Nghiên cứu thiết kế hoàn thiện máy ép viên phân bón

T9P chl Khoa hgc v^ Phat tri^n 2011: Tgp 9, s6 4: 650 - 661 TRUtiNG DAI HQC NONG NGHIEP H A NQI NGHIEN CliU THIET KE HOAN THIEN MAY EP VIEN PHAN BON Research on Improving Design of a Fertilizer Pellet Machine Do Hu-u Quyet, Biii Vif t Due Viqn Phdt triin Cong ngM Ca Di?n, Truang Dai HQC Nong nghi?p Ha Nqi Dja chi email tac gia lien lac; dhquyet@hua.edu.vn Ngay chip nhan: 27.07.2011 Ngay gui dSng: 28.03.2011; T6M TAT Vd"! m^c dfch thiet kk miy 6p vien c6 nUng tfio vien phan c6 hinh d^ng thufn ti^n cho si^ Icim vi$c cua cdc mdy bdn phSn vign n^n, nhdm nghien ciru thupc Vi^n Phdt triln Cong ngh$ Ca Oi^n, Truing D^l hpc Nong nghi^p Hi Npi da thilt kk, chl t^o mpt mlu may 6p vien kilu chay coi Cdc kit qua thip nghi^m mlu may dieu ki^n san xuit da cho thiy nguyen ly lam vif c cua may la hg^p ly, cic bO ph^n chinh co kha nang lam vl^c Vien phan mdy t^o co hinh d^ng gin nhir hinh clu, c6 kich thu'6'c va dp ch|t dap i>ng yeu clu nong hpc, rit thu^n ti^n cho sir lam vi^c cua cac may bon phan vien nen dui sau Tuy nhien, 6q tin cay va nang suit cua may thip Bai bao trinh bay mot s6 ket qua thilt kg hoan thi^n mlu miy ep vien noi tren theo hvvng nang cao tin cay va nang suit cua mSy, lam co> sd> cho vi^c chl t^o mpt mlu may moH co kha nang thu-vng mai hoa, gop phin giai quylt khau cv g'lcri hoa bon phan vien nen dui sau cho lua va mpt sd cay nong nghiep khac TIP khoa: May ep, phan bon, phan vien nen SUMMARY To design a fertilizer pellet machine producing suitable pellet shapes for fertilizer spreader, a research group of Institute for Engineering Development, Hanoi University of Agriculture has designed and manufactured a model of fertilizer pellet machine (mortar-pestle principle) Testing results In actual working conditions showed that the machine working principle and main part designs are reasonable The produced pellets have approximately spherical shape with size and compression degree met agronomic requirements The pellets are suitable for working of the fertilizer spreader to bury them into the soil However, the productivity and reliability of the machine are still low This article presents some research results on improving design of the fertilizer pellet machine to increase productivity and reliability of the machine The results will be a basis for manufacturing a new commercial possibility machine and contribute to mechanization of spreading fertilizer for rice and some other crops Key words: Fertilizer, fertilizer pellet, fertilizer pellet machine D A T V A N D E Trong qua trinh canh tac cay lua va nhieu cay khac (ngo, coi, ), bon phan vien nen dui sau la mot bien phap ky thuat 650 , , , ^ ., CO hieu qua cao nhd giam liicfng phan bon, tang nang suat cay va giam thieu tac dong den nhiim moi trUdng (Nguyin Tat Canh, 2006) Bien phap bon phan vien nen Nghien CLPU thiet ke ho^n thi$n m^y 6p vien phSn bon dui sau da diidc B6 Nong nghiep va PTNT cong nhan la tien bo