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Cdng trinh Khoa hqc NGHIEN CUU THUC NGHIEM DOI CHITNG CAC THANH PHAN PHAT THAI DOC HAI CUA T PHUN XANG DIEN TU Str DUNG XANG SINH HOC ElO VA E20 LE CONG BAO Khoa Ca khi, Tnrdng Bgi ligc *^^' "^ LE ANH TUAN Vien Ca klii Hgng tire Tririrng Dgi hgc Bdch khoa Hd \i Tdm tdt: Hien d nhtem mdi trudng la vdn de quan trgng vd cdp bach cdn gidi quyet Viic su dung nhien lieu sinh hgc trin dong co khdng chi la mot gidi phdp di ddp irng cdc nhu cdu nhiin lieu md cdn de gidm tuang phdt thai nhu CO NOx HC, tir cdc phuang lien gay nhiim mdi Irudng vd anh huang xdu tdi sire khoe ngudi O Viet Nam su pha trdn vdi 5% elhanol (E5) da dugc sir dung rong rat Iren tinh thdnh ldn Pha iron vdi ly li ldn han 5% elhanol cdn dugc nghien cuu vd dp dgng de ndng cao khd nang de Ihay the cho xdng giam phdt thdi Bdi bdo trinh bdy kit qud nghien ciht thuc nghiem ddi chung anh hudng cua nhien ligu sinh hgc ElO E20 din ddc linh phdt ihai ciia ddng ca phun xdng dtin lu Abstract: Nowaday, the environmental pollution is an important problem and need lo be solved The use of biofuel blends on gasoline engines is not only a potential solution for satisfying the fuel demand hut also for reducing exhaust emission components from vehicles such as CO, NOx, HC which cause environmental polliilion and adverse health effect In Vietnam, the blend with 5% of elhanol with gasoline (E5) has been widely used in Ihe seven higesl cities Blends with higher elhanol rale should be widely studied and applied in order to increase the quantity of gasoline substitution and to reduce exhaust emissions This paper presents results gf comparative experimental research oj bioethanol ElO and E20 fuels on exhaust emissions characlerislic oj electronic fuel injection vehicle B A T V A N D E Viet N a m la mdt n u d c ndng nghiep, nai cd t i l m ndng ldn ve nguyen lieu phyc vy cho san xuat nhien lieu sinh hgc phuc vu cho ddi sdng, d a cd chu t r u a n g d u n g dan the hien qua D e an Phat trien vd s u dung nhien lieu sinh hgc den nam 2015 va tam nhin d i n nam 2 vd Id trinh s u dung nhien lieu sinh hgc theo Quyet dinh sd 53/2012/OD-TTg [5] Chu t r u a n g the hien su tham vgng ciia Chinh phu va cung t h i hien s y q u y l t tam cua toan xa hdi viec quy hogch, td chuc sdn xudt va su dung nhien lieu sinh hgc [1] Trong cdc logi nhien lieu sinh hgc, ethanol sinh hgc la loai nhien lieu cd tiem nang ldn nhdt d Viet N a m va hien dang d u g c cac doanh nghiep ddu tu phat trien manh me N h a may sdn xudt ethanol Ddng Xanh, Dai Ldc, Q u a n g N a m vdi cdng sudt 100.000 tan/ndm dua vao hogt ddng vao cudi nam 2010 va nhd mdy vdi cdng sudt t u a n g tu dang d u g c xay d y n g tgi m i l n Bdc, Trung vd N a m ciia ddt n u d c t h i hien rd d i l u Hien xang E5 da d u g c su dung bdi bugc thay t h i cho nhien lieu truyln thdng tren cac p h u a n g tien c a gidi d u d n g bd tai tinh, thdnh phd 22 Tgp chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 48 - 10/2015 Cdng trinh Khoa hqc Idn tti ngdy 1.12.2014 vd se chinh thuc su dung rdng rai tren toan qudc tir 1.12.2015 Ddng ca sti