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Adjectives, the adjective phrase and

adverbs

Adjectives, the adjective phrase and

Tran Bao Ngoc

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The first presenter

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Adjectives

 1 Definition and classification of adjectives

 2 Functions of adjectives

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1a Definition of adjective:

 Adjective is a word which modifies a noun or pronoun

(called the adjective’s subject) by describing, identifying

or quantifying words

 Every adjective answers one of 3 questions:

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adjective

Which one is it?

What kind is it?

How many are there?

Three questions

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 1 Which one is it? (Describing)

Eg: The students who have not prepared for English class sit out an hour in the

cafeteria

Which students? Not good students but lazy slackers

 2 What kind is it? (Identifying)

Eg: I like green tea

What kind of tea do you like?

 3 How many are there?

Eg: There are 48 students in our class.

How many students are there in your class?

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1b.Classification of adjectives

 Their structure

 2 kinds:

 Adjectives that are the roots

Eg: good, fat, little, young, hot…

 .Adjectives formed by some suffixes:

Eg: Adj =N+ “ ous”: humor - humorous

“ful” : beauty - beautiful

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V+ “ive” : act - active

“able”: read - readable

 Notes: “-ing”: property of something (Eg: This book is so

interesting)

“-ed”: someone’s feeling or opinion (Eg: I found it interested

when going out with him)

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 Limiting adjectives

 Quantity: many, some, any, (a) few, (a) little…

 Possessive: my, your, their, his, her, its…

 Indicative: that, this, those…

 Order: 1st, 2nd… 20th…

 “Article: a, an, the is considering as an adjective”

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Limiting adjectives

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Attributive and predicative

 Adj are attributive when they premodify nouns: appear between the determiner and the head of noun phrase

Eg: the lovely cat

 Predicative adj can be

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 They can be complement to a subject which is a finite clause or

a non –finite clause

Whether he will learn is true

Playing tennis isn’t easy

 adj can be object complement to clause:

I consider what he said untrue

or Playing so hard

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 The adj functioning as object complement often

expresses the result of the process denoted by the verb

 He pulled the window open (as a result, the window was then open)

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Exercise: Modify for noun, verb, object, and subject

1.He is a nice man

2.Do you see the small green boat, which has such an old shape 3.She wore her shirt short

4.The weather becomes cold

5.Her hair was dyed blonde

6.We should keep our room clean and tidy

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Verb less adjective clause

 An adj (alone or as head of an adj phrase) can function as a

verb less clause, the clause is mobile, though it usually

precedes or follows the subject of the super ordinate clause;

 Eg: (By then) happy, she opened the gift

 She, (by then) happy, opened the gift

 She opened the gift, by then happy

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 The implied subject is usually the subject of sentence Thus, while

we have

Eg: The man restrained the woman, who was aggressive

We do not have as its equivalent

*the man restrained the woman, aggressive

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 However, if the clause contains additional clause

constituents, its implied subject can be other than the

subject of the sentence:

Eg: She glanced with disgust at the cat, quiet (now) in her daughter’s lap

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 An adverb may sometimes replace, with little difference

in meaning, an adj functioning as a verb less clause:

Eg: Happy, she opened the gift

Happily, she opened the gift

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 (When the implied subject is the whole clause, a corresponding

adverb can replace the adj with little or difference in meaning, as with strangely for strange:

 Strangely, it was she wanted to live far from home

 The adj, unlike the adverb, allows a that- or how-clause to follow:

 +that……

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Exclamatory adjectives sentence

 An adj as head of an adj phrase or its sole realization can

be an exclamation:

 How beautiful girl!

 How a nice day!

 What a lovely cat!

 What a pity!

 How wonderful

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Postpositive

 Adj can sometimes be postpositive, they can sometimes follows the item they modify A postposed adj (together with many complementation it may have) can usually be regarded relative clause

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 Postposition is obligatory for a few adj, which have a

different sense when they occur attributively or

predicatively The most common are probably elect and

proper as in: “the Pesident elect the city London proper”

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 If an adj is alone or premodified merely by an intensifier, postposition is normally not allowed:

 The rather timid soldiers approached their officer (√)

 The soldiers rather timid approached their officer (×)

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 However, if the noun phrase is generic and indefinite,

coordinated adj or adj with a clause element added can

be postposed,though such constructions are not very

frequent:

 A man who is usually honest will sometimes cheat

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Adjective phrase

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 only, quite, rather, more, too, very, most

 degree adverbs: completely, extremely, extraordinarily

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 E.g.

1.He is handsome.

“ Handsome” is an adjective phrase with only one head.

2.He is very handsome.

“ Very handsome” is an adjective phrase with the intensifier “ very” and the head “ handsome”.

3.I am afraid to make any mistake.

“ Afraid to make any mistake” is an adjective phrase with the head “ afraid” and the complement “ to make any mistake”.

