Báo cáo khoa học:Cách chuyển thuật ngữ test khi biểu thị một phương pháp thống kê từ tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt pot

Quart ly - Trao 361 Cach chuyen ngfr thuat ngfr "test" khi bilu thj mot phirong phap thfing ke hoc f r tir tieng Anh sang tieng Viet Oat van de Hien nay, nhieu dong nghiep, nhat la cac hoc vIen cao hoc va nghien cu'u sinh c6 flat v^n d^ la rki kho chuyen thuat ngu' "test" khi "test" bieu thi mot phu-cng phap th6ng ke hoc tu" ti^ng Anh sang tieng Viet. Vi dij, trong th6ng ke sinh hoc, thLi'ang gap "Student's t test" (hoac t test), y/ test, Anova test (hoac F test). Bartlett's test, Cochran's test, Duncan's test. Hartley's test ,,,, Co ngu'ai chuyen ngCf chu- "Test" la "Chuan" va djch la "Chuan t", "Chuan -//"; c6 ngu'ai chuyen ngO' la "Kiem djnh" va dich la "Kiem djnh t", "Kiem djnh -//"; c6 ngu'ai chuyen ngu' la "ThCe nghiem" va dich la "ThLf nghiem t", "Thi> nghiem //"; CO ngu'ai chuyen ngu' la "Kiem tra" va dich la "Kiem tra t", "Kiem tra y^": c6 ngu'ai chuyen ngCr la "Trie nghiem" va dich la "Trac nghiem t", "Trie nghiem //", c6 ngu-ai chuy§n ngu' la "The nghiem" va djch la "The nghiem t", "The nghiem X^": CO ngu'O'i chuyin ngO la "ThCp nghiem" va djch la "Thi> nghiem t", "Thu" nghiem -i", c6 ngLcai chuyen ngij la "Nghiem phap" va dich la "Nghiem phap t", "Nghiem phap y^"; c6 ngu-cyi chuyen ngO la "Phu-cng phap" va djch la "Phu'ang phap t", "Phu'ang phap y^"\ c6 ngu-ai chuyen ngu' la "Phep thi>" va goi la ' Phep tht> t", "Phep thij' -/^"; c6 ngu'cri chuyen ngij' la "Phep ki4m" va goi la "Phep kiem t", "Phep kiem y^"\ CO ngu'ai chuyen ngu" la "Phep chuan" va goi la "Phep chuan t", "Phep chuan y^". c6 ngti-ai chuyen ngu' la "Phep nghiem" va goi la "Phep nghiem t", "Phep nghiem y^"\ c6 ngu-ai phien am ra ti§ng Viet la "Tet" va goi la "Tet t", "Tet X^"; CO ngLfoi vin de nguyen chu" "Test" trong tiing Anh va dich la "Test t", "Test y^" Tit nhien, mot thuat ngO cua mot nu-ac khi chuyen ngi>' sang ti§ng cija mot nu-oc khac. Do Trung Dam Vien Duac Lieu thu'cyng c6 nhieu y nghTa khac nhau, NhLfng trong mot tinh hudng nhit djnh, thi chf nen c6 mot thuat ngO tu-cng Cfng, chtj khong the cung la thuat ngCr "Test" trong cung mot ngO canh cua th6ng ke sinh hoc ma lai c6 the c6 den hang chuc each chuyen ngO- khac nhau. Tuy nhien, viec thong nhit each dung la mot viec khong h§ dan gian. Nha lai, viec th6ng nhat chuyin ngiJ' thuat ngO "half-life" thanh "nCra d6i\ tu-ang nhLf hai nam ro mu'oi, vi viec chuyin ngij nhu* vay la rit "cf^f, thi nhLi-ng cung eye ky kho khan. Viec de xult nay, chtjng toi da neu trong bai bao "Ni>a dai, thai gian ban huy hay ehu ky nt>a phan ra'?" (06 Trung Dam, Tap ehi Dyge hoe, nam 1995, s6 3, trang 10 -11), Tuy nhien, viec dung thuat ngu" nay van theo nhieu each khac nhau, Cung may, vao cac nam 2000 - 2002, khi bien soan "Du'ge thu' qu6e gia Viet Nam", c6 mot Ban Bien tap, chung toi da di nghj chuyen ngQ' thuat ngCr "half-life" la "nCra dai". Ban Bien tap da tranh luan va phan tich nhiiu lln, nhu-ng v^n khong nhit tri du'ge. Co vj giao su' dat eau hoi: "N§u chuyen ngij thuat ngiJ "half-life" la "niia dai", thi "plasmatic half-life" goi la