(TIỂU LUẬN) DISAGREE disagree không đồng ý, trái nghĩa với đồng ý 1 to disagree with someone or with an opinion (không đồng ý với ý kiến nào đó hoặc với ai đó)

Mục lục I DISAGREE II ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES .5 III EFFECTS IV EMPHASIZING 10 V EXPLAINING 13 VI GIVING EXAMPLE 16 VII GIVING EXCEPTIONS 19 VIII GIVING REASONS 25 IX LINKING PARTS OF A SENTENCE 29 X LISTING & ORDERING 42 XI MAKING GENERALIZATIONS 46 XII PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 50 XIII QUOTING PEOPLE 57 XIV REFFERING 59 XV RELATED / UNRELATED 64 XVI SHOWING & PROVING 69 XVII XVIII STUDY & RESEARCH 74 SUBJECTS & TOPICS 80 I DISAGREE Disagree: Không đồng ý, Trái nghĩa với đồng ý To disagree with someone or with an opinion (Không đồng ý với ý kiến với đó) • Disagree / not agree verb [intransitive]: EX: Scholars continue to disagree about the meaning behind the poem EX: Although he did not agree with Plato, he was profoundly influenced by him EX: Scientists disagree among themselves on what causes the disease EX: I strongly disagree with his views on immigration (=I disagree with them very much) Take issue with: cụm từ trang trọng có nghĩa khơng đồng ý với nói: EX: I feel that I must take issue with the article's conclusion EX: Some people have taken issue with Conrad's description of the Congo in his novel 'The Heart of Darkness' Dispute verb [transitive] để nói bạn nghĩ điều khơng đúng: EX: Researchers have disputed her claims EX: No one disputes that the problem exists Differ verb [intransitive] bất đồng, người bất đồng đó, họ có loạt ý kiến khác Nếu ý kiến, quan điểm thị hiếu khác nhau, người có ý kiến, quan điểm thị hiếu khác nhau: EX: Critics differed sharply on the merits of his work.(=they had very different opinions) EX: Opinions differ about the proper relationship between the mass media and society Be divided / split adjective nhóm người bị chia rẽ đó, số người số họ có ý kiến người khác có ý kiến hồn tồn khác: EX: America's doctors remain deeply divided on the issue of whether it should be legal for a physician to help a terminally ill patient commit suicide EX: Scientists were split on the uses to which the discoveries of atomic physics were being put Be mistaken adjective sử dụng nói bạn khơng đồng ý với ý kiến họ nghĩ họ sai: EX: He is mistaken if he believes that the United States will not respond to this threat EX: Such a view is, however, seriously mistaken When people disagree about something(Khi người khơng đồng ý điều đó)  Disagreement noun [uncountable and countable] có bất đồng điều đó, người khơng đồng ý điều đó: EX: There is considerable disagreement among experts about the usefulness of these tests EX: She found herself in disagreement with her colleagues on the issue (=she found that she disagreed with them about it)  Dispute noun [uncountable and countable] tranh chấp, có bất đồng nghiêm trọng, hai người, tổ chức quốc gia công khai bất đồng tranh luận với nhau: EX: He became involved in a long legal dispute with his publisher EX: There is considerable dispute over the precise definition of this term EX: The United Nations is trying to settle the bitter and long-running dispute between the two countries  Controversy noun [uncountable and countable] tranh cãi, có sứ bất đồng nghiêm trọng, đặc biệt với người bày tỏ quan điểm đối lập mạnh mẽ báo, sách, truyền hình, v.v EX: There has been a lot of controversy over abortion in the US EX: Alice Walker writes about the controversy surrounding the film version of her novel, 'The Color Purple' EX: There is some controversy among biologists about whether this is actually true Causing disagreement (Gây bất đồng)  Contentious adjective gây tranh cãi, từ trang trọng sử dụng để mô tả tình gây nhiều bất đồng tranh luận: EX: Water has been a contentious issue between Turkey and its neighbours for years EX: One particularly contentious area in the field of health and safety is the valuation of human life itself Controversial adjective tranh luận, gây nhiều bất đồng người, với ý kiến trái chiều mạnh mẽ bày tỏ báo, sách, truyền hình, v.v EX: The use of genetic tests is a controversial issue EX: The judge's decision was highly controversial at the time EX: Oliver Cromwell remains a somewhat controversial historical figure  Divisive adjective gây chia rẽ, gây tranh luận người khiến họ hình thành hai nhóm đối lập: EX: The war was extremely divisive EX: Same-sex marriage remains a divisive issue in many parts of the US II ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Viết lợi Advantage: Lợi ích, khía cạnh tốt đó, mà làm cho tốt hơn,  hữu ích nhiều thứ; EX: The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process EX: The advantage of using a specialist firm is that the people who work there have years of experience EX: One of the big advantages of this type of engine is that it is smaller and lighter than a conventional petrol engine EX: The university has the advantage of being one of the oldest and best respected in the country EX: The movement of the sea is predictable This gives wave power a distinct advantage over (=an obvious advantage compared to) wind power EX: Despite a few problems with the design, the car's advantages clearly outweigh its disadvantages (=the problems are not enough to stop it being a good car) Benefit: Lợi ích, khía cạnh tốt có ảnh hưởng tốt đến  sống người; EX: Regular exercise has many benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease EX: Modern technology has brought great benefits to mankind EX: There has been a great deal of research into the potential benefits of using genetically modified crops Merit: Ưu điểm, đặc tính tốt đó, mà bạn cần cân nhắc bạn  định liệu có lựa chọn tốt nhất; EX: The committee will consider the merits of the proposals EX: In her book, she discusses the relative merits of the two political systems (=she compares the features that they have) EX: The merits and demerits of (=the good and bad features of alternative funding systems were widely discussed in the newspapers EX: The chairman saw no great merit in this suggestion (=he did not think that it was a good idea.)  