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4.He was unaware that everyone had gone away.

“ Unaware that everyone had gone away” is an adjective phrase with

the head “ unaware” and the complement “ that everyone had gone away”.

5.They are quite unaware of any wrongdoing.

“ Quite unaware of any wrongdoing” is an adjective phrase with the

intensifier “ quite”, the head “ unaware” and the complement “ of any wrongdoing”.

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II) Adjectival complementation

Prepositional phraseNoun + clause

Infinitive verbal phrase

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Adjectival complementation

There are three formal types:

1.Prepositional phrase: preposition + complement

E.g

+) I am afraid of being stolen

“Afraid of being stolen” is an adjective phrase with the

head “afraid” and the prepositional phrase “ of being

stolen”

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2 Noun + clause (clause beginning with the conjunction “ that” )

E.g

+) She is aware that he loves her.

“ Aware that he loves her” is an adjective phrase with the head “

aware” and the noun clause “ that he loves her”.

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3 Infinitive verbal phrase ( verbal phrase beginning with “ to” ).

E.g.

+) We are too grateful to say anything.

“ Too grateful to say anything” is an adjective phrase with intensifier

“ too”, the head “ grateful” and the infinitive verbal phrase “ to say anything”.

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Exercise: Identify the intensifier, the head, and

the complement in the following sentences.

1.I was very bored with your representation.

 I was very bored with your Int H C

representation 2.The children are too lovely to ignore them.

 The children are too lovely to ignore them.

Int H C 3.I was so happy that I cried.

 I was so happy that I cried.

Int H C

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Exercises

4.Ann was completely unaware of her ability to dance.

 Ann was completely unaware of

Int H

her ability to dance

C

5.Afraid of a hand to hand combat, Reginald purchased a large gun.

 Afraid of a hand to hand combat,

H C

Reginald purchased a large gun

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Characteristics

Adverb as modifier

Modifier of noun phrase

Comparison and intensification The adverb and

other word-classes

Classification

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Derivational suffix –ly

 beautifully, well, terribly, fairly, honestly

 => the most common characteristic of the adverb is morphological: the majority of adverbs have the

derivational suffix –ly

 in both cases adverb functions directly in and

ADVERB PHRASE of which is head or sole

realization

 Eg:far more easily clever

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• she is waiting outside

• we can now see it

• he summarizes briefly

 disjuncts: express and evaluate what is being said

• They are probably going there

 conjuncts: indicate the connection between what is being said and what was said before

• if they talk to me badly again,then I'm leaving

• he got a bad mark,though he worked very hard

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Modifier of adjective

 an adverb may premodify an adjective

Eg:It's a very interesting game

She is an extremely good girl

 the adverb enough-postmodifies adjectives

Eg:You are not tall enough

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Modifier of adverb

 an adverb may premodify another adverb,and function as intensifier:

 it's raining very heavily

 he is talking very much

 the adverb enough-postmodifies adverbs

 he doesn't work hard enough to pass the exam

 some adverbs:right,well,premodify particles in phrasal verbs

 he knocked the man right out

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Modifier of prepositional phrase

 few adverbs that premodify particles in phrasal verbs also premodify prepositions or preposition phrases

 His parents are dead against the trip

 the ghost went right through the wall

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Modifier of determiner, predeterminer,

post determiner

 intensifying adverbs can premodify indefinite

pronouns,predeterminers,and cardinal numerals

 Nearly everyone visits this beautiful place

 Over two months I haven't received any news from my uncle

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modifier of noun phrase

 a few intensifiers may premodify noun

phrases:quite,rather and the predeternimners

such and exclamatory what

 he told such a boring story

 I don't know such illness

 she is rather cute

 so: interrogative and exclamatory how precede the indefinite article

 Now I already know he was so big a fool

 How beautiful you are,girl!

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modifier of noun phrase (con’t)

Adverbs of time, place:

 some adverbs signifying place or time postmodify noun phrases

 Place:the way ahead,the nighbor upstairs,the

sentence below

 Time:the day before,the meeting yesterday

 in some phrases,the adverb can also be used as

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modifier of noun phrase (con’t)

Adverbs as complement of preposition:

 Some place and time adverbs function

complement of preposition.Of the place adverbs,

here and there take the most prepositions: along,

round,down under, up

 I haven't know anything about this till now

 We will stop talking from tonight

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Eg: less difficult

=>the forms form

lesser degrees of comparison

Eg: least difficult

=>the forms form

the least degrees

of comparison

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Comparison and intensification (con’t)

Basis of comparison

correlative constructions introduced by than and by

as,and prepositional phrases with of

 You are more stupid than me

 She behaves more politely than you do

 Of the two girls,she behaves more politely

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Conjunct and conjunction

 A few conjunct resemble coordinators both in

being connectives and in having certain syntactic features,it can't be moved in front of the

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End the part adjective and adverd

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