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FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION =======🙡🏵🙣======= PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT REPORT Topic: The Motivation power of Nelson Mandela in the position of first black president of South Africa Group number: 02 Class: QTRE303.5 Lecturer: PhD Hoang Anh Duy Ha Noi, 6/2021 No Student ID Full name Date of birth 2012250013 Văn Mai Anh (leader) 04/08/2002 2013250007 Võ Hà Anh 05/08/2002 2013450005 Võ Huyền Bảo Anh 23/08/2002 2012250015 Vũ Thảo Anh 06/01/2002 2012250016 Trần Gia Bảo 21/01/2002 2012250018 Lê Mai Chi 26/06/2002 2012250019 Nguyễn Lê Hà Chi 02/07/2002 2012250020 Vũ Quỳnh Chi 23/05/2002 2012250021 Nguyễn Thế Cường 04/08/2002 10 2013530027 Nguyễn Thùy Trang 09/03/2002 APPENDIX ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW I Overview of Motivation Definition The role of motivation II Early Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierachy McGregor’s Theory X and Y Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Three-needs Theory III Contemporary Theories of Motivation Goal Setting Theory Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory 10 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 11 I Leader’s information 11 II Analyse video 11 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 12 Expectancy Theory 12 III Outcome 13 RECOMMENDATION 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 17 ABSTRACT In the modern world, the competition between businesses is increasing dramatically, which means that every business needs a highly motivated workforce in order to achieve their goals in a certain period of time Therefore, learning how to motivate others has become an essential part of the managers’ responsibilities Motivating others show that managers know to apply motivational theories into practice so as to create and sustain a positive, energetic and conventional working environment in the workplace Moreover, motivation helps to improve and maintain great employees’ performance, which will increase the work efficiency and productivity of employees significantly Conversely, the lack of managers' ability to motivate employees results in low efficiency, effectiveness, bad communication and endless arguments between colleagues The purpose of this report is to examine what is motivation, how to be a successful manager and how to improve motivational skills that are taught during this course The report took an analysis method and theoretical approach to clarify the definition of motivation, its importance in businesses in the modern world and the current issues of motivating employees in the workplace Our group synthesized all the members’ ideas and decided to choose a short video clip whose main idea is the team motivation of Invictus - Mandela to analyze the motivational theories that are applied in the video and ultimately, give recommendations and solutions to improve motivational skills The results, analysis and recommendations were presented to the readers and instructors INTRODUCTION Because motivation remains a key managerial function today, businesses are considering motivational skills as one of the most imperative skills that managers need to acquire and master The lack in employee’s motivation can make an organization or business lose millions of dollars, whilst an effective motivational program such as a benefits package or bonus for employees can maintain high productivity and great performances Also, motivation can explain why people the things they Therefore, adopting and understanding motivation can help shape the behavior of employees in the workplace The overall performance of a business majorly depends on its ability to motivate individual employees In general, motivated employees will work harder to accomplish organizational objectives and goals This report studies the importance of motivation in the workplace The theories were selected from a variety of different scholars in different time periods in order to obtain a broad point of view concerning motivation To help you get the right view and insight, after understanding the adverse impacts of employees lacking motivation, we will look into the benefits and give some recommendations on how to improve motivational skills and apply theories into practice Within the scope of this research, we narrowed our targeted subject to employees in the workplace to analyze deeplier and give more precise recommendations • Execution time: September 17th – September 25th • Implementer: Group - QTRE303.5 • Video: Invictus Mandela’s team motivation First day in office • Language: English • Report: 17 pages In order to better demonstrate our viewpoint, the following parts will be about Literature Review, Findings and Analysis, Recommendation and Conclusion and References LITERATURE REVIEW I Overview of Motivation Definition Motivation is a process in which individual efforts are energized, oriented and reinforced It is what causes you to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge There are two types of motivation: Intrinsic motivated by internal desire for its own sake and Extrinsic motivation which motivated by external factors (rewards/ avoid unexpected outcome) Motivation Formula: Performance = Motivation * Ability * Opportunity The role of motivation Motivation plays an important roles in both an individal and a business Puts human resources into action Every concern requires physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals It is through motivation that the human resources can be utilized by making full use of it This can be done by building willingness in employees to work This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources Improves level of efficiency of employees For getting the best work performance, the gap between ability and willingness has to be filled which helps in improving the level of performance of subordinates This will result into Increase in productivity Reducing cost of operations Improving overall productivity Leads to achievement of organizational goals The goals of an enterprise can be achieved only when the following factors take place There is best possible utilization of resources, There is a co-operative work environment, The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner Goals can be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation Builds friendly relationship Motivation is an important factor which brings employees satisfaction This could initiate the following things: Monetary and non-monetary incentives Promotion opportunities for employees Disincentives for inefficient employees Leads to stability of work force Stability of workforce is very important from the point of view of reputation and goodwill of a concern As it is said, “Old is gold” which suffices with the role of motivation here, the older the people, more the experience and their adjustment into a concern which can be of benefit to the enterprise II Early Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierachy There are five main levels to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs These levels begin from the most basic needs to the most advanced needs Maslow originally believed that a person needed to completely satisfy one level to begin pursuing further levels However, sometimes higher needs may appear even when lower needs are not satisfied McGregor’s Theory X and Y Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management The two theories describe contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development Theory X explains the importance of heightened supervision, external rewards, and penalties, while Theory Y highlights the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach tasks without direct supervision Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Herzberg’s Motivation Theory model, or Two Factor Theory, argues that there are two factors that an organization can adjust to influence motivation in the workplace These factors are: Motivators: Which can encourage employees to work harder Hygiene factors: These won’t encourage employees to work harder but they will cause them to become unmotivated if they are not present Three-needs Theory McClelland’s theory of needs is one such theory that explains this process of motivation by breaking down what and how needs are and how they have to be approached with three major motivates Need for Achievement (nAch) - The drive to succeed and excel in relation to a set of standards Need for Power (nPow) - The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise Need for Affiliation (nAff) - The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships III Contemporary Theories of Motivation Early motivation theories were based on assumptions and sometimes these theories were not supported by strong evidence Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a good example of this approach Therefore, alternative theories of motivation have been put forward over time Goal Setting Theory Goal setting theory is founded on the idea that challenging objectives can help improve workplace performance In this theory, an employee is supposed to be dedicated to the company’s goals and eager to contribute positively It is critical that the established goals are seen as attainable Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences which depending on what type of consequences follows, people will either practice a behavior or refrain from it There are basic types of consequences: positive (often seen as rewards), negative and none Designing Motivating Jobs Designing jobs reflecting the demand of the changing environments, the organization's technology and employees’ skills, abilities and preferences can motivate them to work hard Types of job design option: Job enlargement: horizontally expands a job through increasing job scope Job enrichment: increases job depth Job characteristics model: includes core job dimensions: Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback Equity Theory The Equity Theory of Stacey Adams said that an employee compares his or her job’s input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity Expectancy Theory According to Expectancy Theory of Victor Vroom, an individual tends to act in a certain way, based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual 10 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Our group choose a scene Nelson Mandela – First day at Office in the movie Invictus Invictus was released in the United States on December 11, 2009 The title refers to the Roman divine epithet Invictus and may be translated from the Latin as "undefeated" or "unconquered" The movie chronicles the events before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup as Nelson Mandela campaigned for South Africa to host the global event as a means to reunite the country that was torn apart by apartheid I Leader’s information Nelson Mandela (1918 – 2013) , in full Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, byname Madiba was the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99) (Wikipedia) His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres F.W de Klerk helped end the country’s apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule He and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts At that time when apartheid was still have effect, Nelson Mandela was the leading revolutionist who fought for the black people in South Afica He and Frederik Willem de Klerk were jointly fought together to bring democracy to South Africa The South Africa people believed in him, in what he had done for them (taken done the Apartheid) and they strongly believed that he could done more in order to help South Africa becomes a better place Therefore, Nelson Mandela was elected for the president II Analyse video After he won the election, there were still plenty of issues need to be solved In his early presidency, he faces enormous challenges in the post-Apartheid era, including 11 rampant pover ty and crime, and Mandela is particularly concerned about racial divisions between black and white South Africans that we can see partly on the video, which could lead to violence However, he applied two motivational theory to motivate his subordinates with a strong determination to pull people close together, making South Africa a united nation Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory In Herzberg’s theory, there are two factors are Hygiene Factors and Motivators that increase job satisfaction and motivation In the video, Mr Mandela used “Motivators” factor, which is a kind of selfactualization including achievement, recogniton, work itself, responsibily and advancement He brought a sense of responsibility to all his subordinates when he said: “If you would like to stay, you would be doing your country a great service All I ask is that you your work to the best of your abilities and with a good heart, I promise to the same If we can manage that, our country will be a shining light in the world.” We all know that everyone loves their own country and is proud of their country Building up your own country is your responsibility and is a way you show your love for your country Mr Mandela had already known that his subordinates were very devoted to their country and wanted to develop it, make it “a shining light in the world.” Thus, by reminding his subordinates of their responsibility for the growth of the country & the importance of that work, he seemed to succeed in motivating them to stay, try their best to their work so that their country would develop faster, and become one of the most powerful countries in the world Expectancy Theory Expectancy theory is the tendency to respond in a certain way based on a preconceived expectation of the likely outcome This theory has four main factors Individual effort Success does not come from a small effort of a person, it is the result of all members in the organization 12 “But if you are packing up because you fear that your language or the color of your skin or who you worked for before disqualified you from working, here I am here to tell you to have no such fear” - said Mr Mandela With this speech, he meant that they