gl?", Cau hoi nay dS dang giai dap, vi "plasmatic half-life" du'ge chuyen ngCc la "nCca dai trong huyit tu'ang". Co vj phan doi da buong mot eau "Cai ong nu'a dai nCra doan nay lam phu'c tap van 6h qua!", Tuy nhien, sau nhiiu lln trinh bay phan tich, eu6i cung Ban Bien tap cung nhit tri chuyen ngCf thuat ngiJ "half-life" thanh "nija dai". Tu'ang nhu thi da la xong. NhLrng din khi Bo Y te to chLfc nghiem thu cuon sach "Du-ac thu- qu6c gia Viet Nam" nay, lai c6 nhiiu giao SU" trong Hgi ding nghiem thu phan doi, khong cho dung thuat ngij "ni>a dai", Cung may, trong buoi nghiem thu nay, chung toi cung du'ge ph6p TAP CHi DUOC HOC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49) Quan ly - Trao doi tham dy, v^ v^i c^c ly do a§ nhieu Ian trinh b^y v6'i Ban Bien tap, chung t6i d§ trinh b^y lai v^ thuyet phuc dygc HOi dong thong qua. Niu trong buoi Hoi dong hop nghiem thu, ma chung toi khong du'ge dy, thi c6 khi thuat ngij nay vin khong du'ge chip nhan. Noi nhLf vay de thiy ring, viec thay doi di thing nhit each goi mot thuat ngij da quen dung la khong de dang Chinh vi thi, dii vai thuat ngu' "test" la mot thuat ngij con phijc tap han nhiiu so vai thuat ngij "half-life", chung toi cung chf biit dung theo each hiiu cua chung toi, chij khong dam di xuat di mong mpi ngu'ai thong nhIt, Tuy nhien, khi ehim cac luan an thae sT, tiin sT hoac phan bien cae bai bao dang tren cac Tap ehi khoa hoc, chung toi thu'ang phai gop y vai hoc vien va nghien ciju sinh. Nhiiu nghien eiju sinh van lai "Bay gia ho cung vin dung loan len ma thiy\ ThS theo thiy thi dung thuat ngCr naol Dung nhu thiy noi, thiy c6 dam bao la khong c6 ai phe phan em khong?". Thu thyc, chung toi cung khong dam dam bao vai nghien ciJu sinh la niu em dung thuat ngij n^w chung toi gai y, thi khong ai phe phan em du-ac, vi lue do, chung toi eo dyge a day di trinh bay dau, ma gia thiit du chung toi c6 mat a do, cung khong CO ca sa nao di buoc vj phan bien kia phai chap nhan diiu ma chung toi trinh bay. Co khi danh de nghien ciJu sinh dung nguyen van thuat ngij "test" cua tiing Anh, roi khi thay nao phe phan thi trinh bay ly do vay. TrLfae tinh hinh qua bijc xuc, trong bai bao nay, ehung toi xin neu quan diim cua chung toi vi viec chuyin ngij thuat ngij "test" khi "test" biiu thj mot phu'ang phap thong ke hoc tiJ tiing Anh sang tiing Viet. Nhu tren ehung toi da trinh bay, thuat ngij "test" phije tap han thuat ngij "half-life" nhiiu, TrLfoe hit, y nghTa cua thuat ngu' "test" rit phong phu, khong dan gian nhu- thuat ngO "half-life". Thy hai, thuat ngiJ "half-life" la mot danh tiJ, con thuat ngy "test" c6 thi la mot danh tu, cung CO thi la mot dong tu. Lai con nhiiu trugng hgp, danh tu "test" dung truac mot danh tu khac, dugc dung nhu mot tinh ngiJ di bo nghTa cho danh tu khac do. Oiem lai va phan tich cac each dung hien nay De CO thi rut ra duge each chuyin nglj "dit" nhat cho thuat ngu nhu "test" trong ITnh vyc thing ke sinh hoc (xin nhan manh la chi trong ITnh vyc thong kg sinh hoe thoi), chung t6i xin ph6p c6 mot vai phcin tich vi cac c^ch dung hien nay. Co nguai chuyin ngu thuat ngij "test" sang tiing Viet la "chuan", "phep chuan" "tieu chuan" va