Good point: điểm tốt, đặc tính tốt đó; EX: One of the good points about the car is that it is easy to drive EX: Each system has its good and bad points  Plus point: điểm cộng, đặc tính tốt đó; EX: The small but powerful battery is another of the camera's many plus points EX: The estate agent's leaflet said a major plus point was the recently modernized kitchen The good / great / best thing about: Điều tốt về, sử dụng đề cập đến đặc  tính tốt đó; EX: The great thing about living in a city is that you can go shopping at almost any hour of the day or night EX: Her wicked sense of humour was the best thing about her EX: The good thing about cycling is that you don't have to worry about getting stuck in a traffic jam Lưu ý: the good/great/best thing about khơng trang trọng Đừng sử dụng luận trang trọng The beauty of something is that: sử dụng bạn muốn nhấn mạnh có đặc tính tốt hữu ích; EX: The beauty of the design is that it is so simple Viết bất lợi Disadvantage: Sự bất lợi, đặc tính xấu đó, mà đặc tính làm cho  tốt hay hữu ích so với khác; EX: The main disadvantage of this book is its price EX: These vaccines have two serious disadvantages Firstly, they are not 100% effective, and secondly, they are expensive to make EX: A major disadvantage of using large quantities of chemicals is that they quickly get absorbed into soil Drawback: Trở ngại, hạn chế, không thuận lợi, bất lợi khiến bạn nghĩ  khơng tốt, có ưu điểm khác; EX: The major drawback of this method is that it can be very time-consuming EX: Aluminium is very light and also very strong Its main drawback is that it cools down very rapidly EX: Summer in the Scottish islands can be beautiful The only drawback is the weather, which can be very changeable Downside: Khuyết điểm, bất lợi tình mà hầu hết cách  khác dường tốt thú vị; EX: The downside of running your own business is that you are responsible if anything goes wrong EX: Everyone wants to be rich and famous, but it does have its downside EX: Most comfort eaters enjoy what they eat, but the downside is that they soon start to put on weight  Bad point: Điểm xấu, tính xấu đó; EX: There are good points and bad points about single sex schools EX: For all its bad points, and there are many, it is still the best software system of its kind available III EFFECTS Kết thay đổi 1.Words meaning ‘effect’ (Những từ vựng mang ý nghĩa ‘effect’) Effect noun [uncountable and countable] Sự thay đổi gây EX: She was one of the first scientists to study the effects of radiation on the human body EX: At first, the treatment seemed to have no effect EX: Some people believe that television has a positive effect on our lives, while others think that it has a negative effect EX: Building hundreds of new homes is likely to have an adverse effecton the environment (=a bad effect) EX: The food we eat has a significant effect upon our mental ability (=an important and noticeable effect) EX: The decision could have far-reaching effects (=on a lot of things or people) Đừng quên effect danh từ, affect động từ Impact noun [uncountable and countable] Kết quả/ ảnh hưởng việc đó; đặc biệt từ cịn dùng để diễn tả kết quả/ ảnh hưởng lớn mang tính lâu dài, việc quan trọng gây EX: In practice, the change in the law did not have much impact EX: His work has had an enormous impact on the study of genetics (=a very big impact) EX: The war had a devastating impact on the country's industries (=it caused a great amount of damage) EX: Population growth will have a profound impact upon world demand for food (=a very big impact) Influence noun [uncountable and countable] Tầm ảnh hưởng việcđối với ý kiến, hành vi người phát triển EX: In his book, McCluhan examines the influence of the media on our society EX: The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes had a considerable influence on Spinoza EX: For much of the 20th century, Berlin exerted a unique influence on the world (=it had a unique influence) Giới từ on thường sử dụng chung với effect, impact influence Trong tiếng Anh trang trọng, người ta sử dụng upon với ý nghĩa tương tự Side effect noun [countable] Tác dụng phụ mong muốn việc (thường mang ý nghĩa tiêu cực) Đặc biệt, side effect sử dụng nói lĩnh vực thuốc men y tế EX: Experts warn that this is a powerful drug which can have dangerous side effects EX: Common side effects of the treatment include headaches and muscle pains After-effects noun [plural] Hậu (về sau): kết xấu kéo dài thời gian dài sau nguyên nhân hậu xảy EX: The country is still suffering from the after-effects of war EX: The after-effects of the illness can last for months Knock-on effect noun [uncountable and countable] Phản ứng dây chuyền (cụm từ tiếng Anh-Anh): sử dụng vật/sự việc thứ có ảnh hưởng đến vật/sự việc thứ hai, sau vật/sự việc thứ hai có ảnh hưởng đến vật/sự việc thứ ba khác EX: The strikes are likely to have a knock-on effect on the whole economy EX: If one flight is delayed, it can have knock-on effects on the other fights Repercussions noun [plural] Tác động xấu: kết xảy sau kiện tác động tiếp tục diễn thời gian dài sau EX: It was a major economic crisis with serious social and political repercussions EX: The scandal could have serious repercussions for her political career Implications noun [plural] Những tác động vật/việc xảy tương lai: EX: The results of the study could have important implications for future EX: Some people believe that the increase in air travel will have serious implications for the climate 2.To affect something or someone (Ảnh hưởng đến đó) Affect verb [transitive] Có ảnh hưởng đến EX: The disease affects women more than men EX: The island was badly affected by last month's storms EX: Smoking while you are pregnant can