Luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS a contrastive analysis of the metaphor anger is heat in english and the possible equivalent expressions in vietnamese

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES  LƯU THỊ HẢI VÂN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE METAPHOR “ANGER IS HEAT” IN ENGLISH AND THE POSSIBLE EQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE (PHÂN TÍCH ÐỐI CHIẾU BIỂU THỨC ẨN DỤ “ANGER IS HEAT” (SỰ TỨC GIẬN LÀ NHIỆT) TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ CÁC BIỂU THỨC TƯƠNG ÐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) Thesis Summary Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 HANOI - 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES  LƯU THỊ HẢI VÂN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE METAPHOR “ANGER IS HEAT” IN ENGLISH AND THE POSSIBLE EQUIVALENT EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE (PHÂN TÍCH ÐỐI CHIẾU BIỂU THỨC ẨN DỤ “ANGER IS HEAT” (SỰ TỨC GIẬN LÀ NHIỆT) TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ CÁC BIỂU THỨC TƯƠNG ÐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 Course: M.A 19 Supervisor: Associate Professor VÕ ÐẠI QUANG, Ph.D HANOI - 2012 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Tables of contents Part A: Introduction………………………………………………… Rationale……………………………………………………………… Aims and objectives of the study…………………………………… Research questions………………………………………………… Scope of the study…………………………………………………… Methodology………………………………………………………… 5.1 Principles governing the research………………………………… 5.1.1 Principles governing the choice of research type………………… 5.1.2 Data-related issues……………………………………………… 5.2 Methods of the study……………………………………………… 5.2.1 Major methods and supporting methods………………………… 5.2.2 Data collection instruments……………………………………… 5.2.3 Data analysis techniques………………………………………… Structure of the thesis………………………………………………… Part B: Development Chapter 1: Literature Review………………………………………… 1.1 Review of the previous studies……………………………………… 1.2 Theoretical background……………………………………………… 1.2.1 Traditional approach to metaphors………………………………… 1.2.1.1 Substitution theory……………………………………………… 1.2.1.2 Comparison theory……………………………………………… 1.2.2 Cognitive approach to metaphors………………………………… 1.2.2.1 What is a conceptual metaphor? 1.2.2.2 Metaphorical mapping…………………………………………… 1.2.2.3 Structure of a conceptual metaphor…………………………… 1.2.2.4 Types of conceptual metaphors………………………………… 1.2.2.4.1 Structural metaphors………………………………………… 1.2.2.4.2 Orientational metaphors……………………………………… 1.2.2.4.3 Ontological metaphors………………………………………… 1.2.2.4.4 Conduit metaphors…………………………………………… 1.2.2.5 Metaphorical entailment………………………………………… 1.2.3 The role of conceptual metaphors in description of emotions…… 1.2.4 Summary…………………………………………………… Page 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter 2: A contrastive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Possible Equivalent expression in Vietnamese 2.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and in Vietnamese…………………………………………………………… 2.1.1 The cognitive basis of the English metaphor “Anger is Heat” … 2.1.2 The cognitive basis of the equivalent metaphor “Anger is Heat” in Vietnamese………………………………………………………………… 2.2 The metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the equivalent in Vietnamese……………………………………………………………… 2.2.1 The version “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container” in English and the Vietnamese equivalent……………………………… 2.2.1.1 The entailment “Increase in the intensity of anger is the rising of the fluid”………………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.2 The entailment “Intense anger produces steam and pressure on the container”…………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.3 The entailment “When anger becomes too intense, the person explodes”………………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.4 The entailment “When a person explodes, parts of him go up in the air”…………………………………………………………………… 2.2.1.5 The entailment “When a person explodes what was inside him comes out………………………………………………………………… 2.2.2 The English version “Anger is Fire” and the Vietnamese equivalent………………………………………………………………… 2.3 Explanation for the differences of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and in Vietnamese……………………………………………… 2.4 Summary……………………………………………………… Part C: Conclusion…………………………………………………… Recapitulation………………………………………………………… Concluding remarks………………………………………………… Suggestions for further studies…………………………………… … References………………………………………………………………… 15 15 15 16 18 18 20 22 23 25 26 27 31 34 35 35 35 36 38 