goi vi du la "Chuan t" hoac "Phep chuan t" hoac "Tieu chuan t". Chung toi nghT chuyin ngiJ "Chuan" nen di danh cho thuat ngu trong tiing Anh nhu "Standard", "Standardization", hoac "Norm", hoac cung llm c6 thi la "Criterion", ehu khong nen la chuyin ngu cho thuat ngij "test" trong bit eu tinh huong nao. Trong cuon "Tu diin toan hoc Anh Viet" cung eo truang hgp chuyin ngij thuat ngij "test" sang tiing Viet la "Tieu ehuin". Nhung theo ehung toi, viec chuyin ngu nhu vay la khong that hgp ly. Tom lai theo chung toi, viec chuyin ngij thuat nglj "t test" sang tiing Viet la "ehuIn t", "tieu chuan t" hoac "phep chuan t" la khong dung. Co nguai chuyen ngij thuat ngu "t test" theo kiiu phien am, va goi la "tet t", hoac di nguyen van tiing Anh la "test t", ehi dao 2 chij "t" va ehu "test" cho phu hgp vai each hanh van trong tiing Viet. Trong thyc ti, cung eo nhiiu truang hgp, ta phai dung theo kiiu phien am hoac mugn nguyen thuat ngij tiing nuae ngoai sang tiing Viet. Nhung do chi la nhijng truang hgp bit dae dT. Con niu c6 kha nang Viet hoa dugc, lam cho tiing Viet phong phu han, trong sang han, ehung toi nghT, ta nen thyc hien. Oac biet la a day, da c6 muai miy each chuyen ngu, ta nen ehpn lly mot each hgp ly nhIt, Do do, chung toi thIy khong nen chuyin ngij thuat ngiJ "t test" tu tiing Anh sang tiing Viet la "tet t" hoac "test t". Cung CO nguai chuyin nglj thuat ngij "t test" sang tiing Viet la "kiim djnh t", "phep kiim djnh t", "kiim tra t", "phep kiim tra t" hoac "phep kiim t". Thuat ngu "kiim tra" hoac "kiim dinh" thuang di chl mot viec da lam, nay lam lai di xem viec da lam CO dung khong hoac dung din mue do nao, hoan toan khac vai "test" trong thing ke sinh hoc. Thuat ngij "kiim tra", "kiim dinh" trong tiing Viet thuang di chuyin ngu cho thuat ngij "examine", "examination" hoac "control" cua tiing Anh. Cung CO truang hgp thuat ngu "test" duge chuyin ngij sang tiing Viet la "kiim tra", nhung do la truang hap kiem tra vi ky nang, nang lye, sy hieu biit, trinh do van hoa.,, va khi do, "test" thuang thupc tu loai la "dong tu", Vi du: We shall be tested on grammar tomorrow, hoac We have to test his TAP CHi DUQC HQC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49) Quan ly - Trao do! knovi/ledge of computers. Trong nhung tnj'ang hgp n^y, chuyen ngij IS "thu" cung khong sai, nhung ehung chung quS, nen ta thuang chuyen nglj la "kiem tra". Con trong tinh huong cua mot phuang phap thing ke nhu "t test" thi khong nen dung chuyin ngu "kiim tra" hoac "kiim djnh". Cung CO nguai chuyin ngij thuat ngiJ "t test" sang tiing Viet la "Trie nghiem t", "Thu nghiem t", "Thi nghiem t". Cac thuat ngu "Trie nghiem", "ThLP nghiem", "The nghiem" thuang de bieu hien hanh dong lam mot viec gi, trai lai day la mot phuang phap (phep); vi vay, viec dung nhu vay la khong hgp ly. Cung eo nguai cho ring, cac thuat ngij "Trie nghiem", "Thu nghiem", "Thi nghiem" ma ehung toi dung a day la danh tu ehu khong phai la dong tu. Theo ehung toi, niu dung vai y nghTa danh tu thi nen dung thuat ngu "phep thu" (hoac '"phuang phap thu") vua noi len duge day la danh tu, lai neu len dugc day la mot phuang phap (phep) thij c6 quy trinh, quy