Cong trinh Khoa hpc CAC CHI TIEU KINH TE - KY THUAT VE KHAI THAC MAY XAY DUNG PCS TS NGUYEN DANG D l f M KS NGUYEN ANH N G Q C Bp mdn May xdy dung - Xep dS Khoa Ca Trudng Dpi hpc Giao thdng Vdn tdi Tdm (at: Bdi bdo gi&i thieu kei qua nghien cuu chuyen de ve ndng cao hi^u qud khai thac may xdy dung tren ca sa xdc dinh hieu qud kinh te - ky ihupl Irong qud trinh sir dyng may, thong qua giiip cho ngudi qudn ly co bipn phdp to chirc khai Ihdc may dat hieu qud cao Summary: The article introduses the result of thematic studies on improving the exploted efficiency of construction machines on the basis of identified the technical and economic efficiency' during use, thereby helping the manager lo take measure to organize the explanation of machines with high efficiency I D A T V A N D E Trong qua trinh khai thac may xay dung sinh mot loat van de ma chi co the giai quyet dugc thdng qua cac bien phap khoa hoc ve kinh te, bdi vi nh&ng van de lien quan tdi muc dich la nang cao hieu qua su dung may moc va thiet bj Nhung van de co the mang dac tinh to chirc hoac dac tinh ky thuat Nhu"ng van de mang dac tinh to chuc khong doi hoi dau tu co ban, ma chii yeu chi lien quan den cac bien phap to chirc sir dyng may (nhu giam thdi gian dirng may bdi cac !y ve to chirc - ky thuat, xac dinh pham vi hoat dpng hieu qua ciia may, xac djnh phan toi uu va ket cau ciia dpi may khai thac, toi uu hoa thdi han khai thac ciia may, to chirc cong tac bao dudng ky thuat va sua chifa may mpt each hgp ly v.v ) Nhirng van de mang dac tinh ky thuat thudng lien quan den viec thay doi phan va ket can CLia tram may, thay may cti bang may mdi, hien dai hoa cac may khai thac, ap dung cong nghe thong tin va ty dpng hoa vao hp thdng digu hanh su dyng khai thac may Trong do, co nhiing vdn de thuoc tinh to chuc va nhung van de thupc tinh ky thuat se co moi quan he vdi II NOI DUNG De giai quyet nhirng dieu neu tren cua bai toan to chirc - kinh te, chiing ta can sir dyng cac chi tieu kinh te - ky thuat sau day: Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012 25 Cong trinh Khoa hpc • Doanh thu khai thac hang nam cua may • Chi phi khai thac may nflm • Khau hao may mdc - thiet bj Ngoai nhiJng chi tieu neu tren, de danh gia hipu qua ciia vipc khai thac may ngudi ta sir dyng cac tieu chi tong hgp nhu: gia trj thu nhap Igi nhuan r6ng (L„) djnh mire ve thu nhap (D,„) thdi han thu hoi von ciia may moc thiet bj ( I , J Gia trj thu nhap 'd' "huan rdng (L,,) tir phuong an khai thac i dugc xac djnh nhu sau [6] L „ = X [ (D,rR„)(l-6,)+C,,S^-K„ ](Hry (1) Trong do: T„ - Chu ky khai thac may theo phuong an i nam; D,, - Doanh thu tu phuong an khai thac i nSin thu t, 1000 dong/nam; R^ - Chi phi khai thac may (khong ke khau hao may) theo phuong an i nam thu: t, OOOdong/nam; Can - Gia trj khau hao may theo phuong an i nam thu t, I OOOdong/nam; 5^ - Djnh muc thue theo Igi nhuan tinh theo nam; K„ - Dau tu CO ban cho phuong an i nam thir t, lOOOddng; r - Djnh muc Igi nhuan tinh theo nam Ln - La hipu qua kinh te thu dugc sau mpt chu ky khai thac T^ co ke den Igi nhuan Igi nhugn dugc coi la sy quy ddi ciia gia trj hipu qua kinh le thu dugc nam thir t thupc chu ky khai thac Tn so vdi nam dau tien (t = I) ciia chu ky khai thac cac d^i lugng phan bieu thirc (1) dugc xac djnh nhu sau: D„= p„B„n„ (2) R,.