dung xdng E5 RON 92 se tgo rat it thai CO va Hydrocarbon vd it han hdn cac logi xdng thdng dyng nhu RON 92 va RON 95 tdi 20%, chfnh vi vdy, xdng E5 RON 92 rdt than thien vdi mdi trudng [6] Ben canh giam dang ke phan khf CO va Hydrocarbon, kha nang tang tdc cua xe cung tdt hon ddi vdi xang E5 RON 92 Qua trinh chay dgng co sti dyng xang E5 RON 92 dugc cai thien nhd hdn hgp gitra khong va nhien Ii?u ddng dlu hon khd ndng bay hai tot cua E5 Ngoai ra, vdi hdm lugng oxy xang E5 RON 92 cao nen gitip cho nhien lieu dugc chay triet dl, tdng cdng sudt cho dgng ca, giam tieu hao nhien lieu va thai thai mdi trudng [4], [3] Cac nghien ciru sii dyng xang sinh hgc tren dgng co va phuong tien da dugc thuc hien kha day dii, tir nghien ciiu Iy thuyet den nghien ciiu thyc nghiem d ciing nhu ngodi nudc O nudc, cac logi xdng sinh hgc tir ElO den E20 da dugc nghien ciru su dyng tren xe may va d td diing che hda khf Tuy nhien, cdc ket qud nghien ctiu Iy thuyet va thuc nghiem ve phdt thdi tren ddi tugng ddng ca ditng chl hda thudng khdng tuong ddng vdi logi dgng co khdng cd kha ndng dilu khiln ty Ie khdng khi/nhien Heu Bai bdo tdng hgp cdc kit qua nghien ctiu thuc nghiem ve phat thai tren d td phun xang di?n tti cd dg tudi tren 10 ndm sti dyng xang sinh hgc cd ty Ie ethanol khdc NGUYEN LY PHAT THAI 2.1 Cff chl hinh NO, NOx Id san phdm ciia qua trinh oxy hoa nita khdng dieu kien nhiet cao Trong thdi dgng ca thi NOx tdn tgi d hai dgng chti yeu la N02 va NO Thanh phdn ciia NOx phu thugc vdo he sd du lugng khdng X (ndng oxy ciia hon hgp) vd nhiet dp chay, NOx dgt cue dgi d X= 1,05 - 1,1 Tai day, nhiet qua trinh chay dti Idn de tgo oxy vd nito nguyen tu cd tinh nang hoat hoa cao va cung tai ddy ndng oxy du Idn dam bao cho phdn ting, dd NOx dgt cue dai Trong thdnh phdn thai dgng co xang thi NO chiem phdn Idn (90 98%) vd thugc vao X Ca hai loai deu rat dgc nhung NO3 dgc gdp Idn so vdi NO, phdn ldn NO2 hinh td viec oxi hod N0[3] Phan ling chu dao dl hinh NO tir phan tu N2 la 02-O 20 (1) N, + O ^ N O + N (2) N + O2 -»NO + (3) N + OH ^ N O + H (4) Do NO dugc hinh thdnh vitng nggn lira cd the nhanh chdng trd thdnh NO2 qua phdn irng: NO + HO2 -^ NO2 + OH (5) Tilp NO2 igi phan img vd trd thdnh NO qua phdn ting: N02 + - * N O + 02 Tgp chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG V^N TAI So 48 - 10/2015 (6) 23 Cdng trinh Khoa hoc 2.2 Co chl binh tbanh CO CO dugc tao qud trinh chdy khdng hoan toan ctia dgng co dilu kien thiSu o xy va nhiet dg cao [3] CO dugc hinh thdnh tii phan dng sau: 2C + O2 = 2C0 (7) Ddi vdi dgng ca xdng, qua trinh chay thilu d xy nen CO sinh rdt nhilu, qua trinh gian nd mgt phdn CO se ket hgp vdi nudc tao COi theo co chl sau: Su phat sinh mach H2O + CO = H2 + CO2 (8) H2 + O J = 20H (9) Sundi tilp mgch 0H + C = C02+H (10) H + 02 = 0H + (11) Su dut nhdnh tren vdch xy lanh 2H + vach = H2 Su dirt nhanh long xy lanh C0 + = C (12) Qua cac phdn img trSn thdy qua trinh d xy hda CO phu thuOc vao ndng d^ H2 vd OH Vi vdy dilu kien thudng qud trinh chay cua dgng co xang sinh rat nhieu CO 2.3 Cff chl hinh HC Sy phat sinh hydrocarbure chua chay HC qua trinh chay khdng hodn