seriously affect the health of your unborn baby EX: Noise from the airport is adversely affecting the quality of life for local residents (=it is having a bad effect on their lives) Be bad for Có hại cho/có ảnh hưởng xấu đến điều EX: When companies close down it is bad for the local economy EX: Studies have shown that eating some types of fish can be bad for you Be good for Tốt cho/có ảnh hưởng tốt đến EX: Mr Blair's speech contained analysis of how environmental action can be good for the economy and for business EX: Bread, especially brown bread, is good for you Impact/impact on verb [intransitive and transitive] Tác động/ảnh hưởng đến Impact sử dụng động từ, đặc biệt tiếng Anh thương mại EX: The recession in the US has negatively impacted sales of luxury cars (=it has had a bad effect on sales) EX: The new regulations will significantly impact on the way food companies operate (=they will have an important and noticeable effect) Make a difference Tạo khác biệt để có kết quả/tác động đáng ý tình EX: New drugs have made a big difference in the treatment of some forms of cancer EX: In practice it makes very little difference which type of oil you use EX: Choosing the right wine can make all the difference to a meal (=the right choice will make it a very enjoyable meal) Influence verb [transitive] Ảnh hưởng/có ảnh hưởng đến cách hành xử, suy nghĩ đến hướng phát triển tình EX: There is no convincing evidence that advertising influences total sales of alcohol EX: Morgan was heavily influenced by Darwin's ideas on evolution (=he was greatly influenced by them) EX: Levels of ozone are strongly influenced by annual variations in the weather IV EMPHASIZING Nhấn mạnh, làm bật 1.What you say when emphasizing that something is important (Những bạn nói muốn nhấn mạnh quan trọng) I would like to stress that (Tôi muốn nhấn mạnh rằng), sử dụng bạn muốn nhấn mạnh quan trọng: EX: I would like to stress that the research is still at an early stage EX: I would like to stress that the characters in this poem bear no resemblance to real people It should be noted that (Cần lưu ý rằng), cụm từ trang trọng sử dụng đặc biệt báo tiểu luận, bạn muốn nhấn mạnh điều quan trọng: EX: It should be noted that there are a number of alternative methods available EX: It should be noted that the general trend of increasing unemployment has continued over a number of years It is worth bearing in mind that (điều đáng ghi nhớ là), sử dụng bạn muốn nhấn mạnh thứ quan trọng cần nhớ bạn xem xét chủ đề: EX: It is worth bearing in mind that 90% of the scientists researching herbicides in the US are employed by chemical companies Crucial adj (Thiết yếu, chủ yếu, cốt yếu), crucial quan trọng: EX: Burgin distinguishes between photographic theory and photographic criticism (Burgin 1982) This distinction is crucial EX: Factors such as temperature and acidity play a crucial role in determining how well the process works Crucially (Quan trọng, chủ yếu) EX: Crucially, it was claimed that there was an increase in childhood cancers in areas surrounding nuclear power stations Vital / essential adjective (Quan trọng/ thiết yếu), vital essential thiết yếu, quan trọng, khơng cónó xảy vấn đề nghiêm trọng: EX: These insects play a vital part in the food chain EX: It is essential that the work is carried out as soon as possible 2.Ways of emphasizing one person or thing more than others (Cách nhấn mạnh người thứ người hay thứ khác) Especially / particularly adverb (Một cách đặc biệt, đặc biệt là) EX: The climate is much colder, especially in the far north EX: There has been a big increase in alcohol consumption, particularly among young women EX: It is often mixed with other fibres, particularly cotton EX: He was very much influenced by Picasso, especially when he was young Especially particularly chúng thường sử dụng trước cụm danh từ bắt đầu mệnh đề In particular (Nói riêng hay đặc biệt), sử dụng bạn muốn đề cập đến người hay vật quan trọng người hay vật khác bị ảnh hưởng khác: EX: In the USA in particular, large numbers of ordinary citizens lost money by investing in internet companies EX: The work of Sally Mann, in particular, has made us question representations of children and childhood EX: One of the biggest environmental issues was the movement of hazardous waste In particular, there was concern about rich, industrialized countries exporting such waste to poor developing countries In particular thường sử dụng sau cụm danh từ Nó sử dụng để bắt đầu câu Notably adverb (Đáng kể, đáng ý), sử dụng nói một ví dụ quan trọng Notably từ trang trọng, sử dụng đặc biệt báo tiểu luận: EX: Some economists, most notably J M Keynes, recommended increasing government spending in times of recession, in order to stimulate the economy EX: In 1950, half the world's ships were built in the UK (notably in Liverpool, Sunderland, Belfast and Glasgow) Above all (trước hết là, trước tiên là), sử dụng nhấn mạnh quan trọng thứ khác mà bạn đề cập: EX: Cycling is not only pollution-free but also flexible, cheap, and above all, healthy EX: Try to find out if your daughter has any other worries or problems Above all, show her that you care and will give her all the support and help you can Most of all (Nói chung là, chủ yếu là, là), nhiều điều khác: EX: America had become an importer of copper, lead, zinc, and most of all, oil EX: Most of all, we need an approach that works Most importantly / most significantly (Quan trọng nhất/ đáng kể nhất) EX: Perhaps most importantly, the nation seemed to have lost its pride and its sense of direction EX: The 18th century was a period of enormous social change Most significantly, the Agricultural Revolution drove large numbers of workers into the cities 3.To emphasize something (Để nhấn mạnh điều đó) • Emphasize / stress verb [transitive] Nhấn mạnh, để nói đặc biệt quan trọng: EX: In their report, they emphasized the need for better police training EX: She stresses