should not be concerned about other factors of the environment such as their language or skin color, they should just focus on trying to work as effectively as possible to have great job performance This is the effortperformance linkage Individual performance “All I ask is that you your work to the best of your abilities and with a good heart, I promise to the same.” “If you want to help, if you would like to stay, you should your country a great service” Nelson Mandela showed them the way how each person, including him, should perform to achieve the goals If only the individual performance of the employees plays well, they can achieve their expectations This is the performance-reward linkage Organizational rewards At last, Mr Mandela claimed that: “If we can manage that, our country will be a shining light in the world” This is a vision about the result of their individual effort and performance that Africa will be a bigger and developed nation He gave out an attractive reward that everyone both would like to achieve Individual goals When Africa becomes a “shining light in the world”, the subordinates will be praised and recognised significantly At that time, their language or their skin will not be the problems that other talk about III Outcome After showing his opinion about solidarity and anti-apartheid, his motivational speech has changed the way other people thought and doubted his ability to lead the country During the 1995 Rugby World Cup, Nelson Mandela campaigned for South Africa to host the global event as a way to reunite the country that was torn apart by apartheid 13 One noteworthy point is that in South Africa, Rugby was considered a symbol of racist white rule and it was played mostly by white people in the country This background story made it difficult for Mandela’s fledgling democratic government to persuade “selling” the game to a wider population Despite resistance on both sides, Mandela swung the rainbow nation behind both the team – the Springboks – and the tournament, which South Africa won This was one of the most historical decisions to this day that proudly embodies the notion of “One Team One Country.” Not only did Nelson Mandela help encourage sportsmanship and achieve victory for South Africa, but he also brought people together and got rid of apartheid Nelson Mandela was the man who turned around South Africa for the better Here is his favorite poem Invictus which regularly recited during his imprisonment “Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul.” 14 RECOMMENDATION With the change of social life and development of technology, our group will add some recommendations about motivation that can be applied in modern-life Scrap the annual performance review In the 20th century, performance reviews may have been influenced by the Industrial Revolution’s focus on worker productivity Now that we’ve entered the third decade of the 21st century, this is truly an old approach to motivating a team Instead of that, establish effective employee goals by involving employees in the goal-setting process will align their individual goals with business objectives and adapting the goals in real time, keeping them relevant Grant autonomy and flexibility Flexible schedules and remote working opportunities allow team members to work at the hours and locations where they’re most productive Because this helps them achieve work-life balance, they’re often more engaged and productive In the other hand, this builds trust and drives employee motivation Make business a great place to work Creating a friendly and collaborative work environment where you show appreciation and recognition for your team’s hard work simple such as thank-you notes, tangible awards, team milestone celebrations often suffice, etc can have a huge impact Encourage bonding experiences through team-building exercises and outings and never tolerate toxic behavior, like bullying or harassment Beyond that, make sure that your teammates have all of the resources, equipment they need to their jobs and encourage them to personlize their workspaces Give your team room to grow You can provide a sense of growth by creating growth plans with them, offering formal training opportunities, launching a mentor program, and working with employees to develop their soft skills It could even be as simple as assigning them new and challenging work that pushes them outside their comfort zone 15 CONCLUSION After working as a team in Principles of Management class and attending every lecture of PhD Hoang Anh Duy, our group has gained so much knowledge and realised that Motivation in specific and Management in general play a vital role in not only business, organizations but also our daily life We believe with the motivation, people can go far beyond and excess their limit to develop talents, boost engagemnt, increase satisfaction, complete themselves and create a better future, better world Thanks to PhD Hoang Anh Duy, our group has a chance to work with each other and become closer This assignment that the professor gave to our team is a great opportunity to broaden our minds, apply the knowledge that we learned in class into real-life, and acquire many helpful skills for our future as well After all, what we got is not only the knowledge but also our own product and our linked relationship between the members Once again, it is an unforgettable memory for our group to be the students of Principles of Management class with your enthusiastic instruction 16 REFERENCES Management Elevent Edition by Stephen P.Robbins and Mary Coulter “Invictus – Mandela’s team motivation First day in office” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqhS7t2dyEY “7 ways Nelson Mandela changed South Africa” by Alastair Jamieson (Staff writer of NBC News), December 6th 2013: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/7-ways-nelson-mandela-changedsouthafrica-flna2d11702722 “Invictus: Not just a film, but an inspiration to sport and the world” by Daniel Gooch https://bleacherreport.com/articles/348454-invictus-not-just-a-film-butaninspiration-to-sport-and-the-world “Is Invictus a true story?” by Prerna Singh, February 27th 2021: https://thecinemaholic.com/is-invictus-a-true-story/ “5 ways to truly motivate your team in 2020” by John Hall in January 31th 2020 https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnhall/2020/01/31/5-ways-to-truly-motivateyourteam-in-2020/?sh=77596b296b41 17 ... to the individual 10 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Our group choose a scene Nelson Mandela – First day at Office in the movie Invictus Invictus was released in the United States on December 11, 2009 The. .. This report studies the importance of motivation in the workplace The theories were selected from a variety of different scholars in different time periods in order to obtain a broad point of view... clarify the definition of motivation, its importance in businesses in the modern world and the current issues of motivating employees in the workplace Our group synthesized all the members’ ideas
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