= Cb„n„+C, (3) K.,= P.,n., (4) C ,= K„k, (5) Trong do: pn - Gia sin xuat ciia mpt dan vj san pham may lam theo phuong an i nam thir t, lOOOdong/ldvsp; B„ - Khoi lugng khai thac ciia mpt may theo phuong an i nam thir t, dvsp/nam; n„ - Sd lugng may cua tram may tham gia phuong an i nam thu t, chiec; Cb,t - Chi phi quy doi ciia qua trinh khai thac may theo phuong an i nam thir t, 1000 dong/nam; C^- Chi phi khai thac co djnh tinh theo nam,1000 dong/nam; ka- He sd khau hao may tinh theo nam; P,, - Gia mua may dimg cho phuong an i nam thu t, 1000 ddng/chiec Cac phan co ban bieu thuc (1) mang d$c tinh dgng Trong do, sy thay ddi cua chiing theo thdi gian se tiiy thugc rat nhieu vao dg hao mdn vat ly cua may qua trinh khai thac Vi vay giai bai toan nang cao hipu qua su dyng may can thiat phai d6 c§p tdi thdi han t6i uu khai thac may Co nhieu cong trinh nghien ciru da chi rang: qua trinh khai thac 26 Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 37 - 03/2012 Cong trinh Khoa hpc may, phat sinh dp hao mon vat ly cho nen nang suat khai thac ciia may se bj giam va chi phi khai thac lai tang, miic dp thay doi cac thong so khai thac chii yeu phu thupc vao dp tin cay ciia may (tinh khong hong, ben lau tinh hgp ly sira chira) vao cudng dp va dp dai thdi gian khai thac may Cac thong so thupc tinh khong hong ciia may bao gom: san lugng khai thac ciia may den hong (Qi,,) va cong lao dpng trung binh dc khSc phyc hong hoc (ti,|,) Cac thong so thupc dp ben lau bao gom: thdi han phyc vy ciia mi\\ (Tp^) va thai gian lam vipc ciia may tinh den liic tien hanh sira chiJa Idn (T,„p) Cac thong so thupc tinh hgp ly sira chua bao gom: cong lao dpng cho bao dudng ky thuat (TM) va sira chira nho (x,i,i)Sy thay doi nang suat khai thac va chi phi khai thac nam thir t ciia may loai j dugc bieu thj thong qua cac he so tuong irng (ki,,,) va (t^,,) [6]: • He so giam nang suat khai thac (ki,j,): k|,|i= I- 0.8k^j"ni",|^ ^id,^'' {^) • He s6 tang chi phi khai thac (k,j,):kcj,= 1+0.3ki;"m"f (a^.,+a,pj t'"^ (7) Trong do: m,nj - So chu ky sira chua thdi han phyc vy ciia may loai j ; T^J, - Cong lao dpng don vj cLia bao dudng ky thuat (BDKT) va sira chua nho (SCN) cho may loai j , gid-cong/gid - may; a^, cc,pj - Chi phi don vj cho nang lugng, nhien lieu, vat lieu boi tron va chi phi cho BDKT, SCN doi vdi may loai j thdi ky khai thac may; t - Thii' ty nam khai thac may So chu ky sira chua thdi han phyc vy ciia may loai j dugc xac djnh nhu sau [2] T (8) T.