that death is not always the aim of those who try to commit suicide Highlight verb [transitive] Làm bật, để vấn đề hay việc đặc biệt quan trọng, cách cung cấp thông tin nó: EX: This case highlights some of the problems associated with patients travelling long distances for treatment EX: Campbell is more concerned with highlighting the issues involved rather than providing solutions Underline / underscore verb [transitive] Gạch dưới, nhấn mạnh, thấy rõ EX: The high rate of mortality underlines the need for a greater understanding of the causes of the disease EX: Studies and statistics underscore the fact that much of the country's wealth is in the hands of a tiny minority Draw attention to (Thu hút ý), để nói quan trọng cần lưu ý, hay để người nhận điều quan trọng EX: A number of writers have drawn attention to this fact EX: The study was one of the first to draw attention to the problemsfaced by severely disabled adults Point up [phrasal verb] Chỉ ra, viết thứ theo cách để chothấy quan trọng EX: The report pointed up the need for more research on the subject Related / connected: sử dụng hai phát biểu câu có quan hệ hay có liên quan chúng có số loại kết nối; EX: These two problems are closely related to each other EX: Some people think that the stones are connected in some way with religious ceremonies Lưu ý: Bạn dụng related trước danh từ, ví dụ: The report deals with homelessness and other related issues Nhưng bạn thường không sử dụng connected trước danh từ theo cách Bạn nói hai điều not unrelated (= they are related ), ví dụ: Much of modern philosophy is not unrelated to the ideas of the ancient Greeks Linked: Có nối liền, liên kết, hai thứ liên kết, có kết nối trực tiếp chúng thường số chúng nguyên nhân thứ kia; EX: High levels of cholesterol are linked with an increased risk of heart disease EX: Individual performance is linked to the amount of effort that you put in EX: Two closely linked factors produced this result EX: Our minds and our bodies are inextricably linked (=they are so closely linked that they cannot be considered separately) (there is a) connection/ link: có kết nối liên kết hai thứ, chúng kết nối trực tiếp thường số chúng nguyên nhân thứ khác; EX: All the data we have suggests that there is a direct connection between the use of fossil fuels and the rise in global temperatures EX: Studies in the 1960s showed that there was a link between smoking and lung cancer (there is a) correlation: Sự tương quan, có mối tương quan hai thứ, chúng kết nối gây kia; EX: Karimov claims to have discovered a direct correlation between nuclear tests in the area and earthquakes throughout the former Soviet Union EX: It is is well known that there is a strong correlation between obesity and some forms of cancer EX: Numerous studies have shown a consistent negative correlation between age and participation in sporting activities (=older people are less likely to sport) | There is a significant positive correlationbetween alcohol consumption and the incidence of the disease (=people who drink a lot of alcohol are more likely to get the disease) Lưu ý: Correlation sử dụng đặc biệt nhận định dựa nghiên cứu khoa học thống kê Interrelated/interconnected : thứ có liên quan với liên kết với nhau, chúng kết nối với ảnh hưởng lẫn theo loạt cách phức tạp; EX: Darwin said that all life on earth is interrelated EX: The book consists of a series of interconnected essays Interdependent: Phụ thuộc lẫn nhau, hai thứ phụ thuộc lẫn nhau, thứ phụ thuộc vào chúng khơng thể tồn tiếp tục độc lập; EX: The parts of any living organism are interdependent EX: The economies of town and countryside were closely interdependent Associated: Liên kết, liên kết với thứ khác, cho có mối liên hệ với thứ khác đó; EX: Researchers discovered a gene associated with some forms of skin cancer EX: Salaries and associated costs have risen significantly over the past year Be bound up with: hai thứ phụ thuộc lẫn nhau, chúng có mối liên hệ chặt chẽ cần xem xét nhau; EX: Your sense of yourself as a person is closely bound up with what happens in your early childhood EX: The mill's history is inextricably bound up with that of the Wilkins family (=they are so closely linked that they cannot be considered separately) Go together: hai thứ đơi với nhau, bạn thường tìm với kia; EX: Ignorance and distrust go together EX: Inflation and high unemployment usually go together II Liên quan đến thảo luận 10 Relevant: Có liên quan, liên quan đến thảo luận đến lĩnh vực hoạt động cụ thể; EX: His work is particularly relevant to this discussion EX: The tribunal will look at all the relevant facts before making up its mind EX: Applicants should be educated to PhD level, and have several years' relevant experience 11 Pertinent: từ trang trọng Nếu phù hợp với thảo luận, liên quan trực tiếp đến điều quan trọng phải xem xét nó; EX: The report was first published in the late 1980s, but its findings are still pertinent to today's situation EX: This raises a pertinent question Why should we give politicians all this power? 