprise uses, the more complex it gets to manage Failure to manage 103 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the multi-cloud application adequately can increase the costs of using such application and could affect business agility Multi-cloud adds management complexity and, if left un-managed, could impact the agility and add costs Otherwise, organizations will require time and specific skills that are not always available in-house As enterprises increasingly adopt the model of cloud computing, their IT environments are transformed into a matrix of interwoven infrastructure, platform and application services delivered by multiple providers In most cases, these services will span not only different technologies and geographies, but entirely different domains of ownership and control, making the strategic and operational management of the new, cloud-based IT landscape is a rather challenging exercise (ii) QoS/SLA: goal of developing a service ranking mechanism based on quality of service and a SLA-based service quality assurance mechanism These mechanisms require an effective method for monitoring cloud service quality on multicloud environment 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for Multi-cloud infrastructures”, In Proceedings of the 18th Vietnam National Conference: Selected issues of information technology and communication, pp 100-105, Ho Chi Minh, pp 100-105, November 2015 (In Vietnamese) Hoang-Long Huynh,Van-Dang Tran, Huu-Duc Nguyen, Zhenjiang Hu, TrongVinh Le, Quyet-Thang Huynh, “Auto-updating Portable Application Model of Multi-cloud Marketplace through Bidirectional Transformations System”, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools, and Techniques (SOMET 2019), pp 11-24, Malaysia, September 2019 DOI:10.3233/FAIA190035 (SCOPUS Indexed) Hoang-Long Huynh, Huu-Duc Nguyen, Trong-Vinh Le, “Matchmaking for Multi-cloud Marketplace Application”, Journal of Research and Development on Information and Communication Technology, Ministry of Information and Communications, Vietnam, Vol 2019(1), pp 31-42, September 2019 ISSN 1859-3534 DOI:10.32913/MIC-ICT-RESEARCH.V2019.N1.854 Hoang-Long Huynh, Huu-Duc Nguyen, Trong-Vinh Le, Thi-Nhan Vu, QuyetThang Huynh, “An approach for auto-repairing cloud application on Multicloud Marketplace”, In Proceedings of the 22th Vietnam National Conference: Selected issues of information technology and communication, pp 17-22, Thai Binh, June 2019 Hoang-Long Huynh, Huu-Duc Nguyen, Trong-Vinh Le, Quyet-Thang Huynh, “CAM-D: A Description Method for Multi-cloud Marketplace Application”, Journal of Research and Development on Information and Communication Technology, Ministry of Information and Communications, Vietnam, Vol 2020(2), pp 51-61, December 2020 ISSN 1859-3534 DOI:10.32913/MIC-ICT-RESEARCH.V2020.N2.943 115 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com
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