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale It is common knowledge that metaphors, especially conceptual metaphors are not only an effective device for representing the world outside language but also a tool for thinking, speaking and acting According to Ortony (1975) there are at least three communicative functions that metaphor might perform Lakoff and Johnson (1980:3) state that “metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action” and “our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we every day is very much a matter of metaphor.” During my study, I have been interested in metaphors especially conceptual metaphors for emotions; therefore I choose conceptual metaphors as my thesis topic Of many everyday conceptual metaphorical expressions I would like to take a careful study on the conceptual metaphor “Anger is Heat” “Anger” is one of abstract concepts of people’s emotions that are highly used in English and in Vietnamese How is this metaphor used differently in the two languages? These are the main reasons for my study “A Contrastive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Possible Equivalent Expressions in Vietnamese” Aims and objectives of the study The study tries to: - give a systematic account of the theoretical background on conceptual metaphors - make explicit the similarities and differences between the English metaphor “Anger is Heat” and the possible equivalent expressions in Vietnamese - propose implications for teaching metaphors Research questions The objectives mentioned above can be elaborated into the following research questions: LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - What are similarities and differences in regard to how the English metaphor “Anger is Heat” and the Vietnamese equivalent are perceived? - What causes the differences in cognitive mechanism of this metaphor between the two languages? - What are the possible recommendations for teaching English metaphors? Scope of the study In this thesis, I only work on the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the possible equivalents in Vietnamese to work out the contrast of cognitive model/ mechanism and to give explanation for the differences in the metaphor usage between the two languages Methodology of the study 5.1 Principles governing the research 5.1.1 Principles governing the choice of research type This study is intended to provide an overview and a contrastiveness of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Vietnamese equivalent To achieve the aims, the type of research chosen is basic research A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches is employed with priority given to qualitative analysis The qualitative method is used to describe and analyze the common and distinctive features of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the equivalent expressions in Vietnamese 5.1.2 Data-related issues The researcher examines different samples containing metaphorical expressions belonging to the central conceptual metaphor “Anger is Heat” from books, previous studies, novels, stories, and the Internet in both English and Vietnamese Then the commonly used metaphorical expressions are selected to be analyzed The samples are authentic sources of data Research procedure follows the research design and principles strictly So the validity and the reliability of the study can be guaranteed LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 5.2 Methods of the study 5.2.1 Major methods and supporting methods The study has been carried out with the combination of different methods The major method employed in this thesis is contrastive analysis to compare and contrast mechanism of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in the two languages The intended instrumental language herein assumed is Vietnamese and the target language is English Besides, the descriptive method is used as supporting one 5.2.2 Data collection instruments Document analysis and observation are employed as data collection instruments Document analysis is used to seek instances of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents in books, previous studies, novels, and on the Internet The observation technique is used to enhance qualitative analysis of the established details related to cognitive mechanism in the specified area of research 5.2.3 Data analysis techniques After being collected, the data are analyzed by using the following techniques: - Classifying the samples collected into two sub-versions of the central metaphor “Anger is Heat” based on the corresponding source domains - Systematizing is used to categorize the samples into