12 Germane: từ trang trọng Một phù hợp có liên quan trực tiếp đến thảo luận; EX: The chapters which are germane to the topic are chapters 11 and 12 EX: These questions are especially germane in nuclear physics, where researchers are constantly looking for better methods of analysis 13 Have a bearing on: có liên quan đến tình huống, có khả có ảnh hưởng lớn đến tình điều quan trọng phải xem xét tình đó; EX: At first it was difficult to see how this discovery had any bearing on the problem EX: Advances in genetics are likely to have a huge bearing on discussions about individual freedom 14 To the point: Nói thẳng vào vấn đề, có quan trọng, kết nối với bạn thảo luận; EX: His writing is always concise and to the point EX: Fat is one of the essential parts of our diet More to the point, the fat in a meal slows the digestive process and gradually releases energy into your blood stream III Không liên quan, quan hệ 15 Not related / not connected: Không liên quan, không đứng trước danh từ EX: Carr-Hill and Stern (1979) have provided clear evidence that unemployment and crime are not related EX: The effectiveness of the drug was not related to the patient's age EX: These events were not connected with each other 16 Unrelated / unconnected: Không liên quan EX: Research has shown that performance on these tests is unrelated to intelligence EX: The two outbreaks of the disease were apparently unconnected with each other EX: She had to have surgery for an unrelated physical problem (=a physical problem that was not connected to another problem that had been mentioned) 17 There is no relation/no connection: khơng có quan hệ EX: Studies have shown that there is no relation between how much coffee you drink and how much food you eat EX: There is clearly no connection between the person's gender and their ability to the job 18 Bear no relation: khơng có quan hệ cách trang trọng để nói khơng có mối quan hệ thứ khác; EX: This belief bears no relation to reality 19 Separate: Khác nhau, hai thứ riêng biệt, chúng không giống không kết nối với EX: The cost of the treatment is an entirely separate issue EX: Finance was kept separate from other functions of government 20 Discrete: Riêng biệt, từ trang trọng mang nghĩa tách rời EX: The work is broken down into discrete tasks EX: For Descartes, all matter is continuous, and there are no discrete particles of matter EX: Psychiatry is discrete from psychology and psychotherapy 21 Distinct: Riêng biệt, khác biệt, hai hay nhiều thứ khác biệt thuộc loại, rõ ràng chúng khác nhau; EX: A map contains two distinct types of information EX: These functions fall into three entirely distinct categories EX: He is suffering from a mental disorder, as distinct from a mental illness (=used when you want to emphasize that you are referring to a particular thing and not another very similar thing) IV Khơng liên quan đến bạn thảo luận 22 Irrelevant: khơng liên quan đến bạn thảo luận bạn quan tâm; EX: The question of ownership is largely irrelevant EX: He spends too much time focussing on irrelevant details EX: Most members of the public see these things as simply irrelevant to their daily lives 23 Have nothing to with: sử dụng bạn muốn nói khơng kết nối với thứ khác theo cách nào; EX: Intelligence has nothing to with common sense EX: The reasons why they want to change the law have nothing to with fighting terrorism 24 Have no bearing on: Khơng có liên quan, khơng có liên quan đến tình huống, khơng ảnh hưởng đến tình khơng cần phải xem xét tình đó; EX: The new data had no bearing on the outcome of the research EX: A recruit's family background should have no bearing on his suitability for officer training 25 Be beyond/outside the scope of: không bao gồm phạm vi điều bạn thảo luận viết về; EX: These debates are outside the scope of this essay EX: A detailed examination of his theory is beyond the scope of this chapter XVI SHOWING & PROVING I Để thật Show: để cung cấp kiện thông tin cho thấy rõ điều thật; EX: A recent survey by Sheffield University showed that 95% of patients were satisfied with the service that they received EX: They wanted to show to people how well the system worked Prove: để điều chắn cách cung cấp kiện thông tin, đặc biệt người khác nghi ngờ điều này; EX: These documents prove that the three men were innocent EX: Lind proved that eating fresh oranges and limes could prevent sailors from getting the disease EX: He was able to prove his theory to his fellow scientists Demonstrate: để làm cung cấp thơng tin làm cho người rõ ràng đúng; EX: The aim of the experiments was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment EX: It has been demonstrated that even low levels of lead can damage the central nervous system Lưu ý: Prove demonstrate nghe rõ ràng, xác định show Something can be seen: nhìn thấy, sử dụng cho thấy bạn nói đúng; EX: This can be seen in the following examples EX: As can be seen in Table 1, wages have risen at a lower rate than the rate of inflation EX: Shaker furniture is extremely well made Evidence of this can be seen in the surprising number of items that have survived to the present day Be evidence of: sử dụng thông tin cho thấy tồn tại; EX: Some people think that this research is evidence of a much larger problem EX: In the past, comet and meteorite strikes were much more common in the solar system The pitted surface of the moon is evidence of that Be symptomatic of: để vấn đề tình xấu tồn tại; EX: The protests were symptomatic of a widespread feeling of dissatisfaction wth the government's policies Reveal: tiết lộ, để lộ ra, để điều đúng, đặc biệt điều đáng ngạc nhiên mà nhiều người không nhận ra; EX: A recent survey revealed that 61% of those interviewed believe that tobacco advertising should be banned EX: The inquiry revealed how hundreds of children in public care were mistreated in the 1980s Confirm: xác nhận ý tưởng ý kiến mà người có, cho thấy thật; EX: The latest research confirms the view that global warming is happening at an increasing rate EX: Several surveys have confirmed that the blood pressure in diabetics is higher than in non-diabetics (Ostrander et al, 1965; Kannel & McGee, 1979) Support/back up: cụm động từ để ý tưởng, ý kiến yêu cầu đúng; EX: Our research supports this view EX: They produced no evidence to back up their claims EX: Recent archeological discoveries seem to support the idea that there was a settlement here in Roman times 10 Corroborate: từ trang trọng mang nghĩa để cung cấp thông tin bổ sung cho thấy người khác nói Bạn sử dụng corroborate đặc biệt nói kết luận kết quả; EX: Further research is needed to corroborate the results of this study before the treatment is made available to the general public EX: Her evidence was corroborated by two other witnesses 11 Validate: Phê chuẩn, thơng