toan hogc mdt bd phgn hdn hgp ndm ngoai khu vuc Ian tran mdng lira [3] Dieu ndy xay sy khdng ddng nhat ctia hdn hgp hogc su dap tat mang Ida d khu vyc gdn thdnh hay cac khdng gian chet, nghTa la d khu vuc cd nhi$t dp thdp NGHIEN c u t ! THlTC NGHIEM 3.1 Ddi tuwng thuc nghi£m 3.1.1 Nhien H$u Nhien liSu thii nghi?m gdm xdng RON92 dang dugc sii dung rgng rai tren thi trudng cung cdp bdi Petrolimex va cdc hon hgp nhien lieu xang sinh hgc ElO vd E20 dugc pha trdn bdi Vien Hda hgc Cdng nghiep Vi?t Nam td ethanol gdc ElOO sdn xudt bdi Cdng ty Cd phdn Ddng Xanh, Quang Nam, cd ndng dg cdn 99,5% [2] Kit qud phan tich thdnh phdn nhiSn lieu RON92, ElO va E20 dugc Idn lugt thi hien tren bang 24 Tgp chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 48 - 10/2015 Cdng trinh Khoa hqc Bang Chi tiiu chdt lugng cda xdng RON92 TCVN Xang RON92 ElO E20 92,4 94,4 96,6 92 50%, "C 90%, °C Diem soi cuoi, °C 38,9 53,6 93,6 158,6 180,0 41,6 51,0 73,8 161,6 185,5 39,351,0 71,0 159,5 178,5 70 120 190 215 i3o on dinh oxy hoa, phut 530 880 1262 480 Ham lugng luu huynh, mg/kg 215 215 190 500 Ap suat hoi Reid, kPa 70,46 70,46 61,67 43-75 Him lucmg hydocacbon thom, % the tich 31,6 27,8 25,3 40 Ham lugng oxy, % khoi lugng 0,55 ,3,93 8,03 2,7 Kh6i lugng rieng IS^C, kg/m' 0,7302 0,740 0,754 Bao cio STT Chi tieu Tn s6 octan RON Thanh phan cat phan doan Difim soi d^u, "C 10%, °C 6776:2005 Kit qua phdi trgn nhien li?u cho thdy tri sd dc tan RON tang 2,2 % ddi vdi nhien lieu EIO, tdng 4,6% ddi vdi nhien lieu E20, vi vgy, viec pha ethanol vao xang thdng dyng cung se cd tac dung nhdt djnh viec hgn chl hien tugng kich nd Ham lugng oxy tdng gdp 7,14 ldn ddi vdi EIO, tang gap 14,6 Ian ddi vdi E20 nen qua trinh chay se triet de hon Khdi lugng rieng tang 1,4% ddi vdi EIO, tdng 3,6% ddi vdi E20 3.1.2 O to thir nghiim Xe thii la d td Daewoo Lanos 2001, sd kilomet di dugc trudc vdo thir nghi6m 97.263 (km), xe su dyng h6 thdng nhiSn lieu phun xdng difn tti Cac thong sd ky thugt ctia xe dugc dua bang Bdng Thong sd ky thugt xe Daewoo Lanos Thdng s6 Loai dong ccf Kieu xe Dung tich xy lanh (cc) Ty so nen Thdng s6 Gia tri I.5S0HC xy lanh thang hang 1.498 9,5+/-0,2 Dai X Rong x Cao (mm) Chieu dai ca sd (mm) Khoang sang g£im xe (mm) Trgng lugng khong tai (kg) Ban kinh quay vong tdi thieu (m) Cong suat cue dai(HP/ rpm) 94/5.600 Momen xodn cure d^i (Nm/rpm) 132/3.400 Mirc tieu thu nhien lieu (//100km) Toe dp toi da (km/ h) 170km/h Hgp sd G i i trj 4237x1678 xl432 2520 175 1036 4,9 5,9 so tay 3.1.3 Quy trinh thit nghiem Cac thu nghi?m dugc thyc hien tren ca sa so sanh d6i chi3:ng phdt thai dgc h^i chay loai nhien lieu (x5ng RON92 va Xing sinh hgc EIO, E20) a cac chS khac Tsp chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 48 - 10/2015 25 Cdng trinh Khoa hqc Thir nghiem dugc tien hanh qua budc: - Thu d chl toan tai, tdc xe dn djnh - Thu theo chu trinh thu thai tieu chudn ECE So dd quy trinh thu theo budc dugc thi hien tr^n Hinh I Thu nghiem phat thai dugc tiln hanh theo ti6u chudn TCVN 6785:2006 vdi chu trinh thir thai ECE 1505 (Hinh 2) Chu trinh thu bao gdm vdng thii ECE (chu trinh phd) dugc lap Iai lien