ky thuat (Bo Nong nghiep va PTNT, 2005) va diidc nong dan tren nhieu dia phiidng thvTa n h i n la c6 nhieu \iu diem Tuy nhien, phudng phap v i n chxia diidc ling dung rong rai thiic tien san xu&'t, ngiidi nong dan v i n phai lam bang tay, vat va, nang su^'t tha'p Nguyen nhan chu yeu la cac may bon phan vien nen chuta dUdc san xuat cha'p nh^n cha't liidng lam viec tha'p diem nhu tin cay chua cao va nang suat may thIp De may dap ting diidc yeu cau cua san xult, CO kha nang thiidng mai, c i n tinh toan thiet ke lai di may diidc hoan thien hdn, khic phuc cac nhiidc diim da neu De phuc vu cd gidi hoa khau bon phan vien nen dui sau, nhom nghien cijtu thuoc Vi§n Phat trien Cong nghe Cd Dien, Triicing Dai hoc Nong nghigp Ha Noi da thi§t ke, che tao mot m l u may ep vien phan the h§ mdi (mlu may cd scl) rat thu&n tien cho sU lam viec cua may bon phan (D6 Hiiu Quyet, 2008) Cac ket qua thrt nghi^m cho thay nguyen ly lam viec va cac thong so' cd ban cua may la hdp ly M l u may co nang suat ly thuyet 12.000 wienJgib Vien phan may tao co dang gin hinh cau, gom phan than hinh tru va hai d i u ddi cau, co kich thudc dvfcfng kinh X chieu cao D X H = 15 X 15 mm (Hinh 1) Tuy nhien qua ihvL nghiem dieu kien san xuat, m l u may co mot so' nhiidc May ep vien kieu chay coi ep true diing Nguyen lieu dung de ep la hon hdp dam, Ian, kali va mot liidng nho chat phu gia v6i cac ty le pho'i tron khac DOI Tl/ONG VA NGHIEN CUtJ PHUONG PHAP 2.1 Do'i tiftfng n g h i e n cufu 2.2 Phifofng p h a p n g h i e n ctfu Ket hdp nghien ciiu ly thuyet va nghien ciiu thUc nghiem Nghien cxiu ly thuyet dvfdc dung de xac dinh cac thong so' cua cac bo phan chmh cua may Nghien ciiu thUc nghiem dUdc dung de xac dinh cac thong so' cd ly cIn thiet cua do'i tiidng nghien ciiu va kiem nghiem cac ket qua tinh toan ly thuyet Nghien ciiu da sii dung cac phan mem cd chuyen dung (AutoCAD, Inventor, ANSYS, ) H i n h 1, May ep vien t h e h e mcfi va vien p h a n n e n a) May ep vien chuan bi chay thtf; b) Vien dam nen; c) Vien N,P,K nen 651 D6 HQV QuySt, BOi Vi$t DCrc KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Ket cau va nguy§n ly \km viSc cua m6y 6p vien ki§'u ch6y c6'i 6p Sd nguyen ly vk sd cflfu t^o cua may 6p vien ki^u ch6y c6'i, dilu khiln nhcJ mat cam khong gian cho ci hinh M6y g3m CO hai vanh mm iSp co dinh trgn khung v^ mot trd'ng quay Tren tro'ng h6 trf ckc chky tren, cac ch&y du6i cung v&nh c6\ vk cac vknh da chky Khi tro'ng quay, c6c ch^y chuyen dong quay theo tr6'ng, dong thdi chuyen dong len xuo'ng nhd cac mSt cam tudng ling Sau mot vong quay cua trong, may thUc hi^n di/dc chu k;^, bao g6m cac pha thao t6c: nap li^u, 6p tao vien, thao san pha'm va chuyen tid'p- Moi thao t^c dif^c thiic hien tai mot cung tUdng ling tren may Bieu chu ky cua may the hien qua h&nh trinh khai trien ciia cac chay (Hinh 3) Tren bilu nay, true tung the hien chuyen vi cua cac dIu chay 6p theo phUdng thSng diing, true hoanh the hien chuyen vi cua cac chay chuyen dong quay