UNIT 8 QUỲNHNHƯ UNIT 11 SOURCES OF ENERGY GLOSSARY 1 alternative [ɔ l''''tə nətiv] khác 2 complicated [''''kɔmplikeitid] phức tạp, rắc rối 3 composition [,kɔmpə''''zi∫n] bài tiểu luận 4 consumption [kən''''sʌ[.]
QUỲNHNHƯ UNIT 11 SOURCES OF ENERGY GLOSSARY alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] khác complicated ['kɔmplikeitid] phức tạp, rắc rối composition [,kɔmpə'zi∫n] tiểu luận consumption [kən'sʌmp∫n] sự tiêu thụ, sự tiêu dùng create [kri:'eit] tạo nên, tạo thành, sáng tạo creation (n), creative (adj.), creativeness = creativity (n) ecologist [i'kɔlədʒist] nhà sinh thái học entire = whole [in'taiə] tồn bợ, tồn thể, tồn vẹn, hoàn toàn entirely (adv), entirety (n) 10 extraordinary [iks'trɔ:dnri] lạ thường; khác thường; phi thường 11 fossil ['fɔsl] hố đá, hố thạch 12 fuel [fjuəl] chất đớt, nhiên liệu 13 geothermal [,dʒi:ou'θə:məl] thuộc địa nhiệt 14 it’s high time + S + V2 : đến lúc 15 infinite ['infinit] không bờ bến, vô tận 16 infinity (n) 17 lecture hall: giảng đường 18 lessen ['lesn] giảm bớt 19 renewable [ri'nju:əbl] có thể hồi phục lại 20 có thể thay mới, có thể đổi mới 21 percentage [pə'sentidʒ] tỷ lệ, tỷ lệ phần trăm 22 petroleum [pə'trouliəm] dầu mỏ 23 potential [pə'ten∫l] tiềm năng; tiềm tàng 24 proportion [prə'pɔ:∫n] : phần, tỉ lệ 25 release [ri'li:s] sự giải thoát, sự thoát khỏi, sự phóng thích 26 reserve (n) [ri'zə:v] sự dự trữ; vật dự trữ 27 reservoir ['rezəvwɑ:] hồ chứa nước; hồ chứa 28 ( reservoir of something) nguồn cung cấp hoặc tích trữ lớn về gi 29 rig: giàn khoan dầu 30 sailboat ['seilbout] thuyền buồm 31 solar ['soulə] (thuộc về) mặt trời 32 timber ['timbə] gỗ xây dựng, gỗ kiến trúc, gỗ làm mộc 33 trend[trend] phương hướng, xu hướng, khuynh hướng, 34 unlimited[ʌn'limitid] không giới hạn, vô vùng, vô tận, 35 windmill ['winmil] cối xay gió Read the passage and then the tasks that follow At present, most of our energy comes from fossil fuels (oil coal, and natural gas) However, such reserves are strictly limited Because power demand is increasing very rapidly, fossil fuels will be exhausted within a relatively" short time Therefore, people must develop and use alternative sources of energy One alternative source is nuclear energy Nuclear energy can provide enough electricity for the world's needs for hundreds of years, but it can be very dangerous Another alternative source of energy is geothermal heat, which comes from deep inside the earth Scientists use this heat to make energy However, this energy is possible only in a few places in the world The sun, water, and the wind are other alternative sources of energy The wind turns windmills and moves sailboats It is a clean source of energy, and there is lots of it Unfortunately, if the wind does not blow, there is no wind energy When water moves from a high place to a lower place, it makes QUỲNHNHƯ energy This energy is used to create electricity Water power gives energy without pollution However, people have to build dams to use this energy Dams cost a lot of money, so water energy is expensive The sun releases large amounts of energy every day This energy can be changed into electricity Many countries use solar energy for their daily life Solar panels on the roofs of houses can create enough energy to heat or cool an entire house Solar energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe Although there are some disadvantages, the potential of alternative sources of energy is great However, how to make full use of these sources of energy is a question for researchers all over the world Reading comprehension What is our major source of energy? …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why must people develop and use alternative sources of energy …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… How many sources of energy are mentioned in the text, and which one you think has the most potential? …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO INFINITIVES Exercise Rewrite the following sentences, using present participial phrase Example: The man who spoke to John is my brother The man speaking to John is my brother The boy who is playing the piano is Bend …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Do you know the man who is coming toward us? …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood …………………………………………………………………………………………………… We have an apartment which overlooks the park …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise Rewrite the following sentences, using past participial phrase QUỲNHNHƯ Example: The Sport Games which was held in India in 1951 was the first Asian Games The Sport Games held in India in 1951 was the first Asian Games The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting …………………………………………………………………………………………………… I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country …………………………………………………………………………………………………… They live in the house that was built in 1980 …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful …………………………………………………………………………………………………… They work in a hospital which was