tuc, va I vdng thu EUDC (chu trinh xa lg) i£ Hinh Sa cdc budc thir nghiim on dinh Chu trinh phd Chu trinh xa 16 Hinh Chu trinh thir Chdu Au ECE 1505 KET QUA VA THAO LU^N Phat thai xe Lanos tai tay sd V dugc trinh bdy d bang cho thdy ddi vdi xe su dung he thdng phun xang dien tu, tinh trung binh tren toan dai tdc dp thiir nghiem, phat thai CO dugc cai thi?n ddi vdi nhi8n lieu sinh hgc; mdc phat thai HC ddi vdi EIO giam so vdi xdng RON92, nhien ddi vdi E20 thi tang vd phdt thdi NOx tang Bdng Phdt thdi xe Lanos tai tay so V Toe dg RON92 V (km/h) n (v/ph) 60 2400 65 70 80 90 2610 2800 3200 3600 Trung binh C O (ppm) 16448 H C (ppm) • 322 17193 319 313 236 140 266 18128 '3577 250 11275 N O , (ppm) 101 95 101 167 129 118 ^=^=^=^^=-^=-=^^=, 26 Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 48 - 10/2015 Cdng trinh Khoa hoc Bang S Phdt thdi xe Lanos tgi tay so V (tiip) ^ Toe v(km/h) n (v/ph) 60 2400 65 2610 70 2800 80 3200 90 3600 Trung binh EIO CO (ppm) 15570 17173 17348 3413 240 10749 HC (ppm) 313 306 304 226 136 257 E20 NO, (ppm) 108 106 116 240 229 160 CO (ppm) 14485 16001 16076 3153 233 9990 HC (ppm) 372 374 371 271 180 314 NO, (ppm) 107 106 114 232 223 156 De thdy nhd qud trinh chay dugc cai thien su dyng xang sinh hgc, phdt thdi CO gidm mgnh vi ddng ca sir dung hon hgp nhien lieu xang pha cdn thi cdn ethanol da cd nguyen tu oxy, phdt thai NO^, tang ddi vdi nhi6n liSu EIO nhung din E20 Igi giam Thdnh phdn phdt thai HC ddi vdi EIO gidm nhung ddi vdi E20 tdng Ien Nguyen nhan cua hien tugng Id trgng thai sdy ndng tren dudng nap Mgt lugng nhd hydro cdcbon khdng dti dieu kien dl bay hoi hieu dng lam ngudi hdn hgp ethanol bay hoi Dilu tac dgng cang rd hon tdng lugng ethanol hdn hgp xang sinh hgc Ngodi ra, viec gid nguyen gdc ddnh lira sdm so vdi su dyng nhien lieu xdng EO cung cd tdc dgng den viec dxy hda hodn todn nhidn lieu Ket qud phdt thai theo chu trinh thti ECE 1505 cua xe Lanos vdi cac loai nhien lieu dugc thi hien bdng Bang Phdt thdixe Lanos chgy vdi RON92, EIO vd E20 theo chu trinh thir ECE150 Toe (km/h) CO(g/km) HC (g/km) NO,(g/km) CO, (g/km) FC (1/100km) Phat thai va tieu thu r hien lieu RON92 3,80 1,160 0,820 238,73 10,73 EIO 3,51 1,115 0,973 252,86 11,32 E20 3,26 1,196 0,945 263,24 11,76 Cai thien so voi truong hgp RON92(%) E20 EIO -7,76 -14,28 -3,88 3,09 18,7 15,2 5,92 10,27 5,45 9,57 Ket qud thu nghiem theo chu trinh thu tieu chudn ECE1505 cho thdy phdt thai CO va HC cang gidm tang ty le ethanol hdn hgp nhien lieu Phdt thdi NOx tang 18,7% ddi vdi nhien Heu EIO nhung chi tang 15,2% ddi vdi nhidn lieu E20 Vl mat ly thuyit, tang ty Ie ethanol hdn hgp, phat thdi NOx tdng qua trinh chay dugc cai thien nhd trj sd dctan va ham lugng d xy hdn hgp cao hon Tren thyc te tang ham lugng ethanol hdn hgp, he thdng dilu khien dien tur ciia dgng co se phai dieu chinh tang lugng nhien lieu cung cdp dl dam bdo h^ sd du lugng khdng lambda bang Ddi vdi nhien li$u EIO, lugng nhien lieu ndm gidi han dieu chinh dugc nen sy thay ddi ve mdc phdt thai CO, HC va NOx cd dien bien hgp Iy Ddi vdi nhien lieu E20, bd dieu khien dien tu khdng the ty hieu chinh de dam bdo