metaphorical entailments in accordance with their meanings - Inferring the similarities and differences of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the possible equivalents in Vietnamese Structure of the thesis The paper is divided into three parts as follows: Part A is “Introduction” This part gives a brief account of the rationale of the study, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the methods of the study, and the thesis structure Part B is “Development” This part consists of two chapters Chapter one is “Literature Review” This chapter provides the background for the study Chapter two, “A Contrastive Analysis of the Metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the 10 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Possible Equivalent Expressions in Vietnamese”, provides a contrastive analysis of the English metaphor “Anger is Heat” and the Vietnamese equivalents Part C, “Conclusion”, provides a recapitulation of the main points raised, concluding remarks on each of the objectives, and suggestions for further studies 11 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of the previous studies As far as I know, so far there have been three major works related to the theme of this research Following are the major pieces of information about them: First of all is Gorge Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s “Metaphor We Live By” in 1980 This is one of the first studies about conceptual metaphors This book is an important basis of myriad of studies later In this book, the two authors point out that metaphors are not just matters of language, but are used extensively in reasoning and understanding Typically, an abstract domain is understood metaphorically in terms of a more concrete domain To a large degree, they argue, the human conceptual system is metaphorical This is very different from the classical model of metaphor, which claims that metaphors are artifacts of language use, and have nothing to with meaning or understanding This study is the main theoretical basis for my study The second is the research “The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English” of Gorge Lakoff and Zoltan Kovecses (1983) In this research, the authors give basis of the cognitive model of anger in English as well as examples of a system of metaphorical expressions for anger From this work I chose the central metaphor “Anger is Heat” for contrastive analysis with the equivalents in Vietnamese The third is “Ẩn Dụ Về Sự Tức Giận Và Niềm Vui Trong Tiếng Anh Và tiếng Việt” by Trần Bá Tiến (2009) In this study, the author gives a brief account of metaphorical expressions for anger and happiness in English and In Vietnamese The central metaphor “Anger is Heat” is the most general metaphor which is pervasive in both English and Vietnamese Of all previous studies that I have read, there has not been any one which makes a contrastive analysis of this metaphor in English and the possible equivalent expressions in Vietnamese This inspired me to make a contrastive analysis of this metaphor in the two languages 12 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Traditional approach to metaphors Put very generally, there are two main approaches in the study of metaphor: the traditional approach and the cognitive approach The traditional approach encompasses many different theories but shares some fundamental presumptions The traditional theory of metaphor dates back to Aristotle’s view that metaphor is "the application of an alien name by transference" (350 BC b [1950]: par.4 cited from Koller (2003)) and the following are the most important views of metaphor within this approach: 1.2.1.1 Substitution theory The substitution theory describes metaphors as expressions, which are simply substitutes for literal expressions (Black: 1955) Thus, for example, the speaker who uses the metaphorical expression “He is a fox” could, according to the substitution view, have used a literal expression “He is cunning” that means the same The word "fox" in this case communicates something that could have been expressed literally and the metaphor here is simply used in a novel or poetic way to decorate and embellish one's speech The substitution view implies that metaphorical expression performs no greater function than to please and amuse readers or listeners The problem with this view is that a metaphor may evoke a large number of connotations and it would be difficult to paraphrase them all; and paraphrasing of a metaphorical expression cannot present all the meanings that the original metaphorical expression has (Ohkura: 2003) 1.2.1.2 Comparison theory