tic ro rang, Tuy nhen, dung thuat ngiJ "Phep thu" cung khong dung trong tinh huong nay (xin xem phin trinh bay ngay duai day). Thuat ngij "test" trong tiing Anh, thong thuang khi chuyen ngij sang tiing Viet la "thu". Niu "test" la danh tu thi duge chuyin ngij la "Sy thu" hoac "Viec thu". Truang hgp "Sy thu" nay la chi mot phuang phap c6 quy trinh quy tic thi nen chuyin ngu la "Phep thu". "Phep thu" nay c6 thi la thu in vivo, c6 thi la thu in vitro, cOng eo thi la thu theo mot quy tic nao do, Trai lai, thuat ngij "test" trong thing ke hoc a day la "nghiem" lai nhung kit qua thu dugc tu cac "phep thu" in vivo hoac in vitro de rut ra kit kuan xac dang vi cac kit qua thu dugc. Vi vay, chung toi di nghj chuyin ngu thuat ngiJ "test" trong thong ke hoc la "phep nghiem". Cung CO thi goi la "nghiem phap", nhung theo chung toi thuat nglj "phep nghiem" thuin Viet han thuat ngij "nghiem phap". De thIy ro han tai sao trong truang hgp nay lai nen chuyin ngiJ la "phep nghiem", chung toi xin neu vai vi du minh hoa sau day. Vidu1 Trong mot thi nghiem nghien CLPU tac dung Igi mat cua thuic T tren chuot lang, da dung 2 16 chupt lang, mil 16 8 eon. Din luu mat tu ing mat ehu cua mil chupt vap tung ing nghiem de do thi tich mat chay ra. Bam thuic vao ta trang chupt 6' 16 thuic, con 16 doi chyng bam dung dich NaCI 0,9% vai cung thi tich. Do the tich mat chay ra cua moi chuot trong 30 phut ke tu khi bam thuoc vSo t^ trSng chupt, ta se dugc the tich mat tiet ra cua m5i chupt. Chuyen the tich m$t tiit ra cua mil con chu6t quy ra cho 1 kg chupt (ml/kg) Tinh the tich mat trung binh (V) cua moi 16 theo trj trung binh ± sai si chuan (M ± SE), vi du 16 dii ehung ta tinh duge Vc = 3,76 ± 0,31 ml/kg, eon 16 thuic la Vt = 4,35 ± 0,36 ml/kg. Din day, ta thIy thi tich mat trung binh cua mil chupt 6' 16 thuic tiit ra nhiiu hgn so vd'i 16 dii ehung. Ta con c6 thi tinh dugc ty le mat a 16 thuic tiit ra nhiiu han so vo-i 16 dii chung la 15,7%. Tuy nhien, ta khong biit duac sy tang nay thyc sy la do thuoc gay ra hay do sy ngiu nhien cua viec ehpn chupt da dua vao 16 d6i Chung va 16 thuic. De lam diiu nay, ta phai tiin hanh "Phep nghiem" so sanh 2 si trung binh Vc va Vt dung phuang phap tinh thing ke sinh hpe. Co nhiiu phuang phap tinh thing ke Trong truo-ng hgp nay, vi du ta ap dung "Phep nghiem t" (t test) ching han, Truo-c hit, ta phai tinh trj si cua "t" theo m6t quy trinh, quy tic nhit dinh cua "phep nghiem t". Sau do, ta tra cuu mot bang gpi la "bang t" di xac djnh xem xac suit P la bao nhieu: Niu P > 0,05 thi > 95% truo-ng hgp, 2 tn so trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau khdng c6 y nghTa. Thuic T tuy c6 lam tang su tiit mat 15,7%, nhung su tang nay kh6ng c6 y nghTa thong ke 6' nguang xac suit P = 0,05. Noi m6t each khac, thuic T thyc chit kh6ng eo tac dung lam tang tiit mat c6 y nghTa thing ke so vd'i 16 doi chung, ma sy tang nay la do sy ngau nhien cua viec ehpn miu chupt vao 2 16. Niu P < 0,05 thi > 95% truo'ng hgp 2 trj so trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau c6 y nghTa, tuc la thyc chit, > 95%. tryo'ng hgp, thuic T lam tang tiit mat nhiiu han so vd'i 16 dii chung. Niu P < 0,01 