lambda bang I ma thyc te se cd gia tri ldn han Dieu se dan tdi h§n hgp khdng khi-nhien lieu nhgt han, mdt phan hydrocarbon chay khdng het hdn hgp qua nhgt ddn tdi phdt thdi HC Tgp chi KHOA H Q C G I A O T H O N G VAN TAI So 48 - 10/2015 27 Cdng trinh Khoa hqc cd tang nhe so vdi ddng co su dung xang RON92, thdnh phdn CO giam manh nhd^ thua d \y va phat thdi NOx thi cd muc tang thap ban so vdi nhien lieu EIO Muc tieu thu nhien lieu so vdi xe chay xang RON92 theo chu trinh thu ECEv 1505 tang ddi xang sinh hgc Muc tang ldn lirgt la 5.45%, 9.57% ddi vdi xang EIO va E20 Do tang ve tieu thu nhien lieu nen phdt thai CO: tang ddi vdi nhien lieu E10 va E20 KET LUAN Ddi vdi d td phun xang dien tu su dung nhien lieu EIO vd E20 cdc thdnh phdn phat thai CO giam so vdi dgng ca dimg nhien lieu xang truyln thdng nhd sy cd mdt cua dxy thdnh phan cua nhien lieu va qua trinh chay hoan hdo hon Thanh phan phat thai HC it thay ddi va cd xu hudng tang su dung xang sinh hgc cd ty le ethanol ldn lugng nhien lieu cap dugc ty ddng dieu chinh nhdm dam bao he sd du lugng khdng lambda bang I Phat thai NOx tang qud trinh chdy dugc cdi thien Viec dilu chinh he sd du lugng khdng va dieu chinh goc danh lira sdm sS cd vai trd quan trgng viec ddt chay kiet nhien lieu va gdp phdn cat giam cac phdn phdt thai Tuy nhien cdc ngi dung ndy chua dugc de cap pham vi nghien cuu Ngdy nhan bai lan dau: 28/10/2015 Ngay nhan bai sua: 27/11/2015 Ngay chdp nhan dang bdi: 30/10/2015 Tai lieu tham khao [1] PGS TS Dinh Thj Ngo TS Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong, "Nhiin lieu sach vd cdc qua trinh xu ly RON92 hda ddu" NXB Khoa hgc va k\ thuat, 2008 [2] QCVN I "Ouy chudn ky thugt quoc gia ve xdng nhien lieu diesel vd nhien liiu smh hoc'" 2009/BKHCN [3] Pham Minh Tudn, "Khi that dong ca vd nhiim mdi Irudng " NXB Khoa hgc va kythuat, 2008 [4], PGS, TS Le Anh Tuan, "Thu nghiem nhien lieu gasohol E5 vd EIO tren old vd xe mdy" Bao ca kit qua hgp ding s6 05- HD DHBK-PTN DCDT [5] Thil Tudng Chfnh Phu, Quylt djnh 177 2007 QD-TTg vl viec phe duyet "Dc^ an phdt irien nhien lliu sinh hgc din ndm 2015 tdm nhin din nam 2025" 2007 [6] Le Anh Tuan Pham Minh Tuan, "Nghien ciru anh hirang cua nhien Ueu xdng pha elhanol E5 vd EIO din tinh ndng vd phdt thai dgc hai cua xe mdy vd xe dang liru hdnh a Viet Nam" Tap chi KHCN cdc trirdng dai hoc s6 3 2009, tr 98-104 Phan bien: PGS.TS Cao Trpng Hiln; PGS.TS Le Hoai Buc 28 Tgpchi KHOA H O C G I A O THONG VAN TAX So 48 - 10/2015 ... ddi xang sinh hgc Muc tang ldn lirgt la 5.45%, 9.57% ddi vdi xang EIO va E20 Do tang ve tieu thu nhien lieu nen phdt thai CO: tang ddi vdi nhien lieu E10 va E20 KET LUAN Ddi vdi d td phun xang... xang sinh hgc tren dgng co va phuong tien da dugc thuc hien kha day dii, tir nghien ciiu Iy thuyet den nghien ciiu thyc nghiem d ciing nhu ngodi nudc O nudc, cac logi xdng sinh hgc tir ElO den E20. .. dgng ca xdng, qua trinh chay thilu d xy nen CO sinh rdt nhilu, qua trinh gian nd mgt phdn CO se ket hgp vdi nudc tao COi theo co chl sau: Su phat sinh mach H2O + CO = H2 + CO2 (8) H2 + O J = 20H
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