The comparison view is one of the most popular dualistic theories of metaphor According to comparison theory, metaphor is grounded in the similarity existing between two concepts involved in it, so metaphor is considered to be an implicit comparison between principal subject and subsidiary subject, Black (1955), Hoang Tat Truong (1993) On such a view, the interpretation of a metaphor is a matter of 13 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com The physical damage to the thing Metal damage to the angry person burning The capacity of the thing burning to The capacity of the angry person to serve its normal function function normally The danger of the fire to things nearby Danger of the anger to other people The correspondences in knowledge: Source: Target: Things can burn at low intensity for a People can be angry at a low intensity long time and then burst into flame for a long time and then suddenly become extremely angry Fires are dangerous to things nearby Angry people are dangerous to other people Things consumed by fire cannot serve At the limit of the anger scale, people their normal function cannot function normally Based on these correspondences, the central metaphor “Anger is Fire” in both English and Vietnamese has a number of elaborations Let us consider following examples of metaphorical expressions which highlight the cause of anger, the intensity and duration of anger, the danger of angry people to others, and the damage of anger to the angry person to find out similarities and differences between the two languages: The cause of anger In English: - Those are inflammatory remarks (Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983) - What you said inflamed him (Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983) - Your insincere apology just added fuel to the fire (Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983) In Vietnamese: 35 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - Các khơng kích NATO vào hai bốt quân biên giới Afghanistan vào đêm hôm 25/11 đổ thêm dầu cho lửa giận Pakistan vốn nhen nhóm sau vụ đột kích Hoa Kỳ tiêu diệt Osama Bin Laden hồi tháng Năm (http://www.baomoi.com/Pakistan-Bantra-neu-bi-NATO-tan-cong/119/7516227.epi) - Từng đợt mắng chửi xốy vào tai, làm cho ơng ta hai mắt nảy lửa (Trần Bá Tiến: 2009) The intensity and duration of anger In English: - She was smoldering with rage as she explained how her son had been killed (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/smoulder) - As he heard more about the plan to develop the area for industrial use he started doing a slow burn (http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/do+a+slow+burn) - My new assistant's mistakes are so maddening! I've never been so burned up in my life (http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/burned+up) In Vietnamese: - Chồng giận vợ bớt lời/ Cơm sôi nhỏ lửa đời không khê (http://www.vnu.edu.vn/btdhqghn/?C2003/N10866/Com-soi-nho-lua-motdoi-khong-khe.htm) - Sau bày tỏ tức giận âm ỉ Warsaw từ sau kiện Tổng thống Obama bất ngờ hủy bỏ kế hoạch chắn tên lửa gây tranh cãi Ba Lan hồi năm 2009, Tổng thống Bronislaw Komorowski cho biết, Ba Lan thiết lập hệ thống phòng thủ tên lửa riêng để đảm bảo an ninh quốc gia (http://www.vnmedia.vn/NewsDetail.asp?NewsId=307868&CatId=17) - Sau đoạn video cô gái bị lực lượng an ninh Ai Cập lột bung áo hành thủ Cairo đăng tải, thổi bùng lên lửa tức giận lòng người biểu tình, khiến họ đổ xuống đường lên án 36 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com (http://www.tinmoi.vn/xuong-duong-bieu-tinh-vi-co-gưai-bi-canh-sat-danhư08687617.html) - Anh qua nhiều làng thiêu rụi Khét khói bom xác mẹ già Đất uất căm hờn người giận Lửa bừng mắt kẻ không cha (Phan Duy Nhân: 1984) - Những ánh mắt làm cho lửa giận bốc lên ngùn ngụt lòng cậu (http://docsachcungcon.com/a/news?t=6&id=921365) The danger of angry people to others In English: - The former South African president was so incensed that he was 'breathing fire' down the telephone line at the-then Welsh Secretary Peter Hain in protest at the 2003 military action (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article1311545/Nelson-Mandela-breathed-phone-British-government-officialBlairs-decision-invade-Iraq.html#ixzz24R1BFRNM) In Vietnamese: We not find any examples of metaphorical expressions of the version “ANger is Fire” to express this idea in Vietnamese Many people think that the expression “breathe fire” in English shares the same sense with the expression “hét lửa” in Vietnamese However, they are in different sense “breathe fire” in English means someone is so angry about something that the angry