thi > 99% truo'ng hgp, 2 tri so trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau c6 y nghTa thing ke, tuc la > 99% tryo'ng hgp, thuic T lam tang tiit mat nhiiu han so vai 16 dii chung. Niu P < 0,001 thi > 99,9% truo'ng hgp, 2 tn si trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau c6 y nghTa thing ke, tuc la > 99,9%i truo'ng hgp, thuic T lam tang tiit mat nhiiu han so vd'i 16 dii chCeng khdng dung thuoc T. Nhu vay la nho' "Phep nghiem f, ta xac dinh dugc ro thuoc T thyc chit c6 lam tang the tich mSt tiit ra hay kh6ng? va ca muc d6 c6 y nghia cua viec T lam tang thi tich mat tiit ra la bao nhieu %. TAP CHi DUOC HQC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49) Quan ly - Trao doi Hi0n nay, vd'i cSch su dung Microsoft-Excel (xin xem sach 06 Trung DSm, Su dung Microsoft-Excel trong thong kg sinh hoc, NXB Y hoc, 2003) ta kh6ng can phai tra bang, mS mSy cho ta trj so cu the cua P, vi du P = 0,0236 (dT nhien P = 0,0236 thi P < 0,05). Niu bing each tra bang (khdng dung Microsoft-Excel), ta chi c6 the xac djnh dugc 6' mot si muc nhu P > 0,05; P < 0,05; P < 0,01; P < 0,001 (tit nhien, nhu thi cung la du). (y day, chung t6i cijng xin neu, eo nghien cuu sinh din trinh bay vd'i chung t6i la: thay phan bien phe phan nghien cuu sinh, cho ring nghien cuu sinh viit chlj P (ehu P in hoa) la sai va bit nghien cuu sinh phai sua la p (ehu p thuang); lai eo nghien cuu sinh phan anh la thay phan bien phe phan nghien cuu sinh, cho la khi si ca thi nghien cuu trong m6t 16 it thi phai dung ehu p, con khi si ca the trong mot 16 nhiiu thi phai dung ehu P. Thyc ra, chy P a day la viit tit cua chij "xac suit" trong tiing Anh (va nhiiu tiing nuae ngoai khac) la "Probability". Vi thi viit P hoac p diu dugc. Trong cac c6ng trinh nghien cuu c6ng bi tren cac tap ehi khoa hpe nuae ngoai, cung diu thiy CO khi dung p, c6 khi dung P. Vidu2 C6 the lly m6t vi du thu 2 "Thu nghiem dinh lugng corticotrophin bIng phuang phap tiem du6'i da chupt cing tring" Chung ta biit ring corticotrophin hay adrenocorticotrophie hormone (ACTH) la hormon do thuy truac tuyin yen tiit ra c6 tac dung kich thich v6 thugng than ting hgp va giai phong cac glucocorticoid & 16'p bo cua v6 thugng than. Thuic c6 tac dung tang ding hoa glycogen, c6 tac dung ching viem, ching thip kh6p, ching dj ung, uc chi miin dich. Dae biet la corticotrophin c6 tac dung lam tieu acid ascorbic 6' thugng than. Liiu dung cua corticotrophin cang lo'n thi ham lugng acid ascorbic trong tuyin thugng than cang thIp. Mil tuang quan liiu lugng-dap ung giua hoat dp cprticotrophin (tinh bIng dan vj quic ti U) va hSm lugng acid ascorbic (tinh bIng mg trong 100 g tuyin thugng than) chat che din muc c6 the dung phuang phap nay di djnh lugng liiu lygng corticotrophin da dung. Gia thiit, ta c6 mot miu corticotrophin (gpi la miu thu T), ngoai nhan de 1 U/mg. Ta phai djnh lugng xem miu thuic T d6 thyc chit la bao nhi6u U/mg. Muon the, ta phai dung mot miu corticotrophin chuan (gpi \A miu chuan S) c6 hoat dp vi du cung Id 1 U/mg. Dung 4 16 chu6t cing trIng, mil 16 10 con, 2 16 thu vd'i miu S, trong do, m6t 16 dung liiu 0,25 vd 1 16 dung lieu 1 U/100 g chupt. Hai 16 thij