N ClAl-TRAOfl' NGHIEN Ciru THIET KE, CHE TAO TO HgP THIET S\ NHIET PHAN NHIET DO THAP TAI CHE CHAT THAI HU'U CO THANH NHIEN LIEU RESEARCH, DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS EQUIPMENT FOR RECYCLING ORGANIC WASTE INTO FUEL TS Dfldng Van Long Viln Nghien cflu Cp khi, Bd Cdng Thflpng TOM TAT Bdi bdo trinh bdy ket qud nghien cdu thiet ke, che tgo vd chgy khdo nghiem to hgp thiet bi nhiet phdn nhiit thdp tgi Trung tdm Cong nghe vd Thiet bi Moi trUdng - Vien Nghien cdu Cd To hgp thiet bi nhiet phdn ditng cho xd ly chdt thdi co nguon goc hdu cd thdnh nhien lieu Ket qud chgy thd nghiim dd'i vdi chdt thai cao su, nhUa (PE, PP, PET) vd sinh khoi (gd vun, miin cUa) cho sdn phdm Id ddu, vd than nhiet phdn co gid trj nhiet tri nhu cdc nhien lieu tUdng dUdng truyen thong, to hdp thiet bi thdn thien moi trUdng, qud trinh hogt dgng khong tgo nhiem thd cdp Cdc thong sd cong nghe cd bdn cua to hdp thiet bi nhiet phdn, nhiet phdn dng dieu chinh dUdc ddi rgng 130-600 °C theo nguyen lieu ddu vdo cdn xd ly, kich thUdc hgt cua vdt lieu ddu vdo nho hdn 100 mm, dm vgt lieu bdt ky, cho phep xd ly chdt thdi hdu cd hdn hdp nhieu thdnh phdn Tfl khda: Thiet bi nhiet phdn, tdi che chdt thdi hdu cd thdnh nhien lieu, tdi che rdc thdi hUu cd thdnh nhien lieu ABSTRACT The paper represents the results of research, design, fabrication and testing of low-temperature pyrolysis equipemnt at Environmental Technology and Equipment Center under the National Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering The equipemnt is used for converting the organic waste into fuel The test results of waste like rubber, plastic (PE, PP, PET) and biomassive (wood chips, sawdust) create the pyrolysis oil, gas and coal which have the same equivalent calorific values as traditional fuels Besides, it is an environmental friendly equipemnt The operation process does not create secondary pollution The basic technological parameters of the equipemnt with reactional temperature adjusted in a wide range of 130-600°C, the material particle size is up to 100 mm, with any material moisture content The equipemnt can be applied for multi-component mixtures of organic waste Keywords: Pyrolysis equipment, recycling organic waste into fuel, recycling organic waste into fuel ^ TAP CHf CO KHf V I £ T NAM V S6 1+2 (Thing 1+2 nim 2013) NGHIEN CUTU-TRAODC!)! I.DATVANDE dung eiing nhfl cd gia tri kinh te Trong nhflng n i m gan day, tang trfldng kinh t l x i hdi mdt mat gdp phan tieh cflc cho sfl phat trien cua dat nfldc, mat khac da Iam phat sinh lflpng ehat thii ran (CTR) cing ldn (gom CTR sinh boat, CTR cdng nghiep, ) Viec thii bd khdng kilm soit va quan ly khdng hieu qua CTR d cic thi, khu cdng nghiep Ii mdt nhflng nguyen nhan gay d nhiem mdi trfldng, ngudn phit sinh benh tat, i n h hfldng d i n sfle khde va cude sdng eon ngfldi Thdng ke eac phan chinh cua chat thai tai mdt sd bai chdn lap cho thay, ehat thai ngudn gdc hflu ed (khdng tii sfl dung trflc tiep dflpc) chilm mdt ty le ldn (trin 50%), ele phan khie ed nguon gdc hflu eo Idid phan hfly nhfl nhfla, nilon, cao su, vai, gd chilm ty Ie gan 20% Vi vay, vile tao thilt hi sfl dung hieu qua chat thii ngudn gdc hflu co dang dflpc cle nha khoa hgc, nha quan ly va cac doanh nghiep hit sfle quan tam Thiet hi nhiet