qua, từ trang trọng có nghĩa để chứng minh xác cách sử dụng kiểm tra khoa học kiểm tra cẩn thận Bạn sử dụng validate đặc biệt khiếu nại, học thuyết liệu; EX: Our data is collected and validated by a team of 120 researchers, using multiple sources to ensure reliability EX: We know that some scientists have altered the findings of their research in order to validate their claims EX: Before a theory can be validated, it needs to pass a further test, which we might call the review test 12 Substantiate: Chứng minh, từ trang trọng có nghĩa để cung cấp thông tin bổ sung giúp chứng minh tuyên bố xác Bạn sử dụng substantiate đặc biệt cáo buộc khiếu nại; EX: The investigation substantiated allegations made by former employees of the company EX: The evidence normally used to substantiate this claim is drawn from the work of Brennan and McGeevor (1985) II Để cho thấy có khả 13 Suggest: để điều đúng, khơng có chứng xác thực; EX: This suggests that humans existed on earth thousands of years earlier than was previously thought EX: Recent research strongly suggests that high protein diets are actually bad for you 14 Indicate: kiện khoa học, kiểm tra, số liệu vv điều đó, họ cho thấy điều đúng; EX: Figures for 2002 indicate that more and more people are choosing not to get married EX: Investigations by government scientists have indicated that pesticides could be the cause of the condition, which results in children being born blind 15 Imply: Ngụ ý, phần thông tin ngụ ý đúng, cho thấy có khả thật, thường theo cách gián tiếp; EX: The maths and science reports imply that together these two subjects should occupy about one-third of the timetable EX: This implies that a vast number of universes exist with our own, each having equal reality 16 There is some evidence that: Có số chứng cho thấy, sử dụng số chứng cho thấy điều đúng; EX: There is some evidence that foods rich in vitamin A and vitamin C may give protection against cancer 17 Give the impression: để làm cho bạn nghĩ tình tồn tại, điều khơng thực đúng; EX: Textbooks often give the impression that history is about theactivities of kings and queens EX: The report gives the impression of having been rather hastily put together 18 Lead to the conclusion that: Đưa đến kết luận rằng, để làm cho bạn định có khả sau kiểm tra tất kiện, lập luận, vv EX: All these arguments lead to the conclusion that there should be greater control on gun ownership III Để cho thấy khơng thật 19 Disprove: Bác bỏ, để khơng thật; EX: The results of the experiment seemed to disprove her theory EX: Some people think that drinking coffee helps burn off fat Scientific studies have clearly disproved this idea 20 Contradict: Mâu thuẫn với, trái với, nhận định, nghiên cứu, mẩu chứng vv mâu thuẫn với khác, dường làm cho thứ hồn tồn sai thật không thể; EX: A study conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital contradicts the results of the Canadian study EX: Recent evidence appears to contradict his hypothesis 21 Refute: Bác bỏ, từ trang trọng mang nghĩa để chứng minh nói khơng thật; EX: All attempts to refute Einstein's theory have failed EX: Her research refutes the idea that population growth is desirable and will not cause ecological damage 22 Invalidate: Làm cho khơng có cứ, từ trang trọng có nghĩa để chứng minh ý tưởng lập luận có chứa lỗi sai, với kết khơng chắn chúng đúng; EX: Most people now believe that Marx's ideas have been invalidated by history EX: Problems with the way the original data was collected invalidated their findings EX: An international inspection would easily confirm or invalidate such reports 23 Demolish: để chứng minh hồn tồn sai Bạn sử dụng demolish đặc biệt lập luận; EX: Chomsky was able to demolish many of Skinner's arguments about how people acquire language EX: He demolished the widely held belief that the sun went around the Earth XVII STUDY & RESEARCH I.Nghiên cứu để cố gắng tìm hiểu nhiều Study: Khảo sát, nghiên cứu, để xem xét chủ đề cẩn thận để tìm hiểu thêm phát kiện mới; EX: Scientists are studying what causes the disease EX: Pavlov studied how dogs could be trained to associate certain sounds with food EX: She has been studying the relationship between writers' lives and their work Do/carry out/conduct research: Thực hiện, tiến hành nghiên cứu, để nghiên cứu đó, đặc biệt phần đề án khoa học hay học thuật; EX: Universities are finding it difficult to get the funding they need to basic research EX: The research was carried out by a team of scientists at Newcastle University EX: The department is conducting research into how to make diesel engines burn fuel more efficiently EX: Since 1992, the team has been carrying out research into the effects of human activity on wildlife Lưu ý: Conduct research trang trọng research hay carry out research Research: Nghiên cứu, để nghiên cứu chủ đề cụ thể, đặc biệt chi tiết cụ thể chủ đề; EX: She spent her life researching the causes of major childhood illnesses and birth defects EX: The book is well researched (=the writer has studied this subject very carefully and thoroughly) Lưu ý: Do/carry out/conduct research (into) trang trọng research Investigate: để cố gắng tìm hiểu tất việc để tìm thật nó; Investigate thường sử dụng tai nạn tội phạm Nó sử dụng nghiên cứu khoa học vào chủ đề chuyên ngành EX: The authorities in California are still investigating what caused the crash EX: Psychiatrists first began to investigate the effects of the drug in the late 1960s EX: Greenpeace has been investigating the environmental impact of dumping nuclear waste in the ocean Examine: Nghiên cứu, quan sát, kiểm tra, xem xét một cách cẩn thận để tìm hiểu thêm nó; EX: The professor and his team have been examining differen methods of predicting earthquakes EX: The aim of the research is to examine how people's experiences in the classroom affect their choice of career in later life Evaluate: Đánh giá, ước lượng, xem xét để định mức độ tốt, hữu ích, quan trọng, nó; EX: The best way to evaluate any treatment is to carry out trials on large groups of patients EX: The Commission will evaluate the relative costs and benefits of the three possible airport sites Analyse: Phân tích, tiếng Anh người Anh analyse, tiếng Anh người Mỹ analyze, nghiên cứu chi tiết, đặc biệt số liệu kết từ nghiên cứu; EX: US scientists have been analyzing the latest data (=information obtained from research) about global warming EX: In a recent study, researchers analysed the results of seven criminal trials II Cơng việc nghiên cứu Study: Nghiên cứu, phần công việc mà xem xét chủ đề cụ thể để tìm hiểu thêm viết họ tìm thấy; EX: The study showed that 25 percent of adults not eat breakfast at all, compared with 14 percent in 1961 EX: Recent studies suggest that our sense of smell is closely linked with the part of the brain that deals with memory EX: Of the 176 patients who took part in the study, 97 said they noticed a significant improvement in their condition EX: In one study of almost 80,000 women, researchers found that those who used artificial sweeteners gained more weight over a year than those who ate sugar Research: Thực công việc chi tiết cẩn thận để tìm hiểu thêm chủ đề, đặc biệt phần đề án khoa học học thuật; EX: Billions of dollars have been spent on research into the causes and treatment of cancer EX: The University has for a long time been a leading centre for research in this field EX: Some people think that cigar smoking is safer than cigarette smoking Recent research suggests that this is untrue EX: In his research, he showed that the islanders once had a highly developed culture Lưu ý: Study danh từ đếm được, dùng số nhiều, ví dụ: There have been many studies on this subject Research sử dụng danh từ không đếm được, ví dụ: A lot of research has been done on this subject 10 Work: Thực nghiên cứu chủ đề cụ thể; EX: Faraday is famous for his work on electricity EX: A lot of work has been done on hydrogen-powered cars EX: Their work had an enormous influence on the study of genetics 11 Experiment: Thí nghiệm, thực nghiệm, kiểm tra khoa học để tìm hiểu điều xảy bạn làm điều đó; EX: They carried out a series of experiments (=they did a series of experiments) in order to try to prove their theory EX: Experiments have shown that there is an increased risk of some forms of cancer EX: In his experiment, Pavlov only fed the dogs while ringing a bell EX: Many people think that there should be a ban on experiments on live animals Lưu ý: Conduct an experiment trang trọng an experiment hay carry out an experiment 12 Test: Thử, thử nghiệm, xét nghiệm, q trình nhằm tìm thứ đó, ví dụ thứ tốt an tồn, liệu có bị bệnh hay khơng; EX: A simple blood test will show whether you have the virus or not EX: The doctors did some tests to find out if the couple were able to have children EX: All new furniture must undergo tests (=have tests) to make sure that it does not catch fire easily EX: Tests have shown that pigs and sheep are actually highly intelligent animals Lưu ý: Conduct a test trang trọng a test hay carry out a test 13 Trial: thử nghiệm để tìm hiểu xem loại thuốc, sản phẩm, hệ thống mới, vv có an tồn, hiệu không; EX: The drug is currently undergoing clinical trials in the US (=it is being tested by medical researchers there) EX: Farmers were asked to carry out trials (=do trials) of genetically modified crops III Một viết người nghiên cứu đề án 14 Essay: Thí nghiệm, thực nghiệm, viết chủ đề Essay thường sử dụng cho viết sinh viên trường hay trường đại học Nó sử dụng cho đoạn văn ngắn chủ đề nhà văn, đặc biệt người tiếng; EX: Every student on this course will have to write at least one essay on Shakespeare EX: In this essay, I will attempt to explain some of the reasons why young men become involved in violent crime EX: As was mentioned earlier in this essay, much work still remains to be done on this subject EX: In his essay, he compares the theories of several well-known Greek philosophers EX: The American writer, Susan Sontag, published a famous collection of essays on photography 15 Paper: viết chủ đề, viết sinh viên phần nghiên cứu họ, người nghiên cứu chủ đề phần nghiên cứu họ Đôi papers đưa nói chuyện họp học thuật lớn, xuất sưu tập viết học thuật chủ đề; EX: Paul has to write a paper on American fiction from 1900 to 1930 for a seminar next week EX: The professor has published over forty scientific papers on diseases of tropical crops EX: She gave a paper on (=gave a talk on) "Women and Science" at a conference in Minneapolis 16 Dissertation: Luận văn, viết chủ đề, viết phần đại học; EX: In the third year of their course, students have to write a 10,000 word dissertation on a topic that has been approved by their tutor EX: This dissertation will focus on the development of the National Health Service 17 Thesis: luận án, viết dài chủ đề, phần đại học nâng cao thạc sĩ tiến sĩ; EX: He wrote his doctoral thesis on the literature of the English romantic movement EX: She travelled to Uganda to research her master's thesis on Ugandan music EX: Ellen, a graduate student in urban planning, is writing her thesis on parking lots IV Kết nghiên cứu 18 Results: số liệu thông tin khác tạo nghiên cứu thí nghiệm khoa học; EX: The results of this experiment are shown in the diagram below EX: The results of the study showed that taking aspirin regularly reduced the risk of heart disease EX: It is expected that the results of the research will have important implications for teaching children who have learning difficulties 19 Findings: Kết luận dự án nghiên cứu, thông tin mà phát kiểm tra đối tượng cách cẩn thận, đặc biệt thông tin xuất báo cáo thức; EX: Her findings show that regular exercise can prevent some of the diseases that are common in old age EX: France's Ministry of Transport published the findings of a report into the development of road and rail links with Italy EX: Among its