theo tro'ng, bing chieu d^i cung quy dao ciia chay mSt try di qua tam cac chay 6p May boat dong nhU sau: T^i cung nap lieu, ch^y tren dUdc nang len den vi tri cao nha't, eon eh^y dudi chSn khong cho nguyen lieu thoat khoi lo coi Khi quay, v^inh coi qu6t qua mSt dvfdi hong nap lieu, hon hdp nguygn lieu chay theo ong nap lieu la'p dly cac 16 trSn v&nh coi nhcJ lUdng ban than LvTdng nguyen lieu nap vao lo coi dUdc dieu chinh nhd cd cS'u dinh lUdng Tren cung 6p tao viSn, ch&y dudi gifl nguyen cao ch^y tren xuong Qua trinh 6p thue sii xay dIu dudi cua chay tren bat dIu cham vao khoi hon hdp phan lo coi Tai cung thao san pham, tnldc tien chay dadi xuohg vi tri tha'p nha't, sau chay tren xuong de day vien phan da dUdc tao lo coi xuo'ng phia diJdi Vien phan se di/dc din ngoai theo mang din nhd bo phan dd lieu Tren cung chuyen tiep, chay diidi va chay tren dUdc nang len den vi tri cao nhat de chu^n bi cho thao tac nap lieu cua chu ky tiep theo Hinh Sd nguyen ly lam viec (a) va sd cau tao (b) cua may ep vien phan 1- Vanh cam dudi, 2- Chay diidi, 3- Vanh coi, 4- Ong nap lieu, 5- Chay tren, 6- Vanh cam tren, 7- Ong thoat san pham Hinh Hanh trinh khai trien cua cac chay t r o n g mot chu ky 652 Nghien CCPU thiet ke ho^n thien m^y 6p vi§n ph§n bdn 3.2 Hien tvldng mai m o n cd h o c cac be mat lam viec va bien phap khac phuc Tren m l u may cd sd, hanh trinh cua cac chay ep diidc thUc hien nhd cd ca'u cam tru can day I/u diem noi troi cua cd ca'u cam la quy luat chuyen dong cua cac chay d\Jdc thUc hien ra't chat che, chinh xac dam bao sU phoi hdp nhip nhang giiJa cac chay tai cac pha lam viec Tuy nhien giuta mat cam va cac duoi chay ep co ma sat trUdt va chiu \\lc ep 16n nen cac be mat tiS'p xuc ciia cam va chay ep bi mon nhanh lam giam tin c^y va tudi tho cua may (Hinh 4) Bang each chon vat lieu che tao ket hdp vdi nhiet luyen mat cam va duoi chay ep, co the giam diidc toe mai mon cd hoc cua chung Tuy nhien, cac th^ iighiem tham theo hudng cho tha'y hieu qua giam cudng mai mon cac be mat lam viec khong cao lue ep qua Idn va rat kho cai thien dieu kien boi trdn, nha't la mat cam tren va duoi chay ep tren Phvfdng an co hieu qua de giam cifdng mai mon cac mat cam va cac duoi chay ep la chuyen ma sat tnidt ma sat Ian nhd hai giai phap ket ca'u: chuyen can day mui nhon can day Ian (Hinh 5a) hoac thay mot phIn mat cam b l n g banh ep (Hinh 5b) Bang cac giai phap tren, khong nhiing giam dUde cifdng mai mon cac be mat lam viec ma eon giam dang ke chi phi nang li:fdng cho may boat dong Giai phap sii dung cIn day Ian thay cho cIn d l y mui nhon cho ph6p chuyg'n ma sat triidt ma sat Ian mot each tieh cue, nhien may co kich thude cong kenh va ket ca'u phdc tap Vi vay vdi may ep vien c6 nho, quy mo ho gia dinh khong nen chon giai phap Blng each thay mot p h I n mat cam bang banh ep tai cac vi tri nguy hiem, co the chuyen phan Idn ma sat trUdt ma sat Ian, vIn gii3 nguyen ket ca'u can day nen khong anh hudng Idn den ket ca'u va kich thiidc