phan la ed sd v i la chia khda quylt dinh viec phan bo, gii tri sfl dung cua sin pham nhilt phan H i l n nay, ed rat nhieu loai thilt bi nhiet phan cd cau true v i nguyen Iy Iam viec khac Theo nguyin t i e phan flng chinh la truyln nhiet gifla ngudn nhiet va khdi Ifldng chat thai hflu ed dfldc xfl ly, cac thilt bi cd the dflpc chia dang thilt bi nhiet phan gia nhilt gian tilp (truyen nhilt tfl b i n ngoii thilt hi) va thiet bi nhiet phan gia nhiet trflc tilp (truyln nhilt doi Iflu trflc tiep Idng thiet hi) Moi thiet bi diu cd flu nhflpc diem rilng, nhien cho din chfla cd thiet bi nao dflpc cdng nhan la thilt bi nhiet phan ly tfldng Vi vay, vile phat trien thiet bi nhilt phan d i p flng eac tieu ehi vl ky thuat (hieu q u i xfl ly, mflc cd - tfl dgng hda ), ve Idnh te (chi phi dau tfl, van hanh, xfl ly chat thii thii cap, gil tri san pham tii ehl, thi trfldng tieu thu sin pham nhiet phan ) va ve an toan, than thien mdi trfldng (chi so an toan ky thuat, chi sd than thien mdi trfldng ), de ding md rpng eong nghiep v i n dflpc coi la trgng tam cua viec nghien cflu va la mgt nhflng hfldng ehinh cua cdng nghe nhilt phan trin toln t h l gidi Hien nay, phflpng i n xfl ly chu ylu dflpc ap dung doi vdi eic phan hflu ed khd phan hfly nly la chdn lap hoac ddt thieu buy Tuy nhiin, vdi Iflpng chat thii phat sinh ldn, thdi gian phan buy keo dii din hang chuc nam da Iam cae bai ehdn lap qua tii Vdi phfldng i n dot thilu hfly, ehi cd khu xfl ly tai eic dd thi Idn la dau tfl Id dot nhflng khdng du edng suat xfl ly eung nhfl hieu qua xfl ly khdi Id khdng eao, Iam phit sinh d nhiem khdng vdi cac ddc nhfl SO^, CO,, dioxin, furan N h i m khie phue eic nhflpc diem neu tren, mdt nhflng phfldng phip dang dfldc hfldng tdi sfl dung tren the gidi la cdng nghe nhilt phan nhiet thap vdi vile tiep can "Rac - nguon nang Iflpng" Cdng nghe nhiet phan nhilt thap dflge coi la tiem nang cie edng nghe xfl ly va tai sfl dung nang Ifldng chat thii cdng nghiep va chat thii sinh boat ngudn gdc hflu cd mflc tieu thu nang Iflgng eho q u i trinh xfl ly thap, cdng nghe xfl Iy khdng phat sinh d nhiem thfl cap, ty le chdn lap nhd vi sin pham nhiet phan ed gia tri sfl TAP CHI C O KHf VIET NAM NGHIEN CCU CONG NGHE VA NGHlfiN CUtJ T H U C NGHIEM Ddi tflgng dfldc Ifla ehgn tien hanh nghien cflu la chat thai cao su (sam, ldp xe) nhfla (PE, PP, PET) v i biomass (gd vun, mun cfla) Day la nhflng chat thai ngudn gde hflu ed ed ty le ldn phan rac thai cdng nghiep va rac thai sinh boat Qua nghien cflu cdng nghe v i tiln hanh thflc nghiem eho thay eic hpp chat hflu cP tren kem ben vdi nhiet n l n de bi p h i n buy bdi nhi?t O e h l dp nhilt dp thich hgp (trong khoang 280 - 600°C), i p suat thap (< at), mdi trfldng khdng ed oxy hoac thilu oxy eic hdp ehat hdu cd bi phan buy (phin flng cracking nhilt) tao thinh than b i n coe, dau nhilt phan (sau ngflng t\i) vl nhiet phan (khi tong hgp) Cae san pham nly Sd 1+2 (Thing 1+2 nam 2013) NGHIEN CUTU - TRAO €)0l deu ed gii tri vl mat nang Iflpng: nhilt tri than nhilt phan eao su cd gia tri tfldng dfldng nhiet tri than c i m 5; nhiet tri dau nhiet phan cad su, nhfla, biomass (gd vun, mun cfla) ed gii tri tfldng dfldng nhiet tri dau FO, DO; nhiet phan dflpc quay Iai sfl dung trflc tiep ddt gia nhilt chd q u i trinh nhilt phin gdp phan