sponsored by the government …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise Rewrite the following sentences, using infinitive phrase Example: Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space John was the last man who reached the top of the mountain …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light …………………………………………………………………………………………………… This is the second person who was killed in that way …………………………………………………………………………………………………… the first person who catches the ball will be the winner …………………………………………………………………………………………………… The first person that we must see is Mr Smith …………………………………………………………………………………………………… MORE EXERCISES I Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb in the box exhaust, release, alternate, supply, renew, pollute, research, relate, harm, finite Coal, gas and oil are forms of energy that can not be replaced after used The nuclear plant provides a fifth of the nation's energy Solar energy is not only plentiful and but also clean and safe Increased consumption will lead to faster of our natural resources Electricity companies were criticized for failing to develop energy QUỲNHNHƯ sources Oxygen from the water is into the atmosphere Fossil fuels will be exhausted within a short time How to make full use of these sources of energy is a question for all over the world These pesticides are environmentally 10 Water power provides energy without II Change all of the adjective clauses to adjective phrases Use the participles Only a few of the movie that are shown at the Gray Theater are suitable for children ……………………………………………………………………………… Antarctica is covered by a huge ice cap that contains 70 percent of the earth's fresh water ……………………………………………………………………………… Only a small fraction of the eggs that are laid by a fish actually hatch and survive to adulthood ……………………………………………………………………………… None of the pedestrians who were walking up and down the busy street stopped to help the elderly man who was slumped in the door way ……………………………………………………………………………… Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the esophagus ……………………………………………………………………………… Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild ……………………………………………………………………………… The children attended a special movie program that consisted of cartoons that featured Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse ……………………………………………………………………………… The Indians who lived in Peru before the discovery of the New World by Europeans belonged to the Incan culture ……………………………………………………………………………… I was awakened by the sound of laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel ……………………………………………………………………………… III Complete the sentences with -ing, -ed, being + -ed or to-infinitive form of these verbs appear build drive educate elect flow travel introduce need print say tell off give write win The man _ the bus is my brother I went to a reunion for students _ in the physics department during the 1980s As my aunt told me what she thought, I felt like a schoolboy _ by his headmaster There is a sign on the gate _ 'Entry forbidden' Emma Thompson is the most famous actress _ on stage here Across the river were some of the deer _ into the park in the 19th century Rivers _ into Baltic Sea are much cleaner now than ten years ago QUỲNHNHƯ New Zealand was the first country _ women the vote The booklets _ as we speak will be on sale later this afternoon 10 Anyone _ further information can see me in my office 11 The guest on our show is the youngest golfer _ the Open 12 Mary O'Brien, the Democrat _ to the council only last week, has resigned 13 We live in a house _ in 1906 14 Any passenger _ to Cambridge should sit in the first two carriages of the train 15 Melanie was the only person _a letter of thanks IV Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases We visited Madrid, which is the capital of Spain ……………………………………………………………………………… Astronomy, which is the study of planets and stars, is one of the world's oldest sciences ……………………………………………………………………………… Jasmine, which is a plant with fragrant flowers, grows only in warm places ……………………………………………………………………………… Arizona, which was once thought to be a useless desert, is today a rapid growing industrial and agricultural state ……………………………………………………………………………… Simon Bolivar, who was a great South American general, led the fight for independence early in the 191h century ……………………………………………………………………………… Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Nero, who was Emperor of Home from A.D 54 to 68, is believed to have murdered both his mother and his wife ……………………………………………………………………………… In hot weather, many people enjoy lemonade, which is a drink that is made from lemon juice, water, and sugar ……………………………………………………………………………… My uncle Elias, who is a restaurant owner, often buys fish and shellfish from boats that are docked at the local pier ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Honolulu, which is best known to the travelers for Waikiki Beach, has consistently pleasant weather ……………………………………………………………………………… V Write the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one QUỲNHNHƯ She refuse to answer, which was disappointing Her ……………………………………………………………………………… I have not seen a more wonderful building anywhere Nowhere ……………………………………………………………………………… It is disappointing that we haven't heard from Molly We are ……………………………………………………………………………… 'Well done, I'm so glad you've passed your exam.' I congratulated ……………………………………………………………………………… Somebody really ought to look into this problem further This problem ……………………………………………………………………………… Nobody has paid for the tickets, have they? The tickets ……………………………………………………………………………… If I hadn't examined the photograph myself, I would have thought it was a fake Had ……………………………………………………………………………… Tom arrived late and started complaining Not only ……………………………………………………………………………… Smuggling pets is a serious offense, because there is a danger of rabies Because of ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 I wish I could play tennis really well I'd like ……………………………………………………………………………… TEST 11 A PHONOLOGY Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from those of the rest A fast B screen C cleanse D scrub A courage B mouse C countdown D ground A drum B jute C jump D plug Choose the word which has a different stress pattern A pressure B recent A empathy B fantastic a energy b natural a fossil b limit a only b inside a therefore b nuclear 10 a alternative b geothermal C micron C internet c relative c windmill c demand c reserve c environment D collapse D recognize d pollution d entire d provide d limit d expensively B READING COMPREHENSION I Read the text and the task that follows SOLAR LIGHTING Throughout the 1900s, the use of the sun as a source of energy has evolved considerably Early QUỲNHNHƯ in the century, the sun was the primary source of interior light for buildings during the day Eventually, however, the cost, convenience, and performance of electric lamps improved and the 'sun was displaced as our primary method of lighting building interiors Attempts to use sunlight directly for interior lighting via lens collectors, reflective light-pipes, and fiber-optic bundles were the next step The most recent technology, hybrid solar lighting, collects sunlight and routs it through optical fibers into buildings where it is combined with electric light in "hybrid" light fixtures Sensors keep the room at a steady lighting level by adjusting the electric lights based on the sunlight available This new generation of solar lighting combines both electric and solar power Hybrid solar lighting pipes sunlight directly to the light fixture and no energy conversions are necessary, therefore the process is much more efficient It is currently being developed and tested by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration with the Department of Energy and several industry partners Choose the most suitable answers The use of the sun as a source of energy has evolved _ A throughout the 19th century B in 1900 C for some centuries D throughout the 20th century In the late 20th century, the sun, our main way of lighting building interiors during the day, was replaced by A fiber-optic bundles B electric lamps C lens collectors D reflective light-pipes All of the following are mentioned as parts of the most recent technology for using sunlight for interior lighting EXCEPT _ A optical fibers B sensors C adaptors D hybrid light fixtures The process of piping sunlight to the light fixture A is direct B needs an energy converter C is not very efficient D is fairly expensive The process is now A widely used B sponsored by the Department of Energy C under the strict control of the Government D being researched and tested II Fill in the blanks with the correct answers Have you (1) _used a magnifying glass to make something melt or burn? If yes, you were using solar power! "Solar" is the Latin word for "sun" - and it's a powerful (2) of energy (3) _, the sunlight that shines on the Earth in just one hour could meet world energy demand (4) an entire year! We can use solar power in two different ways: as a heat source, and as an energy source People (5) _the sun as a heat source for thousands of years Families in ancient Greece built their homes to get the most sunlight (6) _the cold winter months In the 1830s, explorer John Herschel used a solar collector to cook food during an adventure in Africa You can even try this at home! (7) _we can use solar collectors for heating water and air in our homes If you've seen a house with big shiny panels (8) , that family is using solar power QUỲNHNHƯ A wondered A source A In deed A over A were using A about A As a result A on the top B yet B origin B In fact B with B has used B on B Besides B on the roof C never C mine C In spite of C as C have used C during C Yet C on the bottom D ever D root D In addition to D for D had used D through D However D on the peak C USE OF ENGLISH I Vocabulary Choose the best answers The teacher is the rules of the game to his students A explaining B saying C telling D mentioning