chung ciia may Tai vdng tiep xuc vIn co hien tUdng trUdt giQa chay ep va mat banh ep nhUng triidt ra't nho nen hien tiidng mai mon chay va mat banh ep se khong dang ke Cac phIn cam lai chiu liic ep ra't nho nen cam va duoi chay ep hau nhu khong bi mai mon Tijf nhiing phan tieh tren, giai phap giam ciJdng mai mon cd hoc be mat tiep xiic gii3a cam va chay ep dUde chon la svi dung banh ep thay cho mat cam ep tai pha ep vien Hinh Hien tvidng mon be mat cam \ c6 13n T { * ! \_Cam6p a) Ranh cam Banh^p Hinh Giai phap dung can day Ian (a) va dung banh ep (b) 653 D6 HQv Quy4t, Bui Vi$t DOv 3.3 Xay d i / n g b i e u d o c h u k y c u a m a y 3.3.1 Bieu chu ky sa bo Bilu chu kji' ddng vai tro quan ddi vdi cac may boat dong theo chu k^, t h l hien quy luAt boat d6ng va la cd sd cho viSc thiet ke may Trong qua trinh lam viec cua may ep vien, cac chay co chuySn dong tinh lien va tham gia dong thdi chuyen d^ng: vifa quay theo tro'ng vCfa dich chuyen len xuo'ng theo phiidng thang diing so vdi tro'ng, De thuan tien cho tinh toan thi^t k^ may, ta dvJng bieu rhu k}^ cua may 6p vien qua hanh trinh khai trien cua ckc chay mot chu ky De xay dvJng hanh trinh khai trien ciia cac chay e i n xac dinh chuyen vi t h i n g ddng va chieu dai cung dng vdi cac pha thao tac mot chu ky lam viec cua may Khi thay mot p h I n cam tru b l n g cung ciia banh 6p tai pha 6p vien va chon dudng dd lieu qua mat tren vanh coi, ve dUdc bieu chu ky du kien (Hinh 6) Sy khac biet giiJa bieu eu (Hinh 3) va bieu thiet ke lai (Hinh 6) la: tren bieu cii, toan bo hanh trinh nang chay difde thiic hien nhd cac mat cam co' dinh, dd d bieu dd thiet ke lai, tai pha 6p tieh ciic (giai doan CE), chay tren va chay dudi dUde nang nhd banh 6p, tai cac pha lai chay vIn difdc nang nhd cam tru cd dinh Ngoai each dd li§u cung cd thay ddi: tren bilu cu, vien phan sau dvfde tao 16 ed'i se dUdc chay tren day xuong phia difdi vanh edi roi thoat khoi may, d bilu dd thig't ke lai, vien phan dvfdc chay dudi dua len phia tren vanh edi roi thoat ngoai Viec chon be mat dd lieu n l m phia tren vanh coi 6p cho ph6p tao hanh trinh cua cac chay 6p tren va chay dp dudi tUdng dildng nhau, giup cho viec thiet ke cam, chay 6p va he 16 xo ddng khdp cho cac chay difde de dang hdn 3.3.2 Xac dinh chuyen vi thang diing va chieu dai cung tUOng Ulng vdi cac pha thao tac Chuyen vi t h i n g diing ciia cac chay cac pha thao tac phu thuoc chii yeu vao chieu cao vanh ed'i, khoang each an toan gida dau dudi ciia chay tren den d'ng nap lieu va he so' nen khd'i nguyen lieu de tao vien phan (Hinh 7) H i n h Bieu d o c h u ky di^ k i e n ciia m a y d a n g t h i e t k e l a i AB Pha nap lieu: HE- Pha ep vien; EG- Phu dd lieu, GH- Pha chuyen BATDAU NAPUfU BAT OAU EP TICH CXJC K§T THOC EP TFCH O/C tup BAT DAU DO U&J H i n h Cd sdr c h p n c h u y e n vi t h a n g d i i n g c u a c a c c h a y e p t r e n v a c h a y e p dvldi 654 Nghien cu'u thiet l Lck = 345 = 690 mm Q 40 I 5J Od -so tr A B D -{345y- 6- •e—w—&• *a E F 60 i> G H eH Hinh 13 Bieu c h u ky vdi h a n h trinh trien khai day du cua cac chay ep 659 06 HQ-u Quy4t, BOi Vi$t OCK Ducing kinh mfiL tru phdn bd chdy tren Lrdiig, K'.'i h'l dUdng kinh Dt, phai khong nhd hdn dUdng ki'nh to'i thilu Dmin: l)t > Dmin = 690/71 = 220 mm Chon (ludng kinh trnng 260 mm, vdi so cliu kj^ I'p !