findings, the report mentioned that there were high levels of phosphates in rivers and lakes in southern England 20 Conclusion: Sự kết luận, người định sau kiểm tra vấn đề cách cẩn thận, đặc biệt điều viết cuối báo cáo thức; EX: The report's main conclusion was that more investment was needed in the police force EX: Other studies have reached similar conclusions EX: Critics complained that this conclusion was based on a survey of only a small number of women EX: Several eminent biologists challenged the conclusions of the report XVIII.SUBJECTS & TOPICS About: EX: The book is about a boy named Huckleberry Finn EX: In her novels she writes about life in South Africa EX: Scientists are still trying to answer the great questions about the nature and origins of the universe On: chủ đề cụ thể; EX: Professor Jones has written a number of books and articles on this subject EX: The Club has published its annual report on mountaineering and walking accidents in Scotland On the subject of/on the topic of: Về chủ đề của, chủ đề cụ thể: EX: Hundreds of books have been written on the subject of population growth EX: She gave a series of lectures on the topic of nutrition Concerning/regarding: từ trang trọng có nghĩa "về chủ đề quan điểm cụ thể"; EX: The laws concerning child care and child protection will need to be reviewed EX: The report raises a number of important questions regarding food safety Lưu ý: Đừng nói 'regarding to' hay 'concerning to' mà nói regarding hay concerning With regard to: Về mặt (nào đó), cụm từ trang trọng có nghĩa "về đó", đặc biệt sử dụng để giới thiệu chủ đề, ví dụ thư báo cáo; EX: Dear Sir, I am writing with regard to your advertisement in the Times EX: The college has adopted a tough approach with regard to racism and sexism EX: With regard to the recent series of terrorist attacks, it is likely that the police will be given new powers of arrest Deal with: để viết chủ đề cụ thể, đặc biệt chủ đề nghiêm trọng kiểm tra cách cẩn thận chi tiết; EX: I will deal with the issue of pricing later EX: Chapter deals with Italian art in the 15th century Be concerned with: Thích thú ai/cái đó, chủ đề cụ thể, đặc biệt vấn đề nghiêm trọng, xem xét cách cẩn thận, chi tiết; EX: Most of the book is concerned with the relationship between politicians and the media Focus on: Chủ yếu để giải chủ đề vấn đề cụ thể kiểm tra chi tiết nó; EX: In this essay I will focus on some of the results from recent research into brain function EX: The study focuses on the economic and social consequences of unemployment EX: She chose to focus on her home country, Brazil, for her dissertation Tell the story of: để mơ tả xảy với đó; EX: The play tells the story of a trip to Germany by an American woman and her husband EX: Snow White tells the story of a beautiful young princess and her jealous stepmother 10 Subject: điều mà viết nói nó; EX: The main subject of the book is the history of the English language EX: The author deals with a range of different subjects in his article EX: A number of papers have been written on this subject (=about this subject) EX: The case was the subject of a Hollywood film 11 Topic: chủ đề mà người thường thảo luận viết nó, sách, báo, trường, v.v EX: The course covers topics such as interview techniques and giving presentations EX: Global warming continues to be a major topic of discussion 12 Theme: ý tưởng quan trọng xuất nhiều lần sách, phim, kịch, v.v ảnh hưởng đến phát triển nó; EX: Man's relationship with nature is a common theme in his work EX: One of the main themes of the article is the importance of good dental care EX: Feminine beauty is a recurring theme (=a theme that appears often) in Western art 13 Issue: chủ đề vấn đề quan trọng mà người thảo luận tranh luận nó; EX: Dealing with climate change is one of the biggest issues facing the world today EX: The research raises a number of important issues (=it brings these issues to people's attention) EX: The problem of population growth is a major issue in developing countries EX: Abortion remains a highly controversial issue (=people argue about it a lot and have strong feelings about it) 14 Question: chủ đề vấn đề khó, thường thảo luận cần giải quyết; EX: Scientists have been trying to find the answers to these questions for hundreds of years EX: We want to be protected from terrorist attacks However, this also raises the question of (=it makes you want to discuss this question) how we can protect our basic freedoms as citizens EX: The research addresses some fundamental questions about the nature of knowledge (=it tries to deal with some very basic and important questions) 15 Matter: Bạn sử dụng matter matters đặc biệt nói cách chung chung mơ hồ chủ đề; EX: I have little experience in these matters EX: Various matters were dealt with at the meeting EX: an expert on financial matters EX: He held strong views on religious matters EX: People often not want to discuss personal matters with their employer EX: Some people not think that car crime is very important, but in fact it is a serious matter EX: In his book he gets right to the heart of the matter (=the most important part of a subject) Lưu ý: Matter sử dụng cho thứ chung chung, thường khơng có tên Issue question chúng cụ thể Đừng viết câu 'Pollution is a big matter', bạn muốn nói: Pollution is a very important issue ...I DISAGREE Disagree: Không đồng ý, Trái nghĩa với đồng ý To disagree with someone or with an opinion (Khơng đồng ý với ý kiến với đó) • Disagree / not agree verb [intransitive]: EX:... somebody''s opinion / view : theo ý kiến/ quan điểm đó, sử dụng nói ý kiến người biết điều đó: EX: The important thing, in Galileo''s opinion, was to accept the facts and build a theory to fit them... they wanted to maintain their standard of living 47 This means that: điều có nghĩa sử dụng nói kết EX: Childcare is very expensive This means that many women cannot afford to go back to work after