vd'i miu T cung dung lieu nhu vay. Sau khi thuic dugc tiem duo'i da 60 phut, giit chupt, b6c tach lly tuyin thugng than va dinh lugng acid ascorbic trong tuyin thugng than. Kit qua thu duge, tinh quy ra ham lugng acid ascorbic (mg) cho 100 g tuyin thugng than. Tinh trj trung binh va phuang sai cua mii 16. Trong truang hgp nay, ta dung phep phan tich phuang sai (ANOVA test hoac F test) nen can tinh phuang sai cua mii 16 (khac vd'i vi du 1, ta tinh sai si chuan). Gia thiit, sau thi nghiem, ta thu dugc cac kit qua nhu sau: Ham lira'ng acid ascorbic (mg/100 g tuyin thipang thian) va phirvng sai cua cac 16 Thong so Che pham chuan S Che pham thLH T Tong Trj trung binh Phu'cng sai (V) Lieu thap Si 332,0 1026,7 Lieu cao S2 248,4 483,8 Lieu thap ti 323,9 725,0 Lieu cao f2 244,0 718,7 so 1148,3 2954,2 Den day, ta phai xac djnh tinh c6 gia tri (validity) cua thu nghiem dung ph6p phan tich phuang sai hoac "Phep nghiem F". Niu phep thu khdng eo y nghTa thing ke, thi thu nghiem kh6ng c6 gia trj va phai tiin hanh lai thi nghiem. Niu phep thu c6 y nghTa thing ke, thi tinh eo gia trj (validity) cua thu nghiem dat yeu ciu, lue d6, ta mo'i dugc tinh hoat lue va cac gia trj tin cay cua hoat lue so vd'i thuoc chuan S. Trong vi du nay, niu thyc hien "Ph6p nghiem F", ta xac djnh dugc ty so F = 90,5 tuc la xac suit thing ke rit c6 y nghTa vd'i P < 0,01. Sau khi da xac djnh dugc thu nghiem dat yeu ciu, ta mo'i tinh hoat lye cua miu thu T so va\ miu ehuin S. Kit qua tinh toan cho thay, hoat lye cua mau corticotrophin dem thu la 1,11 U/mg, tuc la hoat lue cua miu thu T cao hgn hoat lye cua miu ehuin S, hay n6i mot each khac, miu thCp T thyc chit c6 hoat lye cao han hoat lue ghi tren nhan. Gio'i han tin c$y trong truo'ng hgp nay tinh dugc la tu 0,82 din 1,51 U/mg. Ta biiu thi hoat lye P (tu chij potency) cua miu thu T (Pj) nhu sau: PT = 1,11 (0,82-1,51) U/mg a P = 0,05, TAP CHi DUQC HQC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49) Quan ly - Trao doi Qua 2 vi du da n§u 6' tren, ta thay thuSt nglj "test" trong thong ke hoc nen dugc chuyen nglj la "phep nghiem". Sau day la bang ghi mpt si chuyin ngu cua thuat nglj "test" trong thong ke sinh hoc (bang 1). Bang 1: Thuat ngu "test" trong thing ke 3uoc chuyin nglj la "phep nghiem" Thuat ngO tl4ng Anh Chuyen ngO sang tieng Viet Student s t test ttest ANOVA test Ftest •/.^ test Bartlett's test Cochran's test Duncan's test Hartley's test Phep nghiem t ciia Student Phep nghiem t Phep nghiem ANOVA Phep nghiem F Phep nghiem /^ Phep nghiem Bartlett Phep nghiem Cochran Phep nghiem Duncan Phep nghiem Hartley Ghi ehu: Student 6' day khdng phai la "sinh vien" ma la ten dugc Gaddum dung khi xay dung nen "phep nghiem" nay ANOVA la chiJ viit tit cua Analysis of Variances tuc la phep phan tich phuang sai F test la "phep nghiem F" cung la each gpi khac cua phep nghiem ANOVA. Cac each chuyen ngO' thuat ngu' "test" tie ti4ng Anh sang tieng Viet Test du'O'c chuyin ngO la "thCp", "SLF thiF" Cach chuyin ngij chinh cua thuat ngij "test" tu tiing Anh sang tiing Viet la "thu". Niu "test" la danh tu ehi sy viec hoac hoat d6ng thi nen chuyin ngij la "sy thu", "viec thu". Niu "test" la danh tu