person may does something that is dangerous to the others; while the expression “hét lửa” in Vietnamese implies a powerful and imperious person who usually intimidate others The damage of anger to the angry person In English: - He was consumed by his anger (Lakoff and Kovecses: 1983) In Vietnamese: 37 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - Nếu ta không làm chủ tức giận tức giận lửa thiêu đốt tâm can (http://blog.tamtay.vn/entry/view/715042) - Cơn giận cướp bạn thoải mái thân tâm Và chừng mà bạn cịn ni niềm sân hận, giận bùng lên thiêu đốt hành hạ bạn (http://tinhdo.net/songanlac/223-giacuacongian.html) It can be seen from the examples above that the version “Anger is Fire” both in English and in Vietnamese highlights the same things However, in English, anger is usually conceptualized as fire in the whole body; in contrast, in Vietnamese, anger is usually conceptualized as fire in parts of the body such as “lòng, mắt, tâm can” After studying central metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and in Vietnamese I would like to make some comments: The central metaphor “Anger is Heat” both in English and in Vietnamese is based on the folk theory of physiological effects of anger This metaphor has two versions: the version “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container” when the central metaphor is applied to fluids and the version “Anger is Fire” when the central metaphor is applied to solids English has more metaphorical expressions and levels to describe anger than Vietnamese Though both English and Vietnamese people conceptualize anger as the heat of a hot fluid and fire but the containers are different In English the whole body is mainly applied to the container; in contrast, in Vietnamese, parts of the body are mainly applied to the container A question arises that why Vietnamese tends to utilize more body parts for the container but English tends to use the whole body We will find the answer in next part 2.3 Explanation for the differences of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the equivalent in Vietnamese In this part, the question that arose in the previous part will be answered As we have seen, both English and Vietnamese share the same central metaphor for anger: 38 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com “Anger is Heat” and they both share the two sub-versions: “Anger is the Heat of a Hot Fluid in a Container” and “Anger is Fire” However, English tends to utilize the whole body in conceptualizing anger; while Vietnamese tends to utilize more body parts Whys should this be so? English mainly utilizes the physiological effects of the whole body to describe anger There are few expressions in English in which parts of body are used to conceptualize anger Three parts which are often used are head, face, and blood vessel According to Lakoff and Kovecses (1983), the use of “face” and “head” are based on the physiological experience that when body temperature and pressure increase, face and neck area becomes red This is visible physiological effect The case of “burst a blood vessel” is quite common in everyday use Why “blood vessel” is used not other parts like heart, liver, or lung? In England, the rate of heart disease is very high, is the leading cause of death Based on their fundamental medical knowledge English people know that excessive pressure will cause blood vessels burst State of extreme anger can cause pressure increase dramatically It can be said that modern medical knowledge affects the model of conceptualization of English people In contrast, Vietnamese people are affected by knowledge of Oriental medicine Vietnamese traditional medical theories, which are deeply influenced by Chinese ones, affect the model of conceptualization of Vietnamese people These medical theories follow the theory of Yin-Yang and the theory of five elements Chinese traditional medicine applies these theories to account for the relations between humans and nature, between the internal organs inside the human body, and between the internal organs and the external body parts It can be made clear through the following table: Five elements and corresponding organs of the body Elements Wood Fire Earth Metal Water Locations East South Central West North 39 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Seasons Spring Summer Late Autumn Winter summer Climates Windy Hot Wet Dry Cold Zang Liver Heart Spleen Lung Kidney Fu Gall Small Stomach Large Bladder Organs intestine intestine Sense Eyes Tongue Lips Nose Ears Emotions Anger Happiness Anxiety Grief Fright As shown in the table, the Zang and Fu organs liver and