„„,.k„ Trong do: Tg, - Che lam viec nam ciia may, gid-may/nam; k^ - He so chuyen doi tir gid sang gid - may kgj - He so khau hao ciia may loai j ; T,„pj - Thdi gian lam viec ciia may loai j tinh den liic tien hanh siia chii'a Idn (SCL) Cdng lao dong don vj ciia BDKT va SCN may loai j dugc xac dinh nhu sau [5]: mpj P I Trong do: apj - So lugng BDKT cap p va SCN chu ky SCL; t pj - Cong lao dpng ciia BDKT cap p va SCN chu ky SCL, gid - cong Cac gia tri dinh mire va gia trj tinh toan ciia ka, m,n va T ^d doi vdi mot so loai may dugc gidi thieu bang I Ket qua tinh toan ciia cac he so k|„ va k^, doi vdi mpt sd may nhu bang dugc gidi thieu bang Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 37 - 03/2012 27 Cong trinh Khoa hoc k.„ m„„ I Gid tri ciia cdc clgi iicifng tiling r „ / V£7ff,,-t- a,„ M a h C'li i;3 K m,ii ^vcl M i y dio nli6m KT 0,12 0,235 Mi^y dtio rilioni KT E4 0,10 1,1 1,3 0,302 0,65 May d^o nli6m KT E5 0,10 0,364 0,65 Can tryc fll6 nh6m KT3 AK3 0,10 1.1 1,0 0,126 0,55 Logi may ttc -t- a,o 0,65 Can Ir jc 6l6 nli6m KT4 AK4 0,10 0,55 B-10 0,12 1,1 1,6 0,194 MiSyil lo?i lOT 0,218 0.60 MSyu lo?i 151 B-15 0,12 1,5 0,314 0.60 0.60 M^y ui loai 25T B-25 0,10 2,3 0,564 May san ioai niic AGL 0,12 0,8 0.129 0,45 May san lo^i Iru IS b i n h AGC 0,10 1.1 0.180 0,45 M^v san logt nilnii AGT 0,10 0.45 1.3 0.217 Mdy boc xiic lo; i r P-2 0,10 1.0 0,105 Mdy boc xiic loi | T P-3 0,10 1.0 0,1 19 0,45 Mdy boc xuc lu^li 4T P-4 0,10 1,0 0,133 0.45 Bang .Sir thay doi nang suat va chi phi lihai cua indv l^hu thuoc Ma lli?u may 0.45 vao thai gian khai thac thac Thiy ly nSm khai Ihdc mdy 10 H ^ s c g i a m nSr g suat k h a i thac m a y (k|,i} E3 0,985 0,977 0,967 0,950 0,932 0,890 0,878 0.872 0.860 0.853 E4 0,984 0,963 0,940 0,916 0,890 0,863 0,835 0,806 0.777 0.746 E5 0,981 0,956 0,929 0,900 0,869 0,837 0,804 0,770 0.735 0.699 AK3 0,994 0,986 0,978 0,968 0,959 0,948 0,938 0,927 0.916 0.905 AK4 0,990 0,977 0,963 0,947 0,931 0,914 0.897 0,879 0.860 0.842 B-10 0,985 0,966 0,944 0,921 0,897 0,871 0.845 0,818 0.791 0.762 B-15 0,979 0,952 0,922 0,889 0,855 0,820 0.783 0,745 0.707 0.667 B-25 0,966 0,922 0,873 0,821 0,765 0,708 0.649 0,588 0.525 0.461 AGL 0,992 0,982 0,970 0,958 0,945 0,931 0.917 0,903 0,888 0.873 AGC 0,991 0,979 0,966 0,952 0,938 0,923 0.907 0,891 0,874 0.857 AGT 0,988 0,972 0,955 0,937 0,917 0,897 0,876 0.854 0,832 0.810 P-2 0,995 0,989 0,981 0,974 0,966 0,957 0.948 0.939 0,930 0.921 P-3 0,994 0,986 0,978 0,968 0,959 0,948 0.938 0.927 0,916 0.905 P-4 0.993 0,984 0,974 0,963 0,952 0,940 0.928 0.915 0,902 0.889 l i e so I i n ! - c h i h i k h a i th,lc CLia m a v (k,,) E3 1,014 1,034 1,056 1,080 1,106 1,134 1.163 1.192 1,223 1.255 E4 1,011 1,026 1,044 1,063 1,084 1,105 1.128 1.151 1,175 1.200 E5 1,011 1,026 1,044 1,063 1,084 1,105 1,128 1.151 1.175 1.200 AK3 1,009 1,022 1.036 1,052 U068 1,086 1.104 1.124 1.143 1.164 AK4 1,009 1,022 1,036 1,052 1,068 1,086 1.104 1,121 1.143 1.164 B-10 1,014 1,034 1,056 1,080 1,106 1,134 1,163 1,192 1,223 1,255 B-15 1,012 1,029 1,048 1,069 1,091 1,115 1,139 1,165 1,191 1.218 B-25 1,012 1,029 1,048 1,069 1,091 1.115 1,139 1,165 1,191 1.218 AGL l,u09 1,022 1,036 1,052 1,068 1,086 1,104 1,124 1,143 1.164 AGC 1,00