>= 2, c() rhid'u dai khai triln thUe Ic clu) mm chu ky la 408 mm, chilu (lai kiiai tncn can thicl cho mpt chu k^ chi c;'in M") mm Noi each khac, ndu chon dudng kinh Irdng Dt ~ 260 mm, co t h i tSng thdi gian (iaiih cho cic khdu xung yeu so vdi thdi gian tinh loan vi'fi he so'dif trd la 1(S% So chay ep So cAp chay co'i ep phan bd' tren trd'ng phu thudc ket ed'u vanh coi va dUdng kinh Cac vanh c6i co ep bae inox d l tranh an mon hoa hoc, dudng kinh ngodi 30 mm, khoang each gida hai mdp lo khoan lien tiep rvu vanh tro'ng kh6ng nho hdn mm de dam bao ben B l n g phUdng phap ve, vdi trd'ng dudng kinh 260 mm, ta cd the bd'tri 21 chay, ndy khoang each gida hai mdp Id l i p bae la 8,9 mm, thoa man dieu kien ben cua vdnh ed'i Vdi cac thdng s6' da chon, xac dinh dUde nang -ua't ly thuyet ciia may: Whv = 60.21.2.15 = 37800 vien/gid Tudng dng vdi vien phan thdng dung bdn cho Ida (khd'i lUdng g/vien), ndng sud't may tinh theo khd'i lUdng se la 151 kg/gid So v6i nang sua't ciia m l u may cd sd (12.000 vienygid), nang sual ciia may thiet ke' lai se Lang dUuc hdn Ian 3.5 Che' t a o va thuf n g h i e i n m a y De kiem chdng sd bd cac ket qua tinh toan va giai phap de xuat trudc che' tao m l u may mdi, nhdm nghien ciiu da che' tao cac bd phan lam viec can thiet vd l i p tren m l u may cd sd (Hinh 11) Do viec che' tao cum tro'ng t6'n rat nhieu c6ng sdc va thdi gian nen nghien edu da sd dung lai vdnh tro'ng cii cua may cd sd, thiet ke' lai he thdng cam CO kha nang thay ddi chieu dai cac doan cung cam, he thong banh ep vd he th6'ng truyen dong Vdi cac thay doi nhU vay tren 660 m l u may k i l m chiing cd t h i danh gia kha ndng Idm viec ciia bd phdn dp mdi thiet ke, xac dinh dUdc chieu ddi c I n thiet cua cac cung cam tUdng dng vdi cac pha thao tac, dac biSt kilm chdng kha nang dong dly 16 edi nang cao so' vong quay ciia trd'ng H i n h 14 M a u m a y k i e m chijfng M l u may kiem chdng cd cac thdng s6' ky thuat nhu sau: S6' chdy ep: 10 So' vdng quay cua tro'ng thay ddi dUdc khoang 10 17,5 vong/phut nhd thay ddi cac banh dai, vdi cac tri sd'cu the: 10; 12,5; 15.2 vd 17,5 vong phut Sau vdng quay ciia trd'ng, may thUe hien dUdc chu ky ep TiT cac ket qua thii nghiem mau may kiem chdng, cd t h i rut cac nhan xet sau: O tat ca cac che' quay ciia trd'ng, he thdng cam vd banh dp deu Idm viec 6n dinh, nhip nhang Kha nang ban che' hien tUdng quay khdng deu ciia trd'ng ehUa kilm ehdng dUdc vi chi l i p dUdc banh ep sd chdy ep la c h i n Qua n h a n xet cam quan, d che sd vong quay cua tr6'ng 10 vong/phut, chi can day dai loai B vdi cang viia phai da du kha nang truyen tai tren may cd s6 phai dung dai cung loai va