giam chi phi van blnh Sin pham chay cua dau nhilt phan qua thfl nghiem, dd dac phan tich diu an tdin vl cie chi tieu phit thii, h d l n tdin cd t h l sfl dung lam nhiin lieu dot thay the dau FO, DO truyen thdng Mat khie, kit q u i nghien cflu thflc nghiem da xic dinh dflge giii nhilt diln qua trinh nhiet phan, c h l rdiilt dp phfl hpp vdi mue tilu tao ty 1| sin pham dau nhiet p h i n ldn nhat va hfldng dieu chinh e h l dp nhilt dp nhilt phan, tdc nang nhilt d l thu dflpc ty le nhieu hay it hoac than nhiet phan doi vdi eac doi tflpng ehat hflu cP de cap trin Kit q u i nghiin cflu thflc nghiem thu dflpc Ii ca sd xay dflng tieu ehi va dinh mflc thilt ke he ^"'•'h- thdng thiet hi nhiet phan (ehe dp nhiet dp nhiet phan, toe dp nang nhiet cua Id phan flng nhiet phan ) NGUYEN LY, CHE TAO VA CHAY KHAO NGHIEM TO HOP T H i f T BI NHIET PHAN 3.1 Nguyin ly boat dgng Td hpp thilt bi nhilt phan boat ddng theo nguyin ly hda bdi chat hflu ed bang cich gia nhilt gian tilp tfl ben ngoai Id phan flng, sau dd hdi nhiet phan dflpc phan ly, ngflng tu d l tieh cac pha ran, Idng, hdi nhilt phan Sd dd to hpp thiet bi nhiet phin da dflpc xiy dflng dfla tren cd sd kit q u i thu dflpc qua qui trinh nghiin cflu thflc nghiim vdi tilu chi thilt k l md, de dang dieu chinh, hieu chinh cac thdng sd, mflc dp tfl ddng hda kiem soat, dieu khiln chl dd boat ddng qua trinh van hanh cao Tren hinh trinh bay sP nguyen ly he thdng thiet bi nhiet phan nhilt thap h a- : "It Ih Hinh Sd td hdp thiit bi nhiet phdn nhiet thdp - Bdn ddu; • Diu dSl dSu; - Budng nlJiit; 4, II 13 IS, 19 - Sensor nhiet dg: 5-Ld phdn ihij; - CCta alp lieu; - Thilt bi tip sudt; - B^phdn khudy + ihdo than; to - B$ ph4n xii ly •* hm nhiet phdn 12 JS - Phdn ly: 14-B^ phiit xi ly sdn phdm (hay + Sng khdi: 16 - NgUng tu gidn tiip: 17- Thdp rita khi: 20 - Blddu 21 - BUm ludn hodn; 22, 23 24 - Be chiia: 2S - Ddu dSt dti 26 - Ddu d6t tdi sCl dung 27 - Tu di^n dieu khiln TAPCHf C O KHf VIETNAM V Sd l+2(Thang 1^2 n i m I ) NGHIEN CUTU-TRAODdl To hdp thilt hi nhiet phan hoat dong nhfl sau: Nguyen lieu hflu cP dflpc nap ed dinh Ifldng theo me vio Id phan flng (5), sau cfla cap lieu (6) dflpc ddng kin Khdi ddng dau dot dau (2) cap nhiet cho Id phan flng (5) Dfldi tac dung eua nhilt, nguyin lieu hflu cd bi p h i n buy tao - hdi nhiet phan Khi - hdi nhilt phan sinh theo he thdng dfldng dng di qua bg phan xfl ly va hdi nhilt phan (10), sau dd hdi nhilt phan tilp tue theo dfldng ong qua thilt bi phan Iy (12), phan dau nang va tro than dflpc tach di vio b l chfla (22), phan - hdi nhiet phin cdn lai di tilp sang thilt hi ngflng tu gian tilp (16), tai day phan dau nhe dflpc ngflng tu va di vid be chfla (23), thinh phan khdng ngflng tu dflpc (khdng hda Idng) di tilp sang thap rfla khi, tai diy cac thinh phan dgc vl tro mudi than cdn lai bi thu gifl bdi dung dich ldng tuan hoin Khi nhilt phan sau dflge lam saeh, theo he thdng dfldng dng quay lai lam nhien lieu dot cap nhiet cho budng nhiet (3) San pham chiy cua budng nhiet (3) theo he thdng dfldng dng di qua bd phin xfl Iy san pham chay va qua dng khdi thii vio mdi trfldng Tu dien dieu khiln kilm soat va dieu khien boat dgng (ed hai chl do: Dieu khien tfl ddng va dilu khiln cfldng bflc) cua dau dot thdng qua tin hilu nhilt dat trfldc lay tfl sensor nhilt (4) Hoat ddng cua bg phan gia nhiet bd phan xfl ly + hdi nhilt phan (10) dflge dieu khiln thdng qua tin bilu nhiet dat trfldc lay tfl sensor nhilt (11) Cac sensor nhilt dp (7, 13, 15, 19) giam sat vi hiln thi trang thai nhiet dp eua Id phan flng (5), thilt bi phan ly (12), thilt bi ngflng tu (16) va dung dich tuan hoan Thilt bi i p suat (8) giim sit ap suat dfl Id phin flng va thilt lap gii tri canh bao Cie thdng sd hoat ddng cua toan bd he thdng dflpc lflu nhd tai the nhd tu dieu khiln mdt eieh dinh ky theo thdi gian dflpc lap trinh i'n dinh trfldc (khoing thdi gian an dinh cd the thay ddi dfldc tfly theo nhu eau thflc tl) Trong thdi gian dien eua 01 me nhilt phan, bd p h i n khuay (9) dflpc hoat ddng theo lap trinh trfldc d i m bao q u i trinh trao doi nhiet cho nguyin lieu TAP CHI C O KHf VIET NAM Id phan flng (5) dflpc hilu q u i hdn Khi kit thuc qua trinh nhilt p h i n , dfldc nhan biet thdng qua ngpn lfla cua dau dot dfl (25), bg phan khuay boat dpng de thao than nhiet phan Qua trinh hoat ddng cua to hdp thiet bi nhiet phan dfldc lap lai nhfl vay cho me nhilt phan tiep theo 3.2 Thiet ke che tao Che tao to hpp thiet bi nhiet phan nhiet dp thap dfldc thflc h i l n t r i n CO sd k i t qua nghiin cflu thflc nghiem, kit qua nghiin cflu tinh toin thilt ke tai Trung tam Cdng nghe v i Thilt bi Mdi trfldng, Viln Nghien cflu Cd (Bd Cdng Thfldng) To hpp thilt hi nhilt p h i n nhilt dp thap edng suat 50 kg/ me da dflpc che tao (h.2) va ehay khio nghiem xfl ly cac ddi tfldng cad su (Idp, sam xe may), nhfla (PE, PP, PET) v i biomass (gd vun, mfln cfla) San pham sau nhilt phan la dau, va than nhiet phan da dflpc dfla di phin tich danh gil cic ehi tilu can thilt tai cic phdng thi nghiem ehuyen nginh Quan trie mdi trfldng td hpp thiet bi nhilt phan cung da dfldc thflc hien trdng thdi eian vin hinh Hinh Sdn phdm to hdp thiet bi nhiet phdn nhiet thdp 50 kg/me 3.3 Ket qua chay khao nghiem Td hdp thilt bi nhiet phan nhilt dp thap da dflpc chay khio nghiem eho cic doi tfldng: Cao su (sim, ldp xe may), nhfla (PE, PP, PET) va biomass (go vun, mfln cfla) Cie sin pham nhiet phan thu dflpc bao gdm: dau nhiet phan, nhiet phan va than nhiet phan S6 1+2 (Thing 1+2 n i m ^ ) NGHIEN cflu - TRAO OOl Viec dac, phan tich dflpc tien hanh cho cic ndi dung: Quan trac thii qua dng khdi cua to hdp thiet bi nhiet phin; phin tich nhiet tri, ham Ifldng trd, h i m Iflpng Iflu huynh cua dau v i than nhilt phan, nhiet dp chdp chay cua dau nhilt phin; phan tich sin pham chiy eua eic sin pham dau, va than nhilt phan Kit qua quan trac, dac phin tieh dfldc t h l hien eac bang 1, 2, 3, 4, Bdng Ket qud quan trac thdi to hdp thiet bf nhiet phdn TT Vi tri lay mau Tai 6ng khoi to hap thiet hi nhi^t phan Thdng so Danvi Ket qua Nhiet "C 48 Bui (TSP) trung binh QCVN 30:2010/ BTNMT 150 53,58 300 NOx 1,06 500 CO 24,66 300 so, mg/Nm' (Kit qud phdn tich Tram Quan trde vd Phdn tich Moi trUdng Lao dgng, Vien Nghien cdu KHKT Bdo hg Lao dgng - WEMOS thUc hien) ldng Ket qud phdn tich ddu sdn phdm nhiit phdn caosu, nhUa, mun cUa, da tu nhien Chi tieu phdn tich Phiidng phap thi!i Ddn vi Dau nhiet phan cao su Dau nhiet phan nhda PE Dau nhiet phan nhiia PP Dau nhiet phan nhiia PET ' Dau nhi^t phan miin cda, go vun Dau nhiet phan da til nhien Nhi?t dp ch6p chay coc kin ASTM D - 10 "C