gall and eyes, which belong to the element Wood, are categorized to anger This is the basis for expressions like “nóng mắt”, “mắt long (song sọc)”, “sôi mật”, “sôi gan” About eyes, they are used in many expressions for emotions basing not only on the Yin-Yang theory and the five element theory but also on Vietnamese culture which considers eyes as “the windows of the soul” expressing people’s states of emotions Although intestine (small and large intestine) and heart are categorized to happiness and grief, they are also used to express anger as in expressions “sôi ruột”, “nổ ruột”, “sôi tim” What are the reasons for this? First about heart, it can be seen under the cultural aspect Vietnamese people consider heart as the central organ of people which can contain all states of emotions like anger, happiness, anxiety, grief, and fright; therefore, it is applied to express not only state of happiness according to Yin-Yang theory and five element theory but all other states of emotions According to Oriental medicine, intestine and liver are organs of digestive system and are interrelated When someone gets angry, blood in his/her liver becomes hot, it leads to intestinal juice becomes hot This is the basis for the expression “sôi ruột” Also related to Oriental medicine, steam is one of the two important elements (steam and blood) which help organs in the body act normally When someone gets angry, circulation of steam in liver is hampered When the circulation of the Yin 40 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com steam in liver is hampered, it causes the one of the Yang steam in intestine to be hampered (Trần Bá Tiến: 2009) This is the basis for the expressions “nổ ruột” In summary, cultural aspect and medical knowledge form the differences in the conceptualization of anger between English and in Vietnamese 2.4 Summary Basing on what have been discussed in this chapter, it is possible now to have a clear view on the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in the two languages: - The cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in both languages is the same and based on bodily experiences - English tends to express anger through the physiological effects of the whole body; while Vietnamese tends to utilize body parts to express anger - Differences in culture and medical knowledge cause differences in conceptualization between the two languages 41 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART C: CONCLUSION Recapitulation The study has fulfilled its aims with the following major points presented: Firstly, the study has provided a brief account for conceptual metaphor Secondly, it has investigated the cognitive basis of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents Thirdly, the study has analyzed cognitive mechanism of the metaphor “Anger is Heat” in the two languages English usually describes anger through the physiological effects of the whole body; in contrast, Vietnamese tends to utilize body parts The study has also explained the reason why there are differences between the two languages These differences result from differences in culture and medical knowledge Concluding remarks The first objective to be gained in this thesis is to give a theoretical background on conceptual metaphor Some remarks may be drawn that: metaphor is not only a matter of language, but a matter of thought; and metaphor is not limited only in poetics but popularly used in everyday language, so language learners should utilize it to make their communications more effective The second objective of the thesis is to make explicit the similarities and differences between the English metaphor “Anger is Heat” and the possible equivalent expressions in Vietnamese Conceptual metaphors for emotions in general and the conceptual metaphor “Anger is Heat” in particular are mainly grounded on bodily experience Bodily experience is universal among all human beings So different languages, English and Vietnamese may share the same conceptual metaphors However, differences always exist between languages because language is linked to culture Therefore, differences in cultures can lead to differences in languages 42 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com The last but not least object of this thesis is to give implications for teaching metaphors Metaphors are highly used in everyday English, so teaching metaphorical expressions is essential and important Here are some implications that the author hope, to some extend, will help teachers in teaching metaphors: - When teaching metaphorical expressions, teachers should provide not only meanings but