dung truo'C mot danh tu khac, lam nhiem VU tinh ngu cho danh tu do, tru m6t vai truang hgp dae biet, ta nen chuyin ngij sang tiing Viet la "thO-", Mot si vi du dugc neu trong bang 2. Bang 2: Thuat ngiJ "test" lam nhiem vu tinh ngu dugc chuyin ngij la "thu" Bang 4: Thuat ngu "test" d\jfCfc chuyin ngij la Thuat ngO tifing Anh ChuySn ngif sang tiSng Viet test solution test substance test preparation test tube test pilot test flight test match test paper dung djch thif chit thLP che pham thi> 6ng thi>. dng nghiem phi cong lai thCp (may bay moi) chuyen bay thi> tran dSu thi> giay thup {vi du gily quy) Test du'O'c chuyen ngu' la "thLF nghiem", "phep thup", "phep nghiem" Test dugc chuyin ngij' la "phep thu" khi test la danh tu chi m6t phuang phap c6 quy trinh quy tic nhit djnh. Co thi neu mpt si "Phep thu" trong Dugc diin duge chuyin ngij tij thuat ngu "test" trong tiing Anh (bang 3). Bang 3: Thuat ngiJ "test" dugc chuyin ngu' la "phep thu" trong Dugc diin Thuat ngCf tieng Anh trong Du'O'c dien Chuyen ngO sang tieng Viet Test for abnormal toxicity Phep thu- doc tinh bat thu-ong Test for bacterial endotoxin Phep thi> noi doc to vi khuan Test for depressor substances Phep lhi> cac chit ha ap Test for histamine Phep thi> histamin Test for pyrogens '* " ' Phep thii cac chit gay s6t Test for sterility Phep thLK v6 khuan Microbial limit test Phep thCf giai han vi sinh vat Trong thyc ti hien nay, eo nhiiu trudng hgp, thuat ngu "test" cung ehi m6t phuang phap thu theo mpt quy trinh quy tic nhit djnh, nhung lai dugc chuyin ngij' la "thCp nghiem". Vi du mpt phuang phap di xac djnh chit do, hoac dung chit d6 di xac djnh m6t cai khac. Chung t6i nghT, trong nhung truo'ng hgp nhu vay, niu chuyin ngit' la "phep thu" cung tit han va danh chuyin nglj "thu nghiem" cho thuat nglj "assay" trong tiing Anh. Tuy nhien, niu dung chuyen ngO "thu nghiem" thi van c6 thi dugc. Sau day la mpt si vi du (bang 4). thLP nghiem" hoac "phep thCp" Thuat ngO tieng Anh Chuyen ngi> la "thup nghiem'" Chuyen ngO la "phep thi>" Acetic acid test Acetone test Agglutination test Allergy test Aminopyrine test Bone conduction test Capillary resistance test Dark adaptation test Dark room test Heel-knee test Histamine test Latex test Thu nghiem acid acetic ThLP nghiem aceton ThLP nghiem ngung kit ThiJ nghiem di i>ng ThLP nghiem aminopyrin Thi> nghiem dan truyen xipcng Thij nghiem sue ben mao mach ThLP nghiem thich LPng bong toi ThLP nghiem phong toi ThLP nghiem got chan-khap gii ThLP nghiem histamin Thij nghiem latex Phep thLP acid acetic Phep thLP aceton Phep thLP ngung kit Phep thijdi ung Phep thu aminopyrin Phep thLP din truyin xuang Phep thLP sue bin mao mach Phep thu thich ung bong toi Phep thu phong toi Phep thi> got chan-khap gii Phep thu histamin Phep thu latex (Xem Hep Irang 58) TAP CHi DUOC HOC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49) . "Student's t test& quot; (hoac t test) , y/ test, Anova test (hoac F test) . Bartlett's test, Cochran's test, Duncan's test. Hartley's test. Allergy test Aminopyrine test Bone conduction test Capillary resistance test Dark adaptation test Dark room test Heel-knee test Histamine test Latex test