She's very with her children A satisfied B strict C cold D easy The bank refused to _ the money to us A charge B borrow C lend D hire The country _ its independence twenty years ago A had B gained C took D made The boy was told to _ for breaking the vase A confess B excuse C apologize D explain Oil, coal, and natural gas are _ a solar system b nuclear power c hydropower d fossil fuels energy uses natural sources of energy such as the sun, wind, or water for power and fuel, rather than oil, coal, or nuclear power a Alternative b Solar c Hydroelectricity d Electricity _ is the power from sources such as electricity and coal that makes machines work or provides heat a Chemical b Machine c Energy d Natural gas Water energy is used to create electricity a produce b design c operate d heat 10 A _ is a structure that is used to convert the power of the wind into electricity a dam b windmill c machine d panel 11 Nuclear power is cleaner than coal a strength b might c rule d energy 12 Underground cables carry _to all parts of the town a electric b electricity c electrify d electrification 13 We will never actually used solar energy in its _ a entire b entirely c entirety d entireties 14 Although we need more energy, we should consider the of a nuclear power station a disadvantage b disadvantageous c disadvantaged d disadvantageously 15 A greenhouse is warm because the glass traps the _ of the sun a tide b heat c cool d electricity 16 Coal power stations _sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere a clean b build c release d use 17 How long will it be before the world's fuel supplies are exhausted? QUỲNHNHƯ a got rid of b used up c put up with d gone out 18 He had spent his entire life in China to work as an energy researcher a long b whole c relative d short 19 Fossil Fuels will be exhausted within a relatively short time a comparatively b shortly c rapidly d disadvantageously 20 The potential of alternative sources of energy is great a ability to achieve b solar system c use d heat 21 There is _of solar energy that we cannot make full use of a plenty b plenties c plentiful d plentifully 22 Thanks to the _ of scientists all over the world, our life has become better and better a create b creative c creatively d creativity 23 The seas store and release it gradually during cold periods a hot b heat c heated d heating II Prepositions and Phrasal verbs Choose the best answers I'm anxious _ Tom His plane is overdue A in B about C for D of "I agree that Bob looks ridiculous since he shaved his head, but don't make fun him or you'll hurt his feelings." A at B over C of D on Students are encouraged to take part _ the discussion A to B on C for D in I'm very interested _ English literature A in B to C of D with When the teacher entered the room, all the students stood _ A of B up C by D down present, scientists are trying to find out the most suitable energy a In b For c At d On Nuclear power can provide us great source of energy a for b on c with d at Do you know where this kind of energy comes ? a up b from c on d in The sun releases large amounts _ energy every day a for b in c for d of 10 The solar energy can change _ electricity a to b for c with d into 11 We not have plenty _ energy as we think a of b on c over d for III Structures Choose the best answers - He doesn't like tea Does he like coffee? - No, he likes _ A neither tea or coffee B neither tea nor coffee C either tea or coffee D either tea nor coffee I cartoon since I was a child QUỲNHNHƯ A has liked B like C liked D have liked We will go camping it rains A if B unless C only if D provided The song _we listened last night was good A to which B which C which to D that _had the cinema opened than people were flocking to see movies A Not once B Not until C No sooner D Nowhere - I know you lost your wallet Did you lose your key too? - Yes, I lost _ A both my wallet or my key B neither my wallet nor my key C not only my wallet but also my key D either my wallet or my key I went to bed after I _my homework A finish B have finished C finished D had finished Water freezes if the temperature _below Doe A goes B will go C went D has gone I _ my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight A will finish B will have finished C have finished D am finishing 10. Physics to understand the mysteries of the physical world A will seek B sought C seeks D seek 16 You should disconnect power before attempting to repair electrical equipment a a b an c the d Ø 17 The energy by the windmill drives all the drainage pumps a that is producing b which produces c producing d produced 18 They are making an artificial lake _water for an area a provided b that provided c to provide d which is provided 19 Acid rain refers to any form of precipitation more acidic than normal rainwater a to be b being c been d is 20 Carbon dioxide is the gas human beings and other animals exhale a that b to which c to that d of whom 21 The industrialized nations have promoted the waste of fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions a increases b to increase c increased d which increases 22 Scientists are constantly searching for new sources of power modern society running a using for keeping b that uses to keep c user for keeping d which uses to keep 23 She is the only one in the discussion to using nuclear power a objects b objected c to object d whom objects 24 The old man _a black suit is a famous energy researcher a to wear b wearing c whom is wearing d is wearing 25 Johnny was the last applicant _for a position in that energy station a to interview b which is interviewed c interviewing d to be interviewed 26 Coal, of energy in many countries, is a serious pollutant a the main source b is the main source c being the main source d that is the main source 10 QUỲNHNHƯ 27 Is there any oil ? a using b being used c to be used d to use 28 I have something interesting a told you b to tell you c that tells you d telling you 29 If the wind does not blow, there is no _wind energy a a b an c the d Ø 30 I pulled off the sheets which covered the furniture a to cover b covered c that covering d covering 31 The nuclear power plant that was completed last year will come to operate tomorrow a completing b to complete c completed d which completed 32 We have a lot of important documents on energy to read a that we have to read b for reading c we read d which we read 33 The solar panel on the roofs of the house can get enough energy for the whole family a fixing b to fix c fixed d that is fixing 34 I think we should use hydroelectric power, _ a that is clean and safe b to be clean and safe c being clean and safe d which is clean and safe 35 Solar power, _ a potential of alternative sources of energy, is a big question for researchers a being b is c to be d which is 36 Scientists will find ways our supplies of coal, oil, and gas a to increase b increasing c that is increasing d increased 37 Airplanes in the twentieth century is one of the sources of pollution a which invented b to invent c invented d that is invented 38 Mr Pike has established a potential business solar panels a to sell b selling c sold d which selling 39 Those people _in favor of nuclear power not want to refer its disadvantages a are b who are c to be d been 40 The heat from the sun is infinite a to release b that is released c released d releasing 41 A survey on alternative sources of energy out by those scientists will be reported to the public next week a which carried b that carried c carried d carrying D WORD FORM Choose the best answers She's doing an evening class in (photograph) He's a freelance political (journal) I'm going to for someone to clean my house (advertising) Christmas is such a time of year (joy) It's to book seats at least a week in advance.(advise) E SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION "Don't forget to turn off the light before you go out," said the man The man reminded ……………………………………… No one but you and I know the answers 11 QUỲNHNHƯ Only you and I ……………………………………………… They failed to find out a solution to the problem They did not ………………………………………………… This is the bank We borrowed money from it This is the bank ……………………………………… If she were not shy, she would take part in the competition Because of ……………………………………………………… Despite having a lot of money, he wasn’t happy Even though ……………………………………………………… Our life is becoming more comfortable because the national economy is developing steadily Because of ……………………………………………………………………… Mr Brown is going to the circus tonight So are his children Mr Brown with his children …………………………………………… They know little about what to expect when they start work They have ……………………………………………………………… F Identify one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect: The picture of the soldiers bring back many memories A B C B If the duties of these officers isn’t reduced, there will not be enough time to finish it A B C D Either Bill nor Mary is going to the play tonight A B C D A number of reporters was at the conference yesterday A B C D Every elementary school teacher have to take this examination A B C D These pictures, as well as this photograph , brightens the room A B C D What he said you seems to be of no importance A B C D Measles are cured without much difficulty nowadays A B C D If they had left the house early, they wouldn’t have been so late at the play A B C D 10 Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill him A B C D 12 ... will be on sale later this afternoon 10 Anyone _ further information can see me in my office 11 The guest on our show is the youngest golfer _ the Open 12 Mary O''Brien, the Democrat ... ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 I wish I could play tennis really well I''d like ……………………………………………………………………………… TEST 11 A PHONOLOGY Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from those of the... that is used to convert the power of the wind into electricity a dam b windmill c machine d panel 11 Nuclear power is cleaner than coal a strength b might c rule d energy 12 Underground cables carry