also the background of the expressions, cultural and structural features of the expressions This can help learners effectively build semantic memories of the metaphorical expressions in English - In teaching metaphorical expressions, teachers should put them in contexts When expressions are put in contexts, students may guess their meanings and understand how they are used, so that it is easier for students to remember metaphorical expressions - Contrasting and comparing the English metaphorical expressions to Vietnamese may also be an effective way This technique may be employed for different tasks such as translation and reading When teaching, teachers should highlight metaphorical expressions in texts of translating or reading, and then contrast and compare them to Vietnamese Through contrast and comparison with Vietnamese, teachers can provide students awareness of the metaphorical universal concepts used in the two languages which help them use metaphorical expressions correctly and effectively Suggestions for further studies It can not be denied that this study is limited in many ways The data, especially in Vietnamese, were mainly collected from the Internet, so they may lack reality Therefore, all the remarks and comments on the study will be highly appreciated This study only has made an investigation of the central metaphor for anger “Anger is Heat”, which is based on bodily experiences There are also other metaphors for anger formed from bodily experiences such as “Anger is Insanity, Anger is an Opponent” and so on Therefore, it is hereby suggested that future studies be conducted on all central metaphors for anger yielded by the folk theory of 43 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com physiological effects of anger If conducted in this direction, studies will give the readers a relatively complete system of metaphorical expressions for anger so that they can enrich their knowledge as well as apply in their daily conversations to make it more effective 44 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCES English Black, M (1955) Metaphor Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, New Series, Vol 55 (1954 - 1955), p 273-294 Esenova, O (2009) Anger metaphors in the English language Varieng, 3 Koller, V (2003) Metaphor clusters in Business Media Discourse: A Social Cognition Approach University of Vienna Ph.D thesis Kovecses, Z (2000) Metaphor and Emotions in The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, Raymon W and Gibbs Jr Cambridge University Press Kovecses, Z (2002) Metaphor: A Practical Introduction Oxford University Press Lakoff, G and Johnson M (1980) Metaphor We Lived By The University of Chicago Press Lakoff, G and Kovecses, Z (1983) The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English Berkeley Cognitive Science Report georgelakoff.files.wordpress.com/ /the-cognitive-model-of-anger-in Ortony, A (1975) Why Metaphors Are Necessary and Not Just Nice, Educational Theory, 25, 45-53 Ohkura, C (2003) The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics with at Least Two Coordination Equilibria Lexicon and Figurative Language, Vol 14, 56-63 10 Ortony, A and Fainsilber, L (1987) The Role of Metaphor in Descriptions of Emotions dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=980346&type=pdf 11 Reddy, M.J (1979) The conduit metaphor: A case of Frame conflict in Our Language about Language www.biolinguagem.com/ /reddy_1979_conduit_metaphor.pdf 12 Richards, J.C., Platt, J., and Platt, H (1992) Dictionary of Language Teaching 45 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com & Applied Linguistics Longman 13 Hoang Tat Truong (1993) Basic English Lexicology National University College of Foreign language 14 Verspoor, C.M (1993) What are Characteristics of Emotional Metaphors citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.55 rep Vietnamese 15 Trần Bá Tiến (2007) Ẩn Dụ Về Sự Tức Giận Và Niềm Vui Trong Tiếng Anh Và Tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Ngơn Ngữ, 7, 22-34 16 Lê Ðình Tư (2010) Chúng Ta Làm Gì Khi Tức Giận http://ngnnghc.wordpress.com/2010/02/20/chung-ta-lam-gi-khit%E1%BB%A9c-gi%E1%BA%ADn/ 46 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com SOURCES OF EXAMPLES Publications Nguyễn Nhật Ánh (2011) Hoa Hồng Xứ Khác Nxb Trẻ Nguyễn Nhật Ánh (2011) Kính Vạn Hoa Tập 46: Người Giúp Việc Khác Thường.Nxb Kim Ðồng Lê Vũ Trường Giang (2010) Giọt Úa Ðại Ngàn Tạp chí Sơng Hương, 254 Phan Duy Nhân (1984) Chùm Thơ Phan Duy Nhân Tạp chí Sơng Hương, Nguyễn Huy Tưởng (2012) Lá Cờ Thêu Sáu Chữ Vàng Nxb Kim Ðồng Websites http://www.thethaovanhoa.vn/135N200922416119893T0/sean-penn-chinh-tri-gia-cua