edng dai vdi lUc cang Idn Dieu dd cho phep rut ket luan la he thd'ng ep kieu cam- banh ep ket hdp co kha nang Idm viec va giam dUdc chi phi nang lUdng cho may nhd chuyen phan 16n ma sat trUdt t h a n h ma sat Ian tai vdng tiep xuc gida dudi chay ep va b a n h ep Nghidn cipu thidt ke hodn thidn mdy ep vidn phSn bdn cac che' s6' vong quay ciia tr6'ng du6i 15,2 v6ng phut, vien phan cd chat va kich thudc trung binh hoan toan dap iing yeu cau dat Tuy nhien, d che' 17,5 vong/phut, vdi chieu ddi cung nap lieu 80 mm, chat vien phan v I n dam bao nhUng chieu cao trung binh chi dat 13,8 mm, nhd hdn mot chut so vdi thid't ke' (15 mm) Nguyen nhan Id kha nang dien dly hdn hdp nguyen lieu vdo 16 co'i chua cao Vdi chieu cao ciia vien phan, bo phdn cung cap ciia may bdn phan v I n Idm viec binh thUdng Qua thii nghiem cung xac dinh r i n g , de dam bao nap d l y 16 e6'i, chon s6' vong quay cua tr6'ng den 17,5 vong/phut chieu dai cung nap lieu phai khdng nhd hdn 90 mm Ndng sua't cua m l u may kilm chiing dat 9.130 vien/gid, tUdng dng vdi s6' vong quay cua trd'ng n = 15,2 vong/phut, s6' chdy ep Z = 10 va s6' chu ky ep p = Nhu vay, ne'u che' tao m l u may mdi vdi n = 15 vdng/phut, Z = 21, p = thi se dat dUde nang sua't 37.800 vien/gid nhU da thie't ke Nhin chung, cac ke't qua t h ^ nghiem tren mAu may kilm ehdng cho tha'y may boat dong dn dinh, vien phan dUde ep dam bao yeu eau n6ng hoc Nhdm nghien edu dang che' tao mlu may mdi theo cac thdng s6' da thie't ke de tie'p tue thii nghiem danh kha nang Idm viec, dac biet la giai phdp ban che' mai mon cd hoc cac be mat Idm viec cua may va tang mdc thuan tien van hanh may KET LUAN VA DE NGHI Tii p h a n tieh nguyen n h a n giam tin cay cua m l u may cd sd, da thiet ke' lai bilu chu ky cua may va tinh toan thid't ke' lai mot sd bo phdn lam viec chinh nham nang cao tin cdy va nang sua't cua may Thie't ke, che tao cac bo phan cai tid'n va lip tren m l u may cd sd d l kilm ehdng cac ket qua tinh toan Ke't qua thd nghiem cho thay cac giai phap dUa Id hdp ly, m l u may boat dong dn dinh, vien phan may ep dam bao cac yeu clu ky thudt ndng hoe Dl danh gia ve kha nang Idm viec va tin cay cua may, dac biet kha nang cho'ng mdi mon cua he th6'ng 6p cai tien, can thd nghiem may thdi gian ddi Vi vdy, cIn che' tao m l u may mdi theo cac thdng sd da tinh toan thie't k§' va tiep tue thd nghiem d l danh gia kha nang Idm viec toan dien cua may dieu kien san xua't TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Nguyin Tat Canh (2006) "Sd dung phan vien nen tham canh lua", NXB Ndng nghiep, Hd Noi, trang 19-29 Bo N6ng nghiep va PTNT (2005) Danh muc gi6'ng cay va tie'n bo ky thudt mdi giai doan 2001-2005, Quye't dinh sd 1046 QD/BNN-KHCN, 11/5/2005 Do Hiiu Quye't (2008) Ke't qua nghien edu, thiet ke', che tao may ep vien phan Tap chi Nong nghiep vd Phdt trien nong thon, sd thang 5/2008, trang 61-66 IOAHH B A , Jl B nerpoKac (1967) TeopHH MexaHH3M0B H MauiHH, H3A "Bbiciuaa uiKOJia", iVIocKBa Ctp 396-401 661