hollywood.htm http://www.hoahoctro.com/4rum/showthread.php?t=294299 http://namkna.blogspot.com/2011/05/ba-chua-mac-lom-truyen-trang-quynh.html http://thegioigiadinh.com.vn/doi-song/toa-an/2304/to-am-mong-manh.html 10 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/gorges 11 http://www.americanidioms.net/get-a-rise-out-of-%28someone%29/ 12 http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/state/agribusiness-and general/finance/katters-towering-rage-over-tully-sale/2217534.aspx 13 http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/72421 14 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/reach+boiling+point 15 http://giaoduc.net.vn/Van-hoa/Nguoi-mau/Nong-mat-anh-Angela-Phuong Trinh-giam-chan-len-sach/206142.gd 16 http://phunuonline.com.vn/the-gioi/24h-qua/my-lam-trung-quoc-nong-mat-ve van-de-bien-dong/a70807.html 17 http://vietbao.vn/Giai-tri/Tieu-pham-Niem-vui/40136430/238/ 18 http://truyenviet.com/truyen-danh-nhan/131-danh-nhan-viet-nam-khac/8514-la co-theu-sau-chu-vang 19 http://www.idiomeanings.com/idioms/blow-off-some-steam/ 47 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 20 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/steamed+up 21 http://articles.courant.com/2011-08-12/news/hc-restroom-camera-finder-0812 20110811_1_voyeurism-starbucks-employees-sound-activated-camera 22 http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/burst_1 23 http://www.angermanagementresource.com/uncontrolled-anger1.html 24 http://me.truyennganhay.net/space-5639-do-thread-id-2040.html 25 http://www.tinmoi.vn/tai-mat-vi-phuong-uyen-ngoc-anh-07942599.html 26 http://www.dvrcv.org.au/stories/jennas-story/ 27 http://entertainment.ca.msn.com/celebs/news/miley-cyrus-defends-her-fan outburst 28 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/burst+a+blood+vessel 29 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/blow+a+gasket 30 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/blow+a+gasket 31 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/erupt 32 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/set+off 33 http://alobooks.vn/forum/13206/nguoi-khong-mang-ho-full-xuan-duc.aspx 34 http://giaoduc.net.vn/Utilities/PrintView.aspx?ID=204881 35 http://music.vietfun.com/trview2.php?tap=3&ID=2076&cat=16 37 http://www.hoahoctro.com/4rum/showthread.php?t=294299 38 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/flip+lid 39 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/blow+top 40 http://www.wordwebonline.com/en/HITTHECEILING 41 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/go+through+the+roof 42 http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/van-hoa/84934/quoc-trung -thanh-lam-khong-kheo chu-khong-ngu-dai-.html 43 http://www.tin247.com/truoc_tran_granada_%E2%80%93_barca_trut_het_buc boi-5-21849792.html 44 http://baobongdaso24h.com/bong-da-anh/man-city-vs-aston-villa-xa-gian-thoi 45 http://www.baomoi.com/Pakistan-Ban-tra-neu-bi-NATO-tan 48 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com cong/119/7516227.epi 46 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/smoulder 47 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/do+a+slow+burn 48 http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/burned+up 49 http://www.vnu.edu.vn/btdhqghn/?C2003/N10866/Com-soi-nho-lua-mot-doi khong-khe.htm 50 http://www.vnmedia.vn/NewsDetail.asp?NewsId=307868&CatId=17 51 http://www.tinmoi.vn/xuong-duong-bieu-tinh-vi-co-gưai-bi-canh-sat-danh ư08687617.html 52 http://docsachcungcon.com/a/news?t=6&id=921365 53 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1311545/Nelson-Mandela-breathed phone-British-government-official-Blairs-decision-invade Iraq.html#ixzz24R1BFRNM 54 http://blog.tamtay.vn/entry/view/715042 55 http://tinhdo.net/songanlac/223-giacuacongian.html 56 http://music.vietfun.com/trview.php?ID=762&cat=13 57 http://music.vietfun.com/trview.php?ID=762&cat=13 49 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... 2: A contrastive Analysis of the Metaphor ? ?Anger is Heat? ?? in English and the Possible Equivalent expression in Vietnamese 2.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor ? ?Anger is Heat? ?? in English and. .. metaphor ? ?Anger is Heat? ?? in English and the equivalent in Vietnamese As pointed above, the central metaphor ? ?Anger is Heat? ?? in both English and Vietnamese has two versions: ? ?Anger is the Heat of a Hot... discussed in this chapter 2.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor ? ?Anger is Heat? ?? in English and the equivalent in Vietnamese 